Ku bilawda Raspberry Pi^{(Raspberry Pi)} waxay noqon kartaa mid adag. Xitaa haddii aad hesho hage wanaagsan oo^{(good guide)} aad raacdo marka aad dejisay Pi-gaaga markii ugu horreysay, waxaa jira wax badan oo la baranayo. Raspberry Pis wuxuu ku shaqeeyaa Linux , iyo, haddii aadan waligaa isticmaalin nidaamka hawlgalka Linux ka hor, waxay u ekaan kartaa yaab iyo dhib badan.  

In kasta oo aad hore u ogeyd sida loo sameeyo hawlaha aasaasiga ah sida daawashada faylalka iyo faylalka PC-gaaga ama Mac , samaynta waxyaalahaas Pi-gaagu waxay u shaqeeyaan si ka duwan, gaar ahaan haddii aad ku socoto nooc aan lahayn is-dhexgalka garaafyada ( GUI ). Hoosta, waxaanu kugula socon doonaa amarrada guud ee Raspberry Pi Linux ee aad u baahan doonto inaad ogaato si aad u isticmaasho Pi-ga.^{(Raspberry Pi Linux)}

1. Liistada Nuxurka^(Contents) Hagaha Hadda^(Current)

Amarka ls wuxuu u taagan yahay "liiska." Kani waa amarka Linux^(Linux) -ka ugu aasaasiga ah ee aad ku isticmaali doonto Pi gaaga. Geli ls gudaha terminalka, taabo Gelida^(Enter) , oo waxay soo celin doontaa liiska dhammaan faylasha iyo faylalka ku jira hagaha hadda.

2. Beddelidda Password-kaaga Pi

Amarka passwd waxa laga yaabaa inuu ka mid noqdo amarada Linux ee ugu horreeya ee aad ku isticmaasho Raspberry Pi . Adigu kuma socodsiinaysid Pi-gaaga erayga sirta ah ee caadiga ah, miyaad tahay? Taasi ma fiicna. Si aad u bedesho eraygaaga sirta ah ee Pi, geli passwd gudaha terminalka.

Waxay ku weydiin doontaa inaad geliso eraygaaga sirta ah ee hadda, markaa ku qor oo taabo Gelida^(Enter) . Marka xigta, ku qor furahaaga cusub oo ku dhufo Gelida^(Enter) . Marka xigta, waxay ku weydiin doontaa inaad xaqiijiso eraygaaga sirta ah ee cusub. Ku qor mar labaad, taabo Gelida^(Enter) , oo waxaad si guul leh u bedeshay eraygaaga sirta ah ee Pi. 

3. Dib u bilaabida ama xidhida Pi kaaga

Dib u bilaabista ama xidhidhiyahaaga Pi waxay u baahantahay helitaanka xididka, markaa waa inaad isticmaashaa amarka sudo . Sudo waa amar Linux ah oo u taagan SuperuserDo . Waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad fuliso amarka Raspberry Pi Linux oo leh mudnaan sare - taas oo aad u baahan doonto waxyaabo ay ka mid yihiin rakibidda barnaamijyada ama dib-u-kicinta mishiinka. Si aad u isticmaasho sudo , geli sudo oo uu ku socdo amarka aad rabto inaad sameyso. 

Si aad u xidho Pi-ga, geli sudo shutdown . Markaad ku dhufatid Gelida^(Enter) , waxay ku waydiin doontaa erayga sirta ah ee Pi. Amarkani wuxuu xidhi doonaa Pi-gaaga hal daqiiqo gudaheed. Isticmaal sudo shutdown 0 si aad isla markiiba u xidhid.

Si aad dib ugu bilowdo pi-gaaga, isticmaal sudo shutdown-r . Sida caadiga ah, Pi gaaga ayaa dib u bilaabi doona hal daqiiqo gudaheed. Haddii aad rabto in ay dib u bilowdo isla markiiba, waxaad isticmaali kartaa sudo shutdown -r 0 , halkaas oo 0 u taagan tahay eber daqiiqo ama hadda^{(right now)} .

4. Beddelidda Hagaha

Amarka cd -ku waxa uu u taagan yahay-aad qiyaasaysay-beddel hagaha. Waxay beddeshaa tusaha shaqada ee hadda, kaas oo ah tusaha kasta oo aad hadda ku jirto. Ku qor cd /[dariiqa tusaha aad rabto inaad aaddo ^{(path of the directory you want to go to)}] . Waa kan tusaale: cd /usr/lib . Ku qorista amarka ee terminalka waxay ku geyn doontaa gal user/lib ee Pi gaaga. 

Haddii kale, waxaad ku qori kartaa cd . Ama waxaad isticmaali kartaa cd ~ . Taasi waxay kuu dhaqaajinaysaa tusaha guriga ee isticmaale-guriga, iyo cd / waxay kuu rari doontaa galka xididka. Ugu dambeyntii, cd - waxay ku geyneysaa galkii hore ee aad ku jirtay. Ka fakar^(Think) amarkaas sidii uu u baabi'in lahaa amarkii hore ee cd .

5. Koobiynta faylalka Pi kaaga

Talisku cp wuxuu koobbiyaa faylasha iyo hagayaasha. Guud ahaan, taliska Raspberry Pi Linux wuxuu u ekaan doonaa sidan: cp [goobta faylka isha] [goobta faylka la sii wado]^{(cp [source file location] [destination file location])} . 

Markaad nuqul ka sameyso faylasha, waxaad bedeli kartaa magacyadooda isku mar. Haddii aad rabto inaad nuqul ka sameyso faylka la yiraahdo test.txt ee ku jira tusaha hadda oo aad u magacowdo test2.txt^(test2.txt) , amarku wuxuu noqonayaa cp test.txt test2.txt . Faylka asalka ah iyo nuqulka la beddelay ee faylka labaduba waxay ku jiri doonaan tusaha hadda. Isticmaal amarka ls si aad u aragto faylka cusub.

6. Magacaabida faylashaada Pi

Si aad dib u magacawdo faylka, isticmaal amarka mv . Tusaale ahaan, haddii aad isticmaasho amarka mv test.txt test2.txt , faylka la bedelay wuxuu ku yaalaa tusaha hadda.

7. Dhaqdhaqaaqa faylalka ama galka

Ka wareejinta faylka hal gal una guurto mid kale waxay u shaqeysaa si la mid ah sidii faylka loo magacaabi lahaa. Geli mv [filename] [galka goobta]^{(mv [filename] [destination folder])} . Tani waxay u malaynaysaa in faylka aad rabto inaad guurto uu ku jiro hagaha hadda. Waa kan tusaale: mv test.txt ~/ . Amarkaas ayaa ka rari doona faylka test.txt tusaha hadda jira una guuri doona galka guriga^(home) isticmaalaha . Sida caadiga ah, haddii aad hesho fariin "ogolaansho la diiday", ku dar sudo bilowga amarka.

Haddii faylka aad rabto inaad guurto uusan^(not) ku jirin tusaha hadda, waxaad isticmaali kartaa amar sidan oo kale ah: mv /usr/lib/test.txt ~/ . Amarkaas wuxuu ka rari doonaa faylka test.txt tusaha usr ^(test.txt)usr/lib una guuri doona hagaha guriga^(home) isticmaalaha .

Jid ahaan, waxaad sidoo kale dib u magacaabi kartaa faylka markaad^{(while )} guurayso. Geli mv ~/test.txt /usr/lib/test2.txt . Tusaalahan, waxaan u magacownay faylka text.txt si aan u tijaabino2.txt waxaana ka guurnay hagaha guriga^(home) una guurnay gal usr/lib .

8. Tafatirka Warqadaha Qoraalka

Tafatiraha khadka taliska ee Linux waxa loo yaqaan ^(Linux)nano . Si aad u socodsiiso nano, ku qor nano [dariiqa faylka qoraalka aad rabto inaad furto ama abuurto]^{(nano [path to the text file you want to open or create])} . Galalka qaarkood waxay u baahan yihiin ogolaansho si ay u abuuraan ama wax uga beddelaan faylka. Haddii ay taasi tahay xaaladdu, isticmaal sudo nano [filepath] . (Haddii aad u baahan tahay ogolaansho, tafatiruhu wuxuu kuu sheegi doonaa si aad u xidhi karto oo aad dib ugu socodsiiso amarka sudo .) 

Haddii aad isticmaasho nano si aad u furto fayl jira, waxa uu furi doonaa faylka si loo tafatiro. Haddii aad abuurayso fayl cusub, Linux waxa ay furi doontaa tafatire maran oo aan qoraal ku jirin. Waxaad isticmaali kartaa furayaasha fallaadha iyo kiiboodhka si aad ugu qorto wax kasta oo aad rabto. Ogsoonow inuu jiro liiska amarrada xagga hoose ee daaqadda terminalka. Dhammaantood waxay ku bilaabmaan a ^ . Linux , taasi waxay la macno tahay inaad hoos u dhigto ctrl markaad isticmaalayso amarkaas. 

Si aad u kaydiso fayl, taabo ctrl+o . Haddii aad rabto, waxaad bedeli kartaa magaca faylka. Markaad riixdo Gelida^(Enter) waxay kaydin doontaa faylka. Haddii aad rabto inaad ka baxdo, taabo ctrl+x . Haddii aad baxdo oo ay jiraan isbeddello aadan kaydin, waxay ku weydiin doontaa haddii aad rabto inaad badbaadiso. Dooro kaydinta adiga oo galaya y oo taabo Gelida. ^{(Enter. )}Ama waxaad geli kartaa n oo taabo Gelida^(Enter) si aad u tuurto isbeddellada.

9. Helitaanka Goobta Barnaamij La Rakibay

Si aad u heshid goobta uu ku yaalo barnaamijka lagu rakibay Pi kaaga, waxaad isticmaali doonta meesha uu ku yaalo^(whereis) . Amarkani waxa uu helayaa baakidh kasta oo la rakibay. Geli halka uu ku yaal [package name]^{(whereis [package name])} .

Tusaale ahaan, haddii aad raadinayso ururiyahaaga C ++ ee loo yaqaan gcc , waxaad ku qori doontaa gcc^{(whereis gcc)} halka terminalku uu muujin doono dariiqa buuxa ee la fulin karo, meel kasta oo uu ku yaal mashiinkaaga. Sawirka hoose, xirmada ayaa laga helay laba meelood. Haddii aysan meelna ka helin xirmada, waxay soo bandhigi doontaa gcc: . 

10. Apt-Get

Tani waa mid ka mid ah amarada Raspberry Pi Linux ugu xiisaha badan . Apt - get^(apt-get) Command ayaa heli doona xirmada aad rabto, soo dejisanayso, oo ku rakibi, dhammaan hal amar. Macaan! Markaad rakibto faylasha, waxaad u baahan tahay ogolaansho sare, markaa ku qor sudo apt-get install [magaca xirmada aad rabto inaad ku rakibto]^{(sudo apt-get install [name of the package you want to install])} .

Waa kan amarka haddii aad rabto inaad ku rakibto htop (kormeeraha habka isdhexgalka kaas oo soo bandhigi doona isticmaalkaaga Pi's CPU , isticmaalka xusuusta, iwm.), waxaad ku qori kartaa sudo apt-get install htop^{(sudo apt-get install htop)} . 

BONUS: Sida loo koobi karo qoraalka^(Text) oo loogu dhejiyo ^(Paste)Daaqadda Terminalka^{(Terminal Window)} Pi kaaga

Daaqadaha^(Windows) koobi/ku dhejinta gaaban kuma shaqeeyaan Linux . Aynu nidhaahno inaad meel fog kaga xidhan tahay Pi-ga PC-gaaga oo aad rabto inaad koobiyayso furahaaga sirta ah maamulahaaga furaha Windows . Kaliya ma dooran kartid erayga sirta ah, isticmaal CTRL + C si aad u koobiyeyso, iyo CTRL + V si aad ugu dhejiso marinka Pi . 

Si kastaba^(can) ha ahaatee, waxaad isticmaali kartaa CTRL + C si aad u nuqul ka sameysid erayga sirta ah ee Windows ka dibna hal midig-guji^{(single right-click )} daaqadda terminalka. Midig-guji hal-ku-dheggu wuxuu qoraalka ka dhejiyaa sabuuraddaada dhexda terminalka. Markaas, taabo Gelida^(Enter) . 

Ka digtoonow: ma arki doontid wax caddaynaya inaad wax ku dhejisay terminalka, laakiin waa hubaal! 

Top 10 Raspberry Pi Linux Commands You Should Know

Getting started with a Raspberry Pi can be daunting. Even if you find a good guide to follow when you set up your Pi for the first time, there’s so much to learn. Raspberry Pis run on Linux, and, if you’ve never used the Linux operating system before, it can seem strange and complicated.  

While you already know how to perform basic tasks like viewing folders and files on your PC or Mac, doing those things on your Pi works differently, especially if you’re running a version that doesn’t have a graphical user interface (GUI). Below, we’ll take you through common Raspberry Pi Linux terminal commands that you’ll need to know to use your Pi.

1. Listing the Contents of the Current Directory

The command ls stands for “listing.” This is the most basic Linux command you’ll use on your Pi. Enter ls in the terminal, press Enter, and it will return a list of all the files and folders in the current directory.

2. Changing Your Pi’s Password

The passwd command probably should be among the first Linux commands you use on your Raspberry Pi. You’re not running your Pi with the default password, are you? That’s not good. To change your Pi’s password, enter passwd in the terminal.

It will prompt you to enter your current password, so type that in and press Enter. Next, type your new password and hit Enter. Next, it will ask you to confirm your new password. Type it in again, press Enter, and you have successfully changed your Pi’s password. 

3. Restarting or Shutting Down Your Pi

Restarting or shutting down your Pi requires root access, so you have to use the sudo command. Sudo is a Linux command that stands for SuperuserDo. It allows you to execute a Raspberry Pi Linux command with elevated privileges—which you’ll need for things like installing programs or rebooting the machine. To use sudo, enter sudo followed by the command you want to execute. 

To shutdown your Pi, enter sudo shutdown. When you hit Enter, it will ask you for the Pi’s root password. This command will shutdown your Pi in one minute. Use sudo shutdown 0 to shutdown immediately.

To restart your pi, use sudo shutdown -r. By default, your Pi will reboot in one minute. If you want it to reboot instantly, you can use sudo shutdown -r 0, where 0 stands for zero minutes or right now.

4. Changing Directories

The cd command stands for—you guessed it—change directory. It changes the current working directory, which is whatever directory you’re currently in. Type cd /[path of the directory you want to go to]. Here’s an example: cd /usr/lib. Typing that command in the terminal will take you to the user/lib folder on your Pi. 

Alternatively, you could type cd .. which will move you up one directory in the folder hierarchy. Or you could use cd ~. That moves you to the logged-in user’s home directory, and cd / will move you to the root folder. Lastly, cd – takes you to the previous folder you were in. Think of that command as undoing the previous cd command.

5. Copying Files on Your Pi

The cp command copies files and directories. In general, the Raspberry Pi Linux command will look like this: cp [source file location] [destination file location]. 

When you copy files, you can rename them at the same time. If you want to copy a file named test.txt in the current directory and rename it to test2.txt, the command would be cp test.txt test2.txt. Both the original file and the renamed copy of the file will be in the current directory. Use the ls command to see the new file.

6. Renaming Files on Your Pi

To rename a file, use the mv command. For example, if you use the mv test.txt test2.txt command, the renamed file will be located in the current directory.

7. Moving Files or Folders

Moving a file from one folder to another works similarly to renaming a file. Enter mv [filename] [destination folder]. This assumes that the file you want to move is in the current directory. Here’s an example: mv test.txt ~/. That command will move the test.txt file from the current directory to the user’s home folder. As usual, if you get a “permission denied” message, add sudo to the beginning of the command.

If the file you want to move is not in the current directory, you can use a command like this: mv /usr/lib/test.txt ~/. That command would move the test.txt file from the usr/lib directory to the user’s home directory.

By the way, you can also rename the file while you’re moving it. Enter mv ~/test.txt /usr/lib/test2.txt. In this example, we’ve renamed the text.txt file to test2.txt and moved it from the home directory to the usr/lib folder.

8. Editing Text Documents

The Linux command line text editor is called nano. To run nano, type nano [path to the text file you want to open or create]. Some folders require permission to create or edit a file. If that’s the case, use sudo nano [filepath]. (If you need permission, the editor will tell you so you can close it out and re-run the command with sudo.) 

If you use nano to open an existing file, it will open the file for editing. If you’re creating a new file, Linux will open an empty editor with no text in it. You can use the arrow keys and the keyboard to type anything you want. Note that there’s a menu of commands at the bottom of the terminal window. They all start with a ^. In Linux, that means you should hold ctrl down when you use that command. 

To save a file, press ctrl+o. If you want, you can change the file name. Pressing Enter will save the file. If you want to exit, press ctrl+x. If you exit and there are changes you haven’t saved, it’ll ask you if you want to save them. Choose to save by entering y and pressing Enter. Or you can enter n and press Enter to discard the changes.

9. Finding the Location of an Installed Program

To find the location of an installed program on your Pi, you’ll use the whereis command. This command locates any installed package. Enter whereis [package name].

For example, if you’re looking for your C++ compiler called gcc, you would type in whereis gcc and the terminal will display the full path to the executable, anywhere it exists on your machine. In the screenshot below, the package has been found in two places. If it doesn’t find the package anywhere, it would display gcc:. 

10. Apt-Get

This is one of the most fun Raspberry Pi Linux commands. The apt-get command will find the package you want, download it, and install it, all in a single command. Sweet! When you install files, you need elevated permissions, so type sudo apt-get install [name of the package you want to install].

Here’s the command for if you want to install htop (an interactive process monitor that will display your Pi’s CPU utilization, memory usage, etc.), you would type sudo apt-get install htop. 

BONUS: How to Copy Text and Paste It Into Your Pi’s Terminal Window

Windows copy/paste shortcuts don’t work in Linux. Let’s say you are remotely connected to your Pi from your PC and you want to copy your Pi’s password from your password manager on Windows. You can’t just select the password, use CTRL + C to copy it, and CTRL + V to paste it into the Pi’s terminal. 

You can, however, use CTRL + C to copy the password from Windows and then single right-click in the terminal window. That single right-click pastes text from your clipboard into the terminal. Then, press Enter. 

Be warned: you won’t see any evidence that you have pasted anything into the terminal, but it’s there for sure! 

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