Haddii aad ku cusub tahay Linux , adeegsiga terminalka waxay noqon kartaa xoogaa culus. Qaybinta cusub ee Linux^{(New Linux)} sida Linux Mint waxay leeyihiin isugeyn garaafyo heer sare ah, laakiin wadnaha Linux waa kernel taasna waxay la macno tahay adeegsiga khadka taliska.

Xitaa haddii aad tahay isticmaale Windows , waxay u badan tahay inaad furto daaqad degdeg ah noloshaada mar si aad hawl u qabato. Nooca ugu dambeeyay ee Windows , Windows 10 , waxaad xitaa ku rakibi kartaa qolofka Ubuntu Bash gudaha ^{(Ubuntu Bash)}Windows oo aad amarrada Linux si toos ah uga maamuli kartaa ^(Linux)Windows !

Maqaalkan, waxaan uga gudbi doonaa qaar ka mid ah amarada aasaasiga ah ee Linux kuwaas oo si aad ah ugu badan dhammaan qaybinta Linux . Maadaama qolofka bashku yahay qolofka ugu caansan iyo kan aan isticmaalo sidoo kale, waxaan u isticmaali doonaa ereygaas dhammaan amarrada. Sidoo kale, waxaan sheegi doonaa qaar ka mid ah doodaha ugu faa'iidada badan amar kasta, laakiin waxaa jira qaar kale oo badan oo laga heli karo boggaga ninka.

1. ls (Liiska Tusmada)

Fikradayda, amarka ugu horreeya ee ay tahay inaad ogaato waa amarka ls . Amarkani waxa uu taxayaa waxa ku jira hagaha shaqada ee hadda. Haddii aad ku qorto ls oo aad riixdo Gelida^(Enter) , waxaad heli doontaa liis aad u aasaasi ah oo faylasha iyo faylalka ku jira tusaha hadda.

Inta badan Linux distros, hagayaasha waxaa lagu iftiimin doonaa midab ka duwan sida cagaar. Faylasha badanaa waxay noqon doonaan midabka caadiga ah ee isla markiiba qolofka, kaas oo ah cawl xaaladdeyda. Iyadoo aan lahayn wax dood ah, ls waa nooc caajis ah. Haddii aad isticmaasho -a leh ls, waxaad awoodi doontaa inaad aragto dhammaan faylasha qarsoon.

Wax kasta oo ku bilaabma dhibic waa fayl qarsoon ama hagaha. Tusmooyinka qarsoon dhamaantood waxay leeyihiin midab buluug madow, kaas oo ah nooc ay adagtahay in la arko. Dood kale oo faa'iido leh waa -l doorashada sida hoos ku cad.

Tani waxay ku siinaysaa liis dheer oo ah faylal iyo faylal wata macluumaad badan oo badan sida ogolaanshaha, isku xidhka, isticmaalaha, kooxda, cabbirka iyo taariikhda wax ka beddelka ee u dambeeya. Haddii aadan hubin sida loo fasiro oggolaanshaha, hubi inaad akhrido qoraalkayga fahamka rukhsadaha Linux^{(understanding Linux permissions)} .

2. cd (Beddel Hagaha)

Marka aad tixi karto waxa ku jira hagaha, waxa faa'iido leh in aad ogaato sida loogu beddelo hage kale. Sida caadiga ah, waxaad had iyo jeer ku bilaabi doontaa tusaha gurigaaga marka aad furto qolof bash ah. Tan waxaa lagu muujiyay calaamada tilde ( ~ ) ee ku taal isla markiiba qolofka.

Amarka cd waa sida aad u bedesho hagaha Linux . Runtii ma jiraan wax badan oo lagu baran karo cd-ga, laakiin waxaa jira dhowr jid-gaaban. Mid ka mid ah kuwa wanaagsan ayaa ah inaad si fudud u qorto cd oo aad riixdo enter. Tani waxay had iyo jeer kugu soo celin doontaa hagaha guriga meel kasta oo aad joogto.

Sidoo kale, waxaad isticmaali kartaa waddo buuxda haddii aad rabto inaad gasho haye aan la heli karin iyada oo loo marayo waddo qaraabo ah. Tusaalaha hoose, waa inaan isticmaalo waddo buuxda oo ka bilaabmaysa root (/) si aan u galo iwm/ssh.

3. nin (Bogagga Caawinta)

Amarka ninku wuxuu u badan yahay inuu yahay mid ka mid ah amarrada ugu faa'iidada badan Linux . Xitaa isticmaalayaasha Linux horumaray ma xasuusan karaan dood kasta oo ku saabsan amarka Linux . Bogagga ninka ayaa ku siin doona macluumaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan dhammaan doodaha kala duwan ee amarka.

Syntax runtii sidoo kale waa mid fudud. Waa nin kaliya oo uu raacayo amarka aad rabto inaad wax ka barato. Sawirka kore, waxaan sameeyay nin ls^{(man ls)} si uu wax badan uga barto amarka ls. Mid ka mid ah doodaha waxtarka leh ee nin waa -k , kaas oo kuu ogolaanaya inaad raadiso dhammaan amarrada adoo isticmaalaya ereyga muhiimka ah.

Xagga sare, waxaan raadiyay zip -ka erayga muhiimka ah oo aan dib u helay dhammaan amarrada leh ereyga zip ee magaca amarka ama sharraxaadda. Waa hab anfacaya oo lagu helo amarro laga yaabo inaadan si kale u aqoon.

Ninka, waxaad isticmaali kartaa amar kale oo loo yaqaan info si aad u hesho tusaalooyin badan oo ku saabsan sida loo isticmaalo amarka. Kaliya^(Just) ku qor amarka macluumaadka^{( info command)} si aad u soo qaadato bogga macluumaadka ee amarkaas.

4. taabo (Abuur Fayl)

Haddii aad rabto inaad si dhakhso ah u abuurto fayl cusub, habka ugu fudud waa inaad isticmaasho amarka taabashada^(touch) . Xaqiiqda, amarka taabashada waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu beddelo shaambada wakhtiga faylka, laakiin isticmaalka kale waa in la abuuro fayl cusub.

Waxaa jira siyaabo badan oo faylasha loogu abuuro Linux hadhowna laga yaabo inaadan waligaa isticmaalin taabasho si aad u abuurto fayl, laakiin bilawga, waxay ku timaadaa mid aad u anfacaya.

Haddii fayl uu horay u jiray marka la isticmaalayo tabashada taabashada, waxa ay si fudud u cusboonaysiinaysaa gelitaanka ugu dambeeya iyo wakhtiga ugu dambeeya ee wax laga beddelay ee faylka sida kor ku cad.

5. bisad (Faylasha isku xidhan & Daabacaadda)

Amar kale oo faa'iido leh waa amarka bisadaha^(cat) . Hawsha ugu weyn ee bisadu waa in ay isku xidho faylal badan, laakiin waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa in lagu daabaco waxa ku jira faylka si loo soo saaro caadi (taas oo ah shaashadda).

Waxaad isticmaali kartaa doodda -n si aad ugu darto tirooyinka laynka wax soo saarka. Haddii aad isticmaasho ikhtiyaarka -b , waxay ku dari doontaa oo kaliya tirooyinka khadka khadadka aan bannaanayn. Haddii aad ku isticmaasho bisad faylal ka dheer dhererka daaqada terminalka, kaliya qaybta hoose ee faylka ayaa la tusi doonaa. Waxaad ku dhufan kartaa wax soo saarka bisadaha in ka yar^(less) ama ka badan^(more) amar si aad u aragto waxa ku jira bogga faylka.

6. mkdir (Samee Tusaha)

Mar marka qaarkood, waxaad u baahan doontaa inaad abuurto hagayaal si aad si fiican u habayso xogtaada waana meesha uu ka soo galo mkdir  amarka

Tusaalaha kore, waxaan ku dhex abuuray hagaha gurigayga laba buug oo aan isticmaalayaa waddo qaraabo ah iyo waddo dhammaystiran. Haddii aad u baahan tahay inaad hal mar abuurto hagayaal badan oo kala sarreeya, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad isticmaasho doodda -p .

Tusaalaha kore, waxaan isticmaalay doodda -p si aan u abuuro Aseem , Xogta^(Data) iyo Sawirrada^(Pictures) tusaha hal mar inkastoo midkoodna uusan jirin.

7. rm (saar)

Amarka rm waa amar awood leh oo loo isticmaali karo in meesha laga saaro faylasha iyo hagayaasha. Amarka rm wuxuu ka saari karaa hagayaasha ay ku jiraan faylal iyo hagayaal ku dhex jira.

Si aad meesha uga saarto fayl, kaliya ku qor magaca faylka. Haddii aad u baahan tahay inaad ka saarto hagaha aan faaruqin, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad isticmaasho doodda -r . Sidoo kale waa fikrad wanaagsan inaad isticmaasho -i iyo -v doodaha markaad isticmaalayso rm maadaama ay ku weydiin doonto ka hor intaanad wax tirtirin.

Markaa kuwanu waa todobada runtii fudud, laakiin amarro caadi ah oo aad u baahan doonto inaad ku ogaato Linux si aad u bilowdo. Waxaa jira qaar kale oo badan waxaanan dhawaan soo daabici doonaa maqaallo badan oo bilow ah oo ku saabsan amarro badan iyo sida loo isticmaalo. Haddii aad wax su'aalo ah qabtid, ku dheji faallo. Ku raaxayso!

7 Linux Commands Every Beginner Should Know

If you’re new to Linux, using the terminal can be a bit overwhelming. New Linux diѕtributions like Linux Mint have great graphical interfaсes, but the heart of Linux iѕ the kernel and that means using the commаnd line.

Even if you are a Windows user, you’ve probably had to open a command prompt window at some point in your life to perform a task. With the latest version of Windows, Windows 10, you can even install the Ubuntu Bash shell in Windows and run Linux commands directly from Windows!

In this article, I’m going to go over some really basic Linux commands that are common across pretty much all distributions of Linux. Since the bash shell is the most popular shell and the one I use also, I’ll be using that syntax for all the commands. Also, I’ll be mentioning some of the most useful arguments for each command, but there are many more which can be found in the man pages.

1. ls (List Contents)

In my opinion, the first command you should know is the ls command. This command lists the contents of the current working directory. If you just type ls and press Enter, you’ll get a very basic listing of files and folders in the current directory.

On most Linux distros, directories will be highlighted in a different color like green. Files will usually be the standard color of the shell prompt, which is grey in my case. Without any arguments, ls is kind of boring. If you use -a with ls, you’ll be able to see all hidden files.

Anything that starts with a dot is a hidden file or directory. The hidden directories all have a dark blue color, which is kind of hard to see. Another useful argument is the -l option as shown below.

This gives you a long listing of files and folders with a lot more information such as permissions, links, user, group, size and last modification date. If you’re not sure how to interpret the permissions, make sure to read my post on understanding Linux permissions.

2. cd (Change Directory)

Once you can list the contents of a directory, it’s useful to know how to switch to a different directory. By default, you’ll always start in your home directory when you open a bash shell. This is indicated by the tilde symbol (~) in the shell prompt.

The cd command is how you change directories in Linux. There really isn’t a whole lot to learn with cd, but there are a couple of shortcuts. One good is simply typing cd and pressing enter. This will always get you back to the home directory no matter where you are.

Also, you can use an absolute path if you want to get into a directory that is not accessible via a relative path. In the example below, I have to use an absolute path starting at the root (/) to get to etc/ssh.

3. man (Help Pages)

The man command is probably one of the most useful commands in Linux. Even advanced Linux users can’t remember every argument to a Linux command. The man pages will give you detailed info on all of the different arguments for a command.

The syntax is really simple also. It’s just man followed by the command you want to learn about. In the screenshot above, I did a man ls to learn more about the ls command. One useful argument to man is -k, which will allow you to search all commands using a keyword.

Above, I searched for the keyword zip and got back all commands that have the word zip in the command name or in the description. It’s a handy way to find commands you may not have otherwise known about.

Along with man, you can use another command called info to get more examples of how to use a command. Just type info command to bring up the info page for that command.

4. touch (Create File)

If you want to quickly create a new file, the easiest way is to use the touch command. In reality, the touch command is used to change the time stamp on a file, but another use is to create a new file.

There are many ways to create files in Linux and later on you’ll probably never use touch to create a file, but in the beginning, it comes in very handy.

If a file already exists when using the touch command, it simply updates the last access and last modified timestamps for the file as shown above.

5. cat (Concatenate Files & Print)

Another useful command is the cat command. The main function of cat is to concatenate multiple files, but it can also be used to print the contents of a file to standard output (which is the screen).

You can use the -n argument to add line numbers to the output. If you use the -b option, it will only add line numbers to lines that are not blank. If you use cat on a file that is longer than the height of your terminal window, only the bottom of the file will be shown. You can pipe the output of cat to the less or the more command to view the contents of a file page by page.

6. mkdir (Make Directory)

At some point, you’ll want to create directories to organize your data better and that’s where the mkdir command comes in. You can use relative or absolute paths for creating directories using this command.

In the example above, I’ve created two directories in my home directory using a relative path and an absolute path. If you need to create multiple hierarchical directories at once, you need to use the -p argument.

In the above example, I used the -p argument to create the Aseem, Data and Pictures directories all at once even though none of them existed.

7. rm (Remove)

The rm command is a powerful command that can be used to remove files and directories. The rm command can remove directories that have files and directories inside of them.

To remove a file, you just type in the file name. If you need to remove a directory that is not empty, you need to use the -r argument. It’s also a good idea to use the -i and -v arguments when using rm as it will ask you before deleting anything.

So those are seven really simple, yet common commands that you’ll need to know in Linux to get started. There are many more and I’ll be posting more beginner articles soon on more commands and how to use them. If you have any questions, post a comment. Enjoy!

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