Daaqadaha^(Windows) waxa ay ka buuxaan adeegyo shabakadeed oo faa'iido leh. Barnaamijyadani waxay ku heli karaan macluumaadka muhiimka ah ee ku saabsan xidhiidhka shabakadaada waxayna kaa caawin karaan inaad ogaato dhibaatooyinka. Waxaa jira afar utility network TCP/IP oo isticmaale kasta oo Windows ah ay tahay inuu ka ogaado:

1. Netstat
2. Tracert
3. IPconfig
4. NSlookup

Aan aragno waxa ay qabtaan adeegyadan iyo sida loo isticmaalo.

Dib u soo kicinta TCP/IP

Dhammaan afarta adeeg waa barnaamijyada shabakada TCP/IPTaasi micneheedu waa maxay? 

TCP/IP waxay u gaaban tahay Hab-maamuuska Internetka ee Xakamaynta Gudbinta. ^{(Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol.)}Hab-maamuusku waa xeerar iyo tilmaamo go'aaminaya sida hawshu u shaqeyso. 

Tusaale ahaan, goobta shaqada waxay noqon kartaa borotokool in marka hore aad ballan la samaysato kaaliyaha gaarka ah ee madaxaaga halkii aad ka soo gali lahayd xafiiskooda waqtiyo aan kala sooc lahayn oo maalintii ah. Sidoo kale, TCP/IP waxay qeexaysaa sida aaladaha kala duwan ee ku xiran internetka^(internet) ay u wada xiriiri karaan si habsami leh.

Barashada Jacaylka Line Command

Halka 99% is-dhexgalka kombuyuutarku ay maalmahan yihiin kuwo garaaf ah, had iyo jeer waxaa jiri doona baahi loo qabo qalabyada khadka taliska ee qoraalka ku saleysan. Inta badan, adeegyadan TCP/IP waxay ku shaqeeyaan khadka taliska. Taas macnaheedu waa inaad u baahan tahay inaad ku qorto magaca utility iyo tallaabada aad rabto inay qaado.

Daaqadaha tan had iyo jeer waxaa lagu gaaraa amarka degdega ah , laakiin taasi waa ^{(Command Prompt)}la^(Windows) tirtiray. Isku xirka khadka taliska ee la doorbido maanta waa Windows PowerShell . 

Si aad u gasho Powershell:

1. Midig ku dhufo badhanka Start^{(Start Button)}
2. Dooro Windows PowerShell (Maamulka)^{(Windows PowerShell (Admin))}

Hadda waxaad ku qori kartaa amarradaada khadka taliska ee PowerShell si aad u gaadho waxa qalbigaaga ku jira. Haddii aad rabto inaad ku socoto jidka sayidkiisa PowerShell , waxay ku bilaabataa hal tallaabo. Taasi waa, Isticmaalka PowerShell ee Isticmaalayaasha Guriga - Hagaha Bilowga ee^{(Using PowerShell for Home Users – A Beginner’s Guide)} uu leeyahay Guy McDowell.

Hadda aan bilowno inaan si wanaagsan u ogaanno iyaga.

Waa maxay Netstat?

Netstat ama Tirakoobka Shabakadu^{(Network Statistics)} waa utility macluumaad awood leh kaas oo ku siinaya fikrado muhiim ah waxa isku xidhkaagu uu samaynayo wakhti kasta. Waxay ku siinaysaa tirakoobka aasaasiga ah ee hawlaha shabakada muhiimka ah. Tan waxa ku jira dekedaha^(ports) furan iyo kuwa la isticmaalo iyo waxa isku xidhka furan ee socda.

Netstat kaliya maahan codsi Windows , waxay ku taal Linux , Unix iyo Mac sidoo kale. Waxay ku bilaabatay nolosha Unix waxayna noqotay hub aasaasi ah sanduuqa qalabka maamulaha shabakada. 

Waxaa jira qaab kale oo garaaf ah oo ah qaabka Microsoft TCPView , laakiin ogaanshaha sida loo isticmaalo netstat had iyo jeer waxay noqon doontaa mid faa'iido leh. Waxaa jira kiisas badan oo loo isticmaalo barnaamijka, laakiin hal ujeedo oo caadi ah maalmahan waa ogaanshaha malware. Software-ka xaasidka ah sida trojans-ku inta badan waxay furaan deked waxayna sugaan in ay la soo xiriiraan abuurayaashooda tilmaamo dheeraad ah. netstat waxaad si dhakhso ah u arki kartaa haddii uu jiro xidhiidh shaki leh oo ka yimid kombayutarkaaga iyo shabakada.

Amarrada Netstat ee muhiimka ah

Netstat waa mid ka mid ah utility TCP/IP ugu fudud in la isticmaalo. Waxa kaliya oo ay tahay inaad sameyso waa inaad ku qortaa "netstat" (la'aanteed xigashooyinka) oo waxaad heli doontaa liiska caadiga ah ee xiriirada firfircoon. Kaas oo^(Which) u ekaan doona sidan:

Tani waxay ku fiican tahay dulmarka caadiga ah ee isku xirka shabakadaada, laakiin waxaad wax ka beddeli kartaa wax soo saarka adiga oo isticmaalaya wax ka beddelayaasha. Tusaale ahaan, "netstat -a" waxay soo bandhigaysaa dhammaan dekedaha firfircoon iyo "netstat -b" waxay ku tusi doontaa faylka la fulin karo ee mas'uulka ka ah deked kasta oo dhegeysi ah. Halkan waxaa ah amarro muhiim ah oo badan:

• Netstat -e - waxay soo bandhigaysaa faahfaahinta xirmooyinka la soo diray
• Netstat -n - liisaska martigeliyaha hadda ku xiran
• Netstat -p – ogow nooca borotokoolka aad rabto inaad hubiso
• Netstat -r – waxa ay ku siinaysaa liis jadwal ah
• Netstat-s - waxay ku siisaa tirakoobyada IPv4 , IPv6 , ICMP , TCP , iwm.

Waa maxay Tracert?

Tracert waa gaaban yahay raadraaca^(traceroute) . Waa utility shabakad ku tusinaysa macluumaadka ku saabsan joogsi kasta oo ku socda dariiqa laga soo bilaabo is dhexgalka shabakada kombuyuutarkaaga ilaa aaladda aad ku socoto.

Markaad isticmaasho Tracert, codsigu wuxuu soo dirayaa xirmo khaas ah oo xakameynaya intarneetka Farriinta Fariinta^{(Internet Control Message Protocol )} ( ICMP ) kuwaas oo ku qasbaya aaladaha rajo kasta inay dib u soo celiyaan macluumaadka. Gaar ahaan, waxay ku weydiinaysaa inay soo gudbiyaan wakhtiga saxda ah ee xidhmoku yimid ka dibna ay isticmaalaan macluumaadkaas si ay u xisaabiyaan wakhtiga safarka ee u dhexeeya hop kasta.

Waxaa jira saddex isticmaal oo ugu muhiimsan Tracert:

• Si loo arko meesha uu baakidhku ka lumo.
• Si loo go'aamiyo meelaha baakadaha dib loo dhigay
• Si aad u aragto ciwaanka IP-ga ee hop kasta oo ku teedsan dariiqa xirmada.

Marka xigta, aan aragno amarka Tracert oo shaqeynaya .

Amarrada raadraaca ee muhiimka ah

Habka ugu aasaasiga ah ee amarka Tracert wuxuu u baahan yahay magaca utility iyo sidoo kale goobta shabakadda. Meesha loo socdo waxaa loo sheegi karaa sida ciwaanka IP-ga ama URL mareegaha^(URL) . Tusaale ahaan: Tracert www.google.com .

Wax soo saarka amarku wuxuu u eg yahay sidan:

Tracert sidoo kale waxay leedahay tiro yar oo ikhtiyaar ah, halkan waa liiska:

• Tracert -d : Waxay u sheegtaa Tracert^(Tracert) in aanu xalin ciwaanada magacyada martida loo yahay
• Tracert -h : Maximum_hops - wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa inaad bedesho tirada caadiga ah ee hops, tusaale -h 30
• Tracert -j liiska martida loo yahay^{(Tracert -j host-list)} : Wuxuu qeexayaa LSR ( dariiqa isha dabacsan^{(loose source route)} ) ee la socda liiska martida loo yahay
• -w timeout : Waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad dejiso inta uu Tracert sugayo hop kasta ka hor inta aanad u fiirsan wakhti go'an. Tusaale ahaan Tracert -w^(Tracert) 1000

Waa aalad fudud, laakiin si cajiib ah ayey faa'iido u yeelan kartaa haddii aad ciyaareyso baaraha shabakada!

Waa maxay IPconfig?

Mid ka mid ah shabakadaha ugu faa'iido badan ee TCP/IP , IPconfig ayaa ku tusinaysa qaabka hadda ee qalabka shabakada ee kombiyuutarkaaga. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa in gacanta lagu qasbo falalka qaarkood ee la xidhiidha isku xidhka shabakadaada.

IPconfig ayaa si gaar ah faa'iido u leh haddii kombayutarkaagu leeyahay ciwaanka IP-ga oo si firfircooni leh loogu qoondeeyay. Maadaama ay kuu ogolaanayso inaad si dhakhso leh u aragto cinwaanka IP-ga ee nidaamkaagu hadda leeyahay.

Amarada IPconfig ee muhiimka ah

IPconfig guud ahaan waxaa lagu isticmaalaa halbeeg, kaas oo soo bandhigaya macluumaadka shabakada ama qabta hawlo la xidhiidha shabakada. Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah amarada ugu muhiimsan ee la ogaado:

• IPconfig /all : Waxay ku tusinaysaa dhammaan macluumaadka isku xirka isku xirka jirka iyo farsamada.
• IPconfig /flushdns : Waxay dib u dejisaa kaydiyaha xallinta DNS . U fiican xallinta dhibaatooyinka la xiriira DNS .
• /IPconfig /renew : Waxay ku qasbeysaa ciwaanka IP-ga cusub^{(new IP address)} in loo qoondeeyo.

IPconfig waa utility-ga loogu talagalay cilad-baadhista guud ee xidhiidhka internet-ka, marka waxa mudan in la xafido amarradeeda muhiimka ah.

Waa maxay NSlookup?

NSlookup waa u gaaban raadinta^{(nameserver lookup)} server-ka . "nameserver" waa nooc muhiim ah oo ka mid ah server-ka DNS (nidaamka magaca domain). Waa dhaqan ahaan server-ka DNS oo macnaheedu yahay waa aalad shabakad isku xirta URL- ka aad ku qorto biraawsarkaaga oo wata ciwaanka IP-ga ee server-ka ka kooban.

Caadiyan nidaamkani waa lagaaga qarinayaa isticmaale ahaan, laakiin NSlookup wuxuu^(NSlookup) kuu ogolaanayaa inaad sameyso laba shay:

• Soo hel^(Find) ciwaanka IP-ga ee ka dambeeya ciwaanka mareegaha gaarka ah.
• Si aad u hesho URL ku xidhan ciwaanka IP gaar ah

Markaa haddii aad leedahay oo keliya ciwaanka shabakadda ama ciwaanka IP-ga, waxaad isticmaali kartaa NSlookup si aad u hesho qaybta kale ee halxiraalaha. Waxaad tan ku dari kartaa macluumaadka laga helayo aaladaha kale, sida Tracert ama Netstat si loo go'aamiyo server-yada shabakadda ee ku lifaaqan ciwaannada IP-ga ee ay ka warbixiyaan.

Amarrada NSlookup ee muhiimka ah

Waxaa jira saddex amar oo NSlookup ah oo ay tahay inaad ogaato. Midka ugu horreeya waa uun "nslookup". Tani waxay ku tusinaysaa serverka magaca hadda iyo ciwaanka IP-ga.

Ogsoonow in NSlookup uu wali socdo oo aad ku jirto khadka taliska, maaha PowerShell . Haddii aad rabto inaad dib ugu noqoto PowerShell , ku qor bixida^(exit) oo taabo geli^(enter) .

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aynu ku dhegganno hal ilbidhiqsi oo aynu waydiisanno adeegahayaga inuu na siiyo ciwaanka Google.com . Kaliya^(Just) ku qor google.com oo tabo geli^{( enter)} .

Sida aad arki karto, tani waxay na siinaysaa cinwaanka IP-ga 172.217.170.46. Taas ku qor biraawsarkaaga shabakad waxaana si toos ah lagu geyn doonaa mashiinka raadinta Google . Waxa kale oo aad samayn kartaa raadinta gadaal oo geli ciwaanka IP-ga, kaas oo markaa soo celin kara URL -ka server-ka la xidhiidha.

Hadda waxaad taqaanaa afar ka mid ah adeegyada aasaasiga ah ee ^(utilities)TCP/IP kuwaas oo kaa caawin doona inaad fahanto waxa shabakadaada ka socda oo dib u soo jiid daaha sirta ah ee internetka. Ku raaxayso!

The Best Windows Command Line Network Commands

Windows comes packed with several useful network utilities. These programs can get you critical information about your network connection and help diagnose problems. There аre four TCP/IР network utilitieѕ that every Windows user should know about:

1. Netstat
2. Tracert
3. IPconfig
4. NSlookup

Let’s see what these utilities do and how they’re commonly used.

A Refresher on TCP/IP

All four utilities are TCP/IP network programs. What does that mean? 

TCP/IP is short for Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol. A protocol is a set of rules and specifications that determine how a process works. 

For example, at work it might be protocol to first make an appointment with your boss’ personal assistant instead of barging into their office at random times of day. Similarly, TCP/IP describes how the various devices connected to each other on the internet can communicate in an orderly fashion.

Learning to Love the Command Line

While 99% of computer interfaces these days are graphical, there will always be a need for text-based command line tools. For the most part, these TCP/IP utilities work through the command line. That means you need to type in the name of the utility and the action you want it to take.

In Windows this has always been achieved through the Command Prompt, but that’s being phased out. The preferred command line interface today is Windows PowerShell. 

To access the Powershell:

1. Right-click on the Start Button
2. Select Windows PowerShell (Admin)

Now you can type your commands into the command line in PowerShell to your heart’s content. If you want to walk the path of the PowerShell master, it begins with a single step. That is, Using PowerShell for Home Users – A Beginner’s Guide by our very own Guy McDowell.

Now let’s begin to know them better.

What is Netstat?

Netstat or Network Statistics is a powerful information utility that gives you important insights into what your network connection is doing at any given moment. It gives you basic statistics on key network activity. This includes which ports are open and in use and what connections are open and running.

Netstat isn’t just a Windows application, it’s on Linux, Unix and Mac as well. It started life on Unix and has become a fundamental weapon in the network administrator’s toolbox. 

There is a graphical alternative in the form of Microsoft TCPView, but knowing how to use netstat will always be useful. There are many use cases for the program, but one common purpose these days is the detection of malware. Malicious software such as trojans often open a port and wait to be contacted by their creators for further instructions. With netstat you can quickly see if there’s a suspicious connection from your computer to the network.

Important Netstat Commands

Netstat is one of the easiest TCP/IP utilities to use. All you have to do is type “netstat” (without the quotes) and you’ll get the standard list of active connections. Which should look something like this:

This is fine for a normal overview of your network connections, but you can modify the output by using modifiers. For example, “netstat -a” displays all active ports and “netstat -b” will show you the executable file responsible for each listening port. Here are more key commands:

• Netstat -e – displays details of packets that have been sent
• Netstat -n – lists currently connected hosts
• Netstat -p – allow to specify what type of protocol you want to check
• Netstat -r – provides a list of routing tables
• Netstat -s – gives statistics on IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, TCP, etc

What is Tracert?

Tracert is short for traceroute. It’s a network utility that shows you information about every stop along the way from your computer’s network interface to the destination device.

When you use Tracert, the application sends special Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packets which compel the devices at each hop to send back information. Specifically, it asks them to relay the exact time the packet arrived and then uses that information to calculate the travel time between each hop.

There are three main uses for Tracert:

• To see where a packet gets lost.
• To determine where packets are delayed.
• To see the IP addresses of each hop along the packet’s route.

Next, let’s see the Tracert command in action.

Important Tracert Commands

The most basic form of the Tracert command requires the name of the utility as well as the network destination. The destination can be expressed as either an IP address or a website URL. For example: Tracert www.google.com.

The output of the command looks like this:

Tracert also has a small number of options, here’s the list:

• Tracert -d: Tells Tracert not to resolve addresses to host names
• Tracert -h: Maximum_hops – lets you change the default number of hops, e.g. -h 30
• Tracert -j host-list: Specifies the LSR (loose source route) along the host list
• -w timeout: Lets you set how long Tracert waits at each hop before considering it a timeout. E.g. Tracert -w 1000

It’s a simple tool, but can be incredibly useful if you’re playing network detective!

What is IPconfig?

One of the most useful network TCP/IP utilities, IPconfig shows you the current configuration of network devices in your computer. It can also be used to manually force certain actions relating to your network connections.

IPconfig is particularly useful if your computer has an IP address assigned to it dynamically. Since it lets you quickly see what IP address your system currently has.

Important IPconfig Commands

IPconfig is generally used with a parameter, which either displays network information or performs a network-related task. Here are some of the most important commands to know:

• IPconfig /all: Shows you all physical and virtual network adapter connection information.
• IPconfig /flushdns: Resets the DNS resolver cache. Good for solving DNS-related problems.
• /IPconfig /renew: Forces a new IP address to be assigned.

IPconfig is the go-to utility for general internet connection troubleshooting, so it’s worth memorizing its key commands.

What is NSLookup?

NSlookup is short for nameserver lookup. A “nameserver” is a key type of server in the DNS (domain name system). It is in effect a DNS server and that means it’s a network device that connects the URL you type into your browser with the IP address of the server that hosts the content.

Usually this process is hidden from you as the user, but NSlookup lets you do two things:

• Find which IP address is behind a particular website address.
• To find the URL connected to a specific IP address.

So if you only have either a web address or an IP address, you can use NSlookup to find the other part of the puzzle. You can combine this with the information from other tools, such as Tracert or Netstat to determine which web servers are attached to the IP addresses they report.

Important NSLookup Commands

There are three main NSLookup commands you should know. The first is just “nslookup”. This shows you the current name server and its IP address.

Note that NSlookup is still running and you are at its command line, not PowerShell. If you want to go back to PowerShell, type exit and press enter.

However, let’s stick around for a second and ask our nameserver to give us the address for Google.com. Just type google.com and press enter.

As you can see, this gives us the IP address 172.217.170.46. Type that into your web browser and you’ll be taken straight to the Google search engine. You can also do a reverse search and enter an IP address, which should then return the URL of the server associated with it.

Now you’re familiar with four of the fundamental TCP/IP utilities that will help you understand what’s going on in your network and pull back the curtain on the mystery that is the internet. Have fun!

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