Maaraynta lahaanshaha iyo ogolaanshaha faylka ayaa laga yaabaa inay tahay hawsha ugu muhiimsan ee maamulaha nidaamka. Nidaam kasta oo isticmaaleyaal badan sida Linux , si sax ah u qoondaynta lahaanshaha faylalka iyo hagayaasha waa muhiim.

Amarka chown ayaa ah aaladda ugu caawinta badan tan. Si aan loogu khaldin chmod , chown waxa ay wax ka bedeli kartaa lahaanshaha isticmaalaha faylalka oo ku meelayn kara kooxo kala duwan. Waa amar lama huraan u ah isticmaale kasta oo Linux ah oo halis ah.

Halkan waxaa ah hage si aad u bilowdo.

Sideed u hubisaa lahaanshaha ^(Ownership)faylka^{(A File)} ?

Kahor intaadan bilaabin u wareejinta faylalka mulkiilayaasha iyo kooxaha kala duwan, waa inaad marka hore barataa sida loo hubiyo mulkiilaha faylka hadda. Nidaamku waa sahlan yahay: ku darista calanka -l amarka caadiga ah ee ls waxaa ku jira macluumaadka lahaanshaha ee faylka ama hagaha la waydiiyey.

Waxaad dhahdaa^(Say) inaad haysatid fayl la yiraahdo example.txt. Sidan waa sida amarka lagu eegayo macluumaadka lahaanshaha uu u ekaan doono:

ls -l tusaale.txt

Isticmaalka Chown On A File Single

Habka ugu fudud ee loo isticmaalo chown waa in la beddelo isticmaalaha lahaanshaha fayl gaar ah. Syntax waa sudo chown username filename, halkaas oo username waa magaca isticmaalaha aad rabto in aad siiso faylka, iyo filename waa magaca faylka su'aasha. Tani waa waxa ay u egtahay ficil ahaan:

sudo chown qof kale_tusaale.txt

Ogsoonow in tani aysan wax ka bedelin lahaanshaha kooxda ee faylalka, kaliya isticmaalaha. Si aad u bedesho milkiilaha kooxda, waa inaad isticmaashaa syntax ka duwan - sudo chown :groupname filename

Xaaladdan gaarka ah, tani waxay noqonaysaa:

sudo chown :group2 tusaale.txt

Waxa kale oo aad ku dari kartaa labada amarba hal xariiq si aad u bedesho isticmaalaha iyo sidoo kale lahaanshaha kooxda ee faylka:

sudo chown me:group1 example.txt

Beddelka Lahaanshaha ^(Ownership)Faylal Badan^{(Multiple Files)} oo leh Chown

Beddelka lahaanshaha fayl kasta si gaar ah ayay u daal badan tahay marka la macaamilayo tiro badan oo faylal ah. Mahadsanid, inta badan amarada Linux^{(most Linux commands)} waxay kuu oggolaanayaan inaad isku xirto magacyo badan oo meel bannaan oo meel bannaan ah oo ku jira hal amar. Sida tan:

sudo chown someone_else:group2 tusaale1.txt tusaale2.txt

Isticmaal isla khiyaanada si aad u hubiso lahaanshaha faylal badan sidoo kale:

ls -l tusaale1.txt tusaale2.txt

Xataa marka la isku daro magacyo badan oo faylal ah oo hal amar ah, nidaamku aad buu ugu dhib yar yahay in ka badan dhowr faylal. Habka ugu wanaagsan waa in la beddelo lahaanshaha dhammaan waxyaabaha ku jira hagaha hal mar.

Tan waxaa lagu gaaraa in lagu daro calanka -R taliska chown. Tani waxay ka dhigaysaa chown inay dhex maraan waxa ku jira buugga oo ay si isdaba joog ah u beddelaan lahaanshaha fayl kasta oo gudaha ku jira. Halkan waxaa ah mudaaharaad:

sudo chown -R qof_kale:koox2 tusaalayaal

Waxaan mar kale isticmaali karnaa calanka soo noqnoqda si aan u hubinno lahaanshaha faylasha ku jira galka tusaalooyinka.

ls -l -R tusaalayaal

Wax ka beddel lahaanshaha faylka UID

Maamulayaasha nidaamka ee maareynaya isticmaaleyaal badan ayaa si dhakhso ah uga daali doona gelista magacyada isticmaalayaasha si isdaba joog ah. Hal qoraal oo magac kasta ah ayaa ku tuura khalad isticmaalka chown, taasoo hoos u dhigaysa waxyaabaha si weyn u yareynaya.

Beddelka wanaagsan waa in la isticmaalo aqoonsiga isticmaalaha. UID waa lambar afar-god ah oo loo qoondeeyay isticmaale kasta oo la sameeyay, laga bilaabo 1000 oo kor u kacaya . Tani aad ayey uga sahlan tahay in la galo marka loo eego xadhigga oo aad u yar oo khaladku u nugul yahay.

Si loo isticmaalo habkan, kaliya ku beddel magaca isticmaalaha UID:

sudo chown 1001 tusaale.txt

Haddii aadan aqoon UID -ga isticmaale, waxaad si degdeg ah ugu hubin kartaa amarka id. Kaliya^(Just) geli id-u-username si aad u aragto aqoonsiga gaarka ah ee isticmaalaha.

Habkan waxa lagu kordhin karaa magacyada kooxda sidoo kale. Si aad u hesho UID -da kooxda soo galitaanka isticmaalaha iyo kooxaha kale ee ay ka tirsan yihiin, adeegso amarka id bilaa calanka -u.

id_qof kale

Sida aad arki karto, waxaan haynaa ids kooxeedyo kala duwan oo isticmaaluhu ka tirsan yahay. Isku soo wada duuboo, waxaan u isticmaali karnaa chown sidan oo kale si aan ugu meeleyno milkiile cusub oo aan u bedelno kooxda faylka:

sudo chown 1001:1003 tusaale.txt

Maxaa kale oo aad ku samayn kartaa amarka^(Command) chown ?

Waxaan horey u soo bandhignay inta badan isticmaalka caadiga ah ee chown. Hadda waxaad ku beddeli kartaa isticmaalayaasha iyo kooxaha leh fayl siyaabo kala duwan. Laakiin taasi maaha xadka dhamaystiran ee awoodaha taliska.

Waxaad tixraaci kartaa boggaga rasmiga ah ee nin si aad u hesho sharaxaad farsamo iyo liis dhamaystiran oo dood ah oo aad isticmaali karto amarka. Kaliya^(Just) geli man chown gudaha terminaalka si aad u aragto.

Chown faa'iido miyuu leeyahay?

Haddii aad tahay qofka kaliya ee isticmaala kombayutarka, markaa waligaa uma baahnid inaad isticmaasho chown. Laakiin haddii aad u isticmaasho nidaamka Linux goob xirfadle ah, ha ahaato server ganacsi ama kombuyuutar jaamacadeed, ka dib haynta amarka chown (marka lagu daro chmod ) waa muhiimada ugu badan.

Awoodda lagu meeleeyo oo looga saaro faylasha isticmaalayaasha iyo kooxaha ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah ilaalinta xuduudaha adag ee nidaamyada adeegsadaha badan. Qaybta ugu fiican ee ku saabsan chown waa dabacsanaanteeda - waxaad la shaqayn kartaa faylal gaar ah ama hagayaal dhan oo leh amar isku mid ah.

Waxa kale oo aad u meelayn kartaa lahaanshaha isticmaalayaasha iyo kooxaha si gaar ah iyo bayaan la isku daray. Loo isticmaalo UID-yada^(UIDs) ku habboon , waxay ka dhigaysaa maaraynta xitaa kala sarreynta isticmaale ee ugu adag.

Chown Command in Linux: How to Use It

Mаnaging ownership and file permissions is probably the most essential task of a system administrator. In any multi-user opеrating syѕtem like Linux, properly assigning ownership of files and directories is crucial.

The chown command is the most helpful tool for this. Not to be mistaken with chmod, chown can modify user ownership of files and assign them to different groups. It is an essential command to master for any serious Linux user.

Here is a guide to get you started.

How Do You Check the Ownership of A File?

Before you start shifting files around different owners and groups, you should first learn how to check a file’s current owner. The process is simple: adding a -l flag to a regular ls command includes ownership information of the file or directory queried.

Say you have a file called example.txt. This is how the command to view its ownership information will look like:

ls -l example.txt

Using chown On A Single File

The simplest way to use chown is to change the user owning a particular file. The syntax is sudo chown username filename, where username is the name of the user you want to give the file to, and filename is the name of the file in question. This is what it looks like in practice:

sudo chown someone_else example.txt

Note that this does not change the group ownership of the files, only the user. To change the group owner, you have to use a different syntax – sudo chown :groupname filename

In this specific case, this becomes:

sudo chown :group2 example.txt

You can also combine both commands into a single line to change the user as well as group ownership of a file:

sudo chown me:group1 example.txt

Changing Ownership of Multiple Files With Chown

Changing the ownership of every file individually is rather tedious when dealing with a larger number of files. Thankfully, most Linux commands let you chain together multiple space-separated file names within a single command. Like this:

sudo chown someone_else:group2 example1.txt example2.txt

Use the same trick to check the ownership of multiple files as well:

ls -l example1.txt example2.txt

Even for combining multiple file names into a single command, the process is too inconvenient for more than a couple of files. A better approach is to change the ownership of the entire contents of a directory at once.

This is achieved by adding a -R flag to the chown command. This makes chown go through the directory’s contents and recursively change the ownership of every file inside. Here is a demonstration:

sudo chown -R someone_else:group2 examples

We can use the recursive flag again to check the ownership of the files in the examples folder.

ls -l -R examples

Modify File Ownership With UID

System administrators managing many users will quickly get tired of entering user names repeatedly. A single typo in any of the names throws an error in using chown, slowing things down considerably.

A better alternative is to use the user ID instead. The UID is a four-digit number assigned to each user created, starting from 1000 and going up. This is far easier to enter than a string and much less error-prone.

To use this method, just replace the username with the UID:

sudo chown 1001 example.txt

If you don’t know the UID of a user, you can quickly check it with the id command. Just enter id -u username to see the unique ID of that user.

This method can be extended to group names as well. To get the UID of a user’s login group and other groups they belong to, use the id command without the -u flag.

id someone_else

As you can see, we have various group ids to which the specified user belongs. Putting it all together, we can use chown like this to assign a new owner and change the group of a file:

sudo chown 1001:1003 example.txt

What Else Can You Do With the chown Command?

We have already demonstrated most of the common uses of chown. You can now change users and groups that own a file through various methods. But that’s not the complete limit of the command’s abilities.

You can refer to the official man pages for a technical description and a complete list of arguments you can use with the command. Just enter man chown in the terminal to view it.

Is Chown Useful?

If you are the sole user of your computer, then you will never need to use chown. But if you use a Linux system in a professional setting, be it a commercial server or a university computer, then mastering the chown command (in addition to chmod) is of utmost importance.

The ability to assign and remove files to users and groups is essential in maintaining strict boundaries in multi-user systems. The best part about chown is its flexibility – you can work with individual files or whole directories with the same command.

You can also assign ownership to users and groups separately and in a combined statement. Used with the more convenient UIDs, it makes handling even the most complex user hierarchies a breeze.

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