RAM ama Xusuusta Helitaanka Random^{(Random Access Memory )} waa qayb aad muhiim u ah kombiyuutar kasta oo casri ah. CPU (cutubka habaynta^(CPU) dhexe) ee kumbuyuutarku wuxuu u baahan yahay xog iyo tilmaamo si uu shaqada u qabto. Macluumaadkaas waa in lagu kaydiyaa meel. "Meelaha" waxaa loo tixraacaa xusuusta kombiyuutarka. 

Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo xusuusta RAM ah, mid kastaa wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin iyo khasaare u gaar ah. CPU-yadu^(CPUs) waxay leeyihiin qaddar aad u yar oo xusuusta ah oo lagu dhex dhisay, oo loo yaqaan CPU “ cache”. Xusuustani aad bay u degdeg badan tahay oo asal ahaan waa qayb ka mid ah CPU lafteeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aad bay qaali u tahay oo looma isticmaali karo xusuusta aasaasiga ah ee kombiyuutarka.

Taasi waa meesha RAM ka soo galo ciyaarta. RAM wuxuu ku yimaadaa qaab chips kombuyuutar oo silicon ah, oo ku dheggan baska xusuusta. Xusuusta kaydka ee CPU lafteedu waa sidoo kale nooc RAM ah^(RAM) , laakiin marka ereyga guud ahaan la isticmaalo, waxa loola jeedaa chips-yada xusuusta ee fadhiya meel ka baxsan CPU -ga .  

Baska xusuusta ayaa si fudud u ah wareegyo go'an oo u kala wareejinaya macluumaadka CPU iyo RAM laftiisa. Nidaamka qalliinka waxa uu ka dhaqaajiyaa macluumaadka ka gaabiska aadka u gaabis ah ee makaanikada ama wadida adag ee gobolka^{(solid-state hard drive)} ee nidaamka, si loo diyaariyo baahiyaha CPU. Tusaale ahaan, marka ciyaar-fiidyowgu yahay “loading”, xogta waxa laga rariayaa dariiqa adag ee RAM .

Tusaale ahaan, ka fikir RAM inuu yahay miiska sare ee miiska iyo khaanadaha sida wadida adag, adiga oo naftaada u dhaqmaya sidii CPU . Waa degdeg oo fudud in lagu shaqeeyo alaabta miiska saaran, laakiin waxa jira qol aad u badan. Taas oo macnaheedu yahay inaad u baahan tahay inaad wax u dhex mariso dusha miiska iyo khaanadaha sida aad ugu baahan tahay.

Kumbuyuutarrada, taleefannada casriga ah, consoles'ka ciyaarta iyo nooc kasta oo kale oo aaladaha xisaabinta ee maanta la isticmaalo waxay leeyihiin nooc RAM ah^{(some type of RAM)} . Mid walba ayaan dul mari doonaa, annagoo sharxeyna sida uu u shaqeeyo iyo waxa loo isticmaalo. Gaar ahaan^{(Specifically)} waxaanu dabooli doonaa noocyada soo socda ee RAM:

• SRAM
• DRAM
• SDRAM
• SDR RAM
• DDR SDRAM
• GDDR
• HMB

Ha ka werwerin haddi ay taasi u ekaato cabsi-gelin. Wax walba aad bay u kala caddaan doonaan waqti dhow.

SRAM – Xusuusta Helitaanka Random Static^{(SRAM – Static Random Access Memory)}

Mid ka mid ah labada nooc ee aasaasiga ah ee RAM , SRAM waa gaar sababtoo ah uma baahna in la "cusboonaysiiyo" si loo sii hayo macluumaadka ay hadda kaydinayso. Ilaa iyo inta uu jiro koronto dhex socota wareegyada, macluumaadku si sax ah ayay u joogaan halka ay taallo. 

SRAM waxa laga dhisay tiro transistor ah (4-6) oo si cajiib ah ayuu u degdegay iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay dabeecadiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee waa mid aad u adag oo qaali ah, taas oo ah sababta aad uga heli doonto CPU-yada^(CPUs) loo adeego sida xusuusta kaydinta degdega ah. 

Waxa kale oo jira xaddi yar oo kaydka SRAM ah meel kasta oo ay tahay in xogtu si dhakhso ah u socoto, laakiin waxa laga yaabaa inay cidhiidhi gasho. Xakamaynta darawalada adag^(Hard) ayaa tusaale fiican u ah kiiskan isticmaalka. Meel kasta oo qalabku leeyahay xog dheeraad ah oo ku wareegsan, fursadaha waxaa jiri doona qaar ka mid ah SRAM oo gacan ka geysanaya hagaajinta wareejinta.

DRAM - Xusuusta Helitaanka Random ee Firfircoon^{(DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory)}

DRAM waa nooca kale ee^{(other )} caadiga ah ee naqshadeynta RAM . Xusuusta DRAM^(DRAM) waxa lagu dhisay transistor-ka iyo capacitors. Haddii aanad dib u kicin unug kasta oo xusuusta ah, waxa ay lumin doontaa waxa ku jira. Tani waa sababta loogu yeero "dhaqdhaqaaqa" halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd "static". 

DRAM aad ayuu uga gaabiyaa SRAM , laakiin wali aad ayuu uga dheereeyaa aaladaha kaydinta sare sida kuwa adag. Waxa kale oo aad uga jaban SRAM oo waa wax caadi u ah kombuyuutarrada inay haystaan ​​gigabytes badan oo DRAM ah dushiisa oo ah xalka  ugu weyn ee RAM .

SDRAM-Xusuusta Helitaanka Random ee Isku-dhafan^{(SDRAM – Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)} 

Dadka qaarkiis waxay u maleynayaan in SDRAM uu yahay isku dhafka SRAM iyo DRAM , laakiin maahan! Kani waa DRAM kaas oo la mid dhigay saacada  CPU .

Qaybta DRAM waxay sugi doontaa CPU ka hor inta aysan ka jawaabin codsiyada gelinta xogta. Waad ku mahadsan tahay dabeecadeeda isku midka ah iyo sida xusuusta SDRAM loogu habeeyey bangiyada, CPU waxay dhammaystiri kartaa tilmaamo badan isku mar, taasoo si weyn u kordhinaysa waxqabadkeeda guud. 

SDRAM waa qaabka aasaasiga ah ee nooca RAM ugu weyn ee maanta loo isticmaalo inta badan kombiyuutarada. Waxa kale oo loo yaqaan SDR SDRAM ama Hal Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory^{(Single Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)} . Inkasta oo ay asal ahaan tahay nooca xusuusta ee maanta lagu isticmaalo kombiyuutarada, qaabka vaniljka SDR ee ka mid ah waa mid aad u duugoobay, oo lagu beddelay nooca RAM ee liiskayaga .

Qiyaasta Xogta Laba-laaban ee Isku-dhafan ee Isku-dhafka ah ee Helitaanka Random Memory^{(Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)}

Waxa ugu horreeya ee ay tahay inaad ogaato waa inay jiraan jiilal badan oo xusuusta DDR ah. ^(DDR)Jiilkii ugu horreeyay, oo aan u tixraacno sida DDR 1 dib-u-eegis, ayaa labanlaabay xawaaraha SDRAM iyaga oo oggolaaday in wax-akhris iyo qoridu ay dhacaan labadaba wareegga ugu sarreeya iyo wareegga saacadda.

DDR2 , DDR3 iyo maanta DDR4 ayaa si wayn u horumaray jiilkaas kowaad ee DDR . Waxqabadka qaybahan xusuusta ah waxaa lagu qiyaasaa wareejinta mega halkii ilbiriqsi^{(Mega Transfers per Second )} ama "MT/S". Hal wareejinta mega asal ahaan waxay u dhigantaa hal milyan oo wareegyo saacad ah. Jiilka kowaad ee ugu dhaqsiyaha badan DDR chips wuxuu qaban karaa 400 MT/s . DDR4 wuxuu noqon karaa sida ugu dhakhsaha badan 3200 MT/s !

GDDR SDRAM – Sawirrada labanlaab xogta heerka random gelitaanka xusuusta ^{(GDDR SDRAM – Graphics Double Data Rate Random Access Memory )}

GDDR hadda waxa uu fadhiyaa jiilka lixaad waxana uu si gaar ah ugu xidhan yahay GPU (cutubka habaynta garaafyada) ee kaadhka muqaalka ama consoles'ka ciyaarta . GDDR waxay la xiriirtaa DDR -ta caadiga ah , laakiin waxaa loogu talagalay kiisaska isticmaalka garaafyada. In xoogga la saaro xaddi baaxad leh oo xajmigoodu ah, iyadoo aad looga walaacsan yahay daahitaanka hooseeya. 

Si kale haddii loo dhigo, xusuustani kama jawaabto sida ugu dhakhsaha badan SDRAM caadiga ah , laakiin waxay dhaqaajin kartaa macluumaad dheeraad ah hal mar marka ay ka jawaabto. Taasi waxay ku fiican tahay codsiyada garaafyada halkaasoo gigabytes badan oo xogta texture u baahan tahay in lagu shubo si loo sameeyo muuqaal, iyo qadarka yar ee daahitaanka ma aha natiijo dhab ah.

Inkasta oo magaca, GDDR loo isticmaali karaa sida nidaamka caadiga ah RAM . Tusaale ahaan, PlayStation 4 waxay leedahay hal barkad oo xusuusta GDDR ah oo horumariyayaashu u kala qaybin karaan si kasta oo ay rabaan, iyaga oo u qoondaynaya qaybo CPU iyo GPU haddii loo baahdo.

HBM – Xusuusta Bandwidth Sare^{(HBM – High Bandwidth Memory)}

GDDR waxa uu leeyahay tartame qaab HBM ah oo xusuusta^{(HBM memory)} , kaas oo lagu soo bandhigay tiro kooban oo kaararka garaafyada ah ee ay samaysay AMD . Hadda^(Currently) nooca ugu dambeeyay waa HBM 2 , laakiin lama hubo inay bedeli doonto GDDR iyo inay noqon doonto mid maqan.

Qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee waxqabadka xusuusta ayaa ah wadarta tirada xogta ee lagu wareejin karo waqti cayiman gudaheed. Hal dariiqo oo tan lagu sameeyo ayaa ah in la sameeyo xusuusta aad u dhaqso badan. Habka kale ee lagu wanaajin karo wadarta xajmiyeedka waa in la sameeyo xogta "tuubada" waxaa lagu riixayaa si ballaaran.

Xusuusta HBM^(HBM) waxay ku shaqeysaa xawaaladaha saacadaha ceyriinka ka hooseeya marka loo eego GDDR , laakiin waxay isticmaashaa naqshad jajab ah oo 3D ah oo gaar ah oo bixisa waddo jireed aad u ballaaran oo xogta ah iyo sidoo kale masaafo aad u gaaban oo calaamadaha lagu safro. Natiijada kama dambaysta ah waa xalka xusuusta oo leh wadarta guud ee xawaaraha marka la barbar dhigo GDDR , laakiin leh daahitaanno yar.

Dhibaatada HBM waa in ay adagtahay in la sameeyo waxaana mahad iska leh nashqaddeeda jireed oo aan weli suurtogal ahayn in la gaaro noocyada awoodaha ee fudud ee GDDR . Haddii dhibaatooyinkaas ugu dambeyntii laga gudbo, waxay bedeli kartaa GDDR , laakiin ma jirto wax dammaanad ah in tani ay dhici doonto. 

Thanks For The Memories!

Waa in ay caddahay in RAM -ku yahay qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah kombiyuutar kasta, marka uu khalad dhaco, way adkaan kartaa in la ogaado waxa dhibaatadu dhab ahaantii tahay.

Ka dib oo dhan, wax yar oo damiir ah halkan ama halkaas ayaa laga yaabaa inay nidaamkaaga ka dhigto mid aan degganayn ama uu ka danbeeyo shilalka aan tooska ahayn ee u muuqda. Tani waa sababta ay tahay inaad had iyo jeer u tijaabiso xusuusta RAM ee xun^{(test for bad RAM memory)} mar kasta oo aad haysato dhibaato xasilooni aan la macnayn karin. 

Hal maalin ayaa laga yaabaa inaan ka gudubno RAM -ka , laakiin mustaqbalka la arki karo waxay noqon doontaa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah halxiraalaha waxqabadka xisaabinta, si aan sidoo kale u ogaano.

Understanding Types Of RAM Memory & How It’s Used

RAM or Random Access Memory is an incredibly important part of any modern computer. The CPU (central processing unit) of a computer needs data and instructions in order to perform work. That information has to be stored somewhere. The “somewhere” is referred to as computer memory. 

There are various types of RAM memory, each with their own pros and cons. CPUs have a very small amount of memory built into them, known as the CPU “cache”. This memory is incredibly fast and essentially part of the CPU itself. However, it is very expensive and so can’t be used as the primary memory of the computer.

That’s where RAM comes into play. RAM comes in the form of silicon computer chips, attached to a memory bus. The cache memory on the CPU itself is actually also a form of RAM, but when the term is generally used, it refers to these memory chips that sit outside of the CPU.  

A memory bus is simply a dedicated set of circuits that move information between the CPU and the RAM itself. The operating system moves information from the much slower mechanical or solid-state hard drive of the system, in preparation for the CPU’s needs. For example, when a video game is “loading”, data is being moved from the hard drive to RAM.

As an analogy, think of RAM as the top of a desk and the drawers as the hard drive, with you yourself acting as the CPU. It’s fast and easy to work with items that are on the desk, but there’s only so much room. Which means you need to move things between the desk surface and the drawers as you need them.

Computers, smartphones, game consoles and every other type of computing device in use today has some type of RAM. We’ll be going over each one, explaining how it works and what it’s used for. Specifically we’ll be covering the following types of RAM:

• SRAM
• DRAM
• SDRAM
• SDR RAM
• DDR SDRAM
• GDDR
• HMB

Don’t worry if that sounds like intimidating gibberish. It will all become very clear shortly.

SRAM – Static Random Access Memory

One of the two primary types of RAM, SRAM is special because it doesn’t need to be “refreshed” to retain the information it’s currently storing. As long as there’s power flowing through the circuits, the information stays right where it is. 

SRAM is built from a number of transistors (4-6) and is incredibly fast thanks to its nature. It is however relatively complex and expensive, which is why you’ll find it in CPUs put into service as hyper-fast cache memory. 

There are also small amounts of SRAM cache wherever data has to move quickly, but might be bottlenecked. Hard drive buffers are a good example of this use case. Wherever a device has to more data around, chances are there will be some SRAM helping smooth that transfer out.

DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory

DRAM is the other common type of RAM design. DRAM memory is built using transistors and capacitors. Unless you refresh each memory cell, it will lose its contents. This is why it’s called “dynamic” rather than ”static”. 

DRAM is much slower than SRAM, but still much faster than secondary storage devices like hard drives. It’s also far cheaper than SRAM and it’s typical for computers to have multiple gigabytes of DRAM onboard as the main RAM solution. 

SDRAM – Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory 

Some people seem to think that SDRAM is a mix of SRAM and DRAM, but it’s not! This is DRAM that has been synced to the CPU clock. 

The DRAM module will wait for the CPU before responding to data input requests. Thanks to its synchronous nature and how SDRAM memory is configured into banks, the CPU can complete multiple instructions at the same time, significantly increasing its overall performance. 

SDRAM is the basic form of the main RAM type used in most computers today. It’s also known as SDR SDRAM or Single Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory. Although it’s fundamentally the same type of memory used in computers today, the vanilla SDR form of it is pretty much obsolete, replaced by the next type of RAM on our list.

Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

The first thing you should know is that there are multiple generations of DDR memory. The first generation, which we refer to as DDR 1 in retrospect, doubled the speed of SDRAM by letting read and write operations happen at both the peak and trough of the clock cycle.

DDR2, DDR3 and today DDR4 have exponentially improved on that first generation of DDR. The performance of these memory modules are measured in Mega Transfers per Second or “MT/S”. One mega transfer is essentially the equivalent of a million clock cycles. The fastest first generation DDR chips could perform 400 MT/s. DDR4 can be as fast as 3200MT/s!

GDDR SDRAM – Graphics Double Data Rate Random Access Memory 

GDDR is currently sitting at the sixth generation and is almost exclusively found connected to a GPU (graphics processing unit) on a video card or games console. GDDR is related to regular DDR, but is designed for graphics use cases. Emphasizing massive amounts of bandwidth, while being less concerned with low-latency. 

In other words, this memory does not respond as quickly as regular SDRAM, but it can move more information at once when it does respond. That’s perfect for graphics applications where many gigabytes of texture data needs to be streamed in to render a scene, and the small amount of latency is of no real consequence.

Despite the name, GDDR can be used as normal system RAM. For example, the PlayStation 4 has a single pool of GDDR memory that developers can split any way they like, allocating portions to the CPU and GPU as needed.

HBM – High Bandwidth Memory

GDDR has a competitor in the form of HBM memory, which has featured on a limited number of graphics cards made by AMD. Currently the latest version is HBM 2, but it is uncertain whether it will supplant GDDR or become defunct.

The most important part of memory performance is the total amount of data that can be shifted within a given amount of time. One way to do this is to make memory that is very fast. The other way to improve the total bandwidth is to make the “pipe” data is being pushed through wider.

HBM memory runs at lower raw clock frequencies than GDDR, but uses a unique 3D-stacked chip design that provides a very wide physical pathway for data as well as much shorter distances for signals to travel. The end result is a memory solution that has similar total bandwidth compared to GDDR, but with less latency.

The problem with HBM is that it’s complicated to make and thanks to its physical design it’s not yet possible to achieve the sorts of capacities that are trivial with GDDR. If those problems are eventually overcome, it could replace GDDR, but there’s no guarantee that this will happen. 

Thanks For The Memories!

It should be obvious that RAM is an essential component of any computer and, when it goes wrong, it can be hard to figure out what the problem actually is.

After all, a rogue bit here or there might make your system subtly unstable or be behind seemingly random crashes. This is why you should always test for bad RAM memory whenever you have an inexplicable stability problem. 

One day we might move beyond RAM, but for the foreseeable future it will be an essential part of the computing performance puzzle, so we might as well get to know it.

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