Isticmaalka shabakadaada guriga aad bay u fududahay inaad ku qorto furaha sirta ah oo aad furto app kaaga Netflix si aad filim u daawato, laakiin shabakadaada iyo wax kasta oo loo baahan yahay si ay ugu shaqeyso si aan kala go 'lahayn ayaa ah aaladaha ugu adag uguna gaarka ah ee aad leedahay.

Shabakado guri^(Home) ayaa jira si ay ugu oggolaadaan aaladaha dhijitaalka ah inay midba midka kale iyo aaladaha kale ee adduunka ka jira kula hadlaan shabakad caalami ah oo loo yaqaan internetka. Iyadoo aanad u baahnayn inaad si sax ah u fahamto sida shabakadaada gurigaagu u shaqeyso si aad ugu raaxaysato, inaad waqti ku qaadato daboolka ayaa labadaba ku siin doonta mahadnaqa farsamada waxayna ka dhigi doontaa dhibaatooyinka cilad bixinta ee soo socda.

Shabakadda^(Network) Gurigaaga Waa Internet Yar^{(Mini Internet)}

Intarneetku waa u gaaban yahay 'internetka', shabakad caalami ah oo isku xiran LANs ( Shabakadaha Deegaanka^{(Local Area Networks)} ) oo ay ku jiraan server-yada shabakadda, adeegyada qulqulka iyo daruuraha, server-yada ciyaaraha, iyo wax ka badan.

Shabakadda gurigaagu waa isku mid, laakiin way ka yar tahay oo waxay ku kooban tahay gurigaaga. Haddii aad rabto inaad wax badan ka ogaato sida shabakadda gurigaagu u tahay internet yar, eeg Yaa iska leh Internetka? Dhismaha Shabakadda Waxa^{(Who Owns the Internet? Web Architecture Explained)(Who Owns the Internet? Web Architecture Explained)} loo sharaxay sharraxaad toos ah oo ku saabsan mishiinka kakan ee internetka.

Shabakadda^{(Home Network Speaks)} Gurigaaga Waxay ku Hadashaa Luuqad Gaar ah

Marka laga reebo jir ahaan u eg intarneedka guud ahaan, dariiqa kale ee muhiimka ah ee shabakadaada guriga iyo intarneedka ay isku mid yihiin waa "luqada" ay ku hadlaan. Maanta borotokoolka shabakada caalamiga ahi waa TCP/IP ( Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ), waana fure u ah samaynta xogta halka loo malaynayo.

Shabakadda TCP/IP , dhammaan xogta lagu soo diro shabakadda waxaa loo kala jebiyay “baakidhyo. ” Bal qiyaas^{(” Imagine)} in aad sawirka u rogi doonto halxiraalaha jigsaw oo ay ku jiraan kumannaan xabbadood. Kadibna gabal kasta qaado oo si gaar ah ugu rid baqshad. Baqshadda, ku qor ciwaanka soo-diraha iyo kan qaataha. Sidoo kale ku dar macluumaadka baqshad kasta oo sharraxaysa halka gabal kastaa aado si dib loogu dhiso sawirka asalka ah.

Hadda, kumanaan baqshadaha u dir qaataha, oo ay dib u dhisaan dhammaadkooda. Dhib malaha haddii baqshadaha ay si habsami ah u yimaadaan, laakiin haddii ay wax maqan yihiin, waxaad dib u heli doontaa waraaqo ku weydiinaya nuqullo cusub oo qaybaha maqan.

Muuqaalka Shabakadda Aasaasiga ah ee Guriga

Hoos ayaan si faahfaahsan ugu sharxi doonaa shaqada qayb kasta oo shabakad ah, laakiin si aan kaaga caawino inaad u jeeddo, aynu sawirno sida shabakadda caadiga ah ee gurigu u egtahay maanta.

Shabakaddaadu waxay leedahay dhawr qaybood oo muhiim ah:

• Modemku wuxuu kugu xirayaa WAN^(WAN) ( Internetka^(Internet) )
• Router-ku wuxuu maamulaa taraafikada u dhexeeya aaladaha LAN- ka iyo inta u dhaxaysa aaladahaas iyo WAN -ga .
• Isku xirka qalabka shabakada, badiyaa fiilooyinka ethernet ama gudbiyaasha raadiyaha Wi-Fi iyo qaataha.
• Aaladaha macmiilka, sida kombuyuutarrada ama taleefannada casriga ah ee Android iyo iOS. 
• Qalabka adeegaha^(Server) , kuwaas oo sidoo kale noqon kara qalab sida kombiyuutarada iyo casriga ah.
• Fidiyeyaasha shabakada ikhtiyaariga^(Optional) ah, kuwaas oo ka caawinaya ku faafinta raadadka jirka ee shabakadaada gudaha gurigaaga. Tusaalooyinka^(Examples) waxaa ka mid ah dhibcaha gelitaanka wireless-ka, fidiyeyaasha Powerline -ka, iyo Wi-Fi-ku-celiyeyaasha.

Waxaa jira siyaabo badan oo kala duwan oo loo dhiso shabakad guri, laakiin inta badan qaybahan ayaa ku jira shabakad kasta oo guri. Qaybaha kale waxay u istaagi karaan qaar kuwaas ka mid ah. Tusaale ahaan, haddii aad si fudud u rabtay inaad isku xidho koox kombiyuutaro ah, waxaad isticmaali kartaa beddelka Ethernet ama xarunta shabakadda. Si kastaba ha noqotee, sawirkan aasaasiga ah wuxuu daboolayaa 99% waxa halkaas ka jira.

Hadda oo aanu sawirnay qeexitaannada qallafsan ee shabakadda guriga, waxa aanu wax yar ka dhex muquun doonaa qayb kasta oo weyn.

Modemku wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa^{(Modem Lets)} inaad la hadasho internetka^(Internet)

Intarneedka casriga ah ee casriga ah ka hor, gelitaanka intarneedku waxa uu ka shaqayn jiray modem (modulator/ demodulator) kaas oo soo diray oo helay calaamado maqal ah oo sare ama hoose ah oo dulmaray xadhkaha codka naxaasta ah, oo matalaya koodka binary.

Modem-yadan "dial-up" dhamaantood hadda waa duugoobay oo ma bixiyaan bandwidth badan, in kasta oo weli loo isticmaalo xaalado dhif ah oo aan wax kale suurtagal ahayn. Maalmahan ereyga modem waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo uun qalab kasta oo u beddela nooc ka mid ah signallada shabakadda mid kale, xataa haddii ay labada calaamadoodba yihiin, dhab ahaan, dhijitaal.

Mid ka mid ah tusaale ahaan beddelka dhijitaalka-dijitaalka ah waa modem-ka caadiga ah ee fiber-ka, kaas oo qaada calaamadaha indhaha oo ka saaraya garaaca korantada ee fiilooyinka Ethernet . Moodeemka DSL^(DSL) waxay isticmaalaan silig naxaas ah oo la mid ah khadadka taleefanka, laakiin waxay isticmaalaan band soo noqnoqda oo ka duwan wicitaannada codka, si aad ugu xidhid internetka oo aad isku mar wacdo. Modemamka gacanta waxa ay ku xidhmaan munaaradaha talefanka gacanta iyaga oo adeegsanaya mowjadaha raadiyaha— modem-ka dayax-gacmeedka waxa ay ku xidhaan macluumaadka u gudba iyo ka soo wareega, iyo wixii la mid ah.

Shabakadaha qaar, modem-ku waa qalab gaar ah, qaarna, waxa lagu daraa router-kaaga bilaa-waayirka ah, kaas oo noqon doona joogsiga xiga ee socdaalkan shabakada guriga.

Router^{(Router Sits)} - ku wuxuu fadhiyaa ^{(Your Network)}wadnaha^(Heart) shabakadaada

Router-ka ayaa udub dhexaad u ah shabakad kasta oo guri wuxuuna qabtaa shaqooyin badan oo muhiim ah:

• Isku xirka taraafikada shabakadaha u dhexeeya aaladaha, inta u dhaxaysa Ethernet iyo LAN , iyo inta u dhaxaysa shabakadaha gudaha iyo dibadda.
• DNS ( Adeegga Magaca Domain^{(Domain Name Service)} ) ee serferka ogaanshaha iyo habaynta.
• Guduhu wuxuu la mid yahay kombuyuutar wata CPU , RAM , iyo OS. Router-yada qaarkood waxay maamuli karaan apps.
• Wuxuu^(Assigns) ku meeleeyaa oo maareeyaa ciwaannada IP-ga ee LAN -^{(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)} ka isagoo isticmaalaya DHCP

Waxaa jira wax ka badan oo ku saabsan router-yada marka loo eego shaqooyinkan asaasiga ah, laakiin taasi waa liiska muhiimka ah ee waxyaabaha uu sameeyo router. Isku xirka shabakadaha kala duwan (fiber WAN , Ethernet , Wi-Fi , iwm.) waa waxa ka dhigaya router router, oo ka dhigaya furayaasha shabakadaha iyo hub-yada^{(network switches and hubs)} .

Router-ku wuxuu ku meeleeyaa ciwaannada IP-ga aaladaha shabakadaha gudaha, isagoo hubinaya inaysan jirin wax khilaaf ah. Waxay la socotaa aaladda ka codsata aaladaha internetka ee miiska loo yaqaan NAT ( Shaxda Ciwaanka Shabakadda^{(Network Address Table)} ), maadaama server-yada internetka ay arki karaan oo keliya router laftiisa iyo ciwaanka IP-ga "dadweynaha".

Qaar ka mid ah router-yada heerka sare ah ayaa socodsiin kara codsiyada gaarka ah si ay u noqdaan kaydinta shabakada ama server-yada qulqulka. Xitaa haddii uusan router-kaaga ku soo dejin awooddan, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad haysato ikhtiyaarka ah inaad ku rakibto firmware-ka gaarka ah ee dhinac saddexaad si aad ugu darto sifooyinkaas.

Adeegayaasha Deegaankaaga

Seerfarku^{(server )} waa aalad ku jirta shabakad bixisa adeeg sida qoraal ama codsiyo shabakad ku salaysan. Markaad booqato mareegaha ama aad fayl ka soo dejiso intarneedka, waxa ku jira waxa lagu hayaa kombuyuutar server ah meel aduunka ka mid ah. Markaad isticmaasho abka daruuraha sida Google Docs , software-kaas iyo xogtaas waxay ku nool yihiin server-ka.

Shabakadda degaankaaga ayaa leh ugu yaraan hal server, waana kan routerkaaga. Router kasta waxa uu leeyahay server web aasaasiga ah oo u dhaqmo sida interface si ay u beddelaan goobaha. Markaad ku xirto router-ka oo aad ku qorto ciwaanka IP-ga ee browser-ka, waxaa lagu geynayaa degel uu leeyahay router laftiisa.

Haddii aad leedahay daabacaha Wi-Fi^{(Wi-Fi printer)} , taasi waa sidoo kale server-ka daabacaadda kaas oo qabta codsiyada daabacaadda. Dad badan ayaa haysta NAS ( Aaladaha kaydinta ku xiran Shabakadda^{(Network-attached storage)} ) ama server-yada warbaahinta (sida Plex ) oo ku shaqeeya shabakadooda. Waxyaalaha qaarkood oo laga yaabo inaadan u malaynayn adeegayaal ayaa waliba u qalma. Kamaradaada IP sidoo kale waa adeegaha Waa adeegaha fiidyaha ee daawashada!

Qaybaha Isku xidhan

Dhaqan ahaan meelaha ku hareeraysan sida scanners iyo printer-yada waxay si toos ah ugu xidhan yihiin kombiyuutar gaar ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aad ayey ugu badan tahay qoyska casriga ah inuu haysto kombiyuutaro badan oo kala duwan kuwaas oo u baahan helitaanka qalabkan. Waxaad la wadaagi kartaa daabacaha shabakada deegaanka halkii aad ka isticmaali lahayd qof kastaa isla kombuyuutar mar kasta oo ay u baahdaan inay wax daabacaan.

Isticmaalka habka wadaagga daabacaadda ee nidaamka hawlgalka kombiyuutarka ayaa suurtogal ka dhigaya in loo isticmaalo daabacaha caadiga ah ee ku xidhan kombiyuutarka sida daabacad wadaag ah. Weli, maalmahan way fududahay in si fudud loo iibsado daabacaha, iskaanka, ama aaladaha hawl-qabadka badan ( MFD ) ee leh Wi-Fi ama Ethernet oo u dhaqmo sidii ilo wadaag ah oo gooni-gooni ah oo shabakadda ah.

Macaamiisha Shabakadda ee Gurigaaga

Marka laga reebo server-yada maxalliga ah ee shabakada gurigaaga, aaladaha kale waxaa guud ahaan loo yaqaan macaamiisha, kuwaas oo ka soo jiidaya macluumaadka server-yada fog iyo kuwa maxalliga ah. Tusaalooyinka macaamiisha shabakadaha maxalliga ah waxaa ka mid ah:

• Kombiyuutarrada, consoles'ka, iyo aaladaha mobilada.
• Internet of Things ( IoT ) aaladaha sida talaajadaha smart iyo vacuum cleaners.

Wax kasta oo xogta ka helaya qalabka server-ka waa macmiil, inkastoo qalab kastaa uu noqon karo labadaba isku mar.

Kumbuyuutarrada, Consoles , iyo Aaladaha Mobilka^(Mobile)

Isku xirka Xadhkaha iyo Xadhkaha Goynta

Waxaa jiray dhowr heerar isku xirnaan oo kala duwan oo loogu talagalay shabakadaha sanadihii la soo dhaafay, laakiin ku dhawaad ​​​​shabakad kasta oo guri maanta, waxaad ka heli doontaa kaliya laba nooc oo xiriir ah: Ethernet iyo Wi-Fi .

Ha ka^{(Get Your)} gudbin fiilooyinkaaga: Ethernet

Ethernet waa halbeeg isku xirka fiilooyinka ah oo sidda xogta TCP/IP ee shabakadaha guriga. Xidhiidhiyaha ( RJ45 ) waxa uu u eg yahay mid la kordiyay oo isku xidha khadka taleefanka ( RJ11 ) waxa uuna sitaa fiilooyin badan oo naxaas ah oo kala duwan iyadoo ku xiran nooca fiilada shabakadda Ethernet ee aad isticmaalayso.

Fiilooyinka Ethernet waxaa loo kala saaraa qaybo kala duwan kuwaas oo bixiya xawaarahooda kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, fiilooyinka shabakadda ee Qaybta 6^{(Category 6)} ayaa lagu qiimeeyay 10Gbps, halka fiilooyinka 5e^{(Category 5e)} lagu qiimeeyay xawaaraha gigabit. Waa muhiim in lagu waafajiyo noocyada fiilooyinkaaga xawaaraha LAN Ports -kaaga lagu qiimeeyo. Ku xidhida fiilada 1Gbps ee dekedda 100 Mbps ma dhaawici doonto, laakiin samaynta lidka ku ah waxay xaddidaysaa xawaarahaaga ilaa ugu badnaan ee fiilada uu qaadi karo!

Haddii aad u malaynayso inaad dooratay fiilooyinka Ethernet , adapters, iyo router-ka saxda ah, waxaad ku raaxaysan doontaa xawaaraha sare, daahitaanka hooseeya, xawaaraha shabakada aadka la isku halleyn karo ilaa inta aad ka fiican tahay dhibaatada ku xidhidhiyaha ethernet gurigaaga oo dhan.

Fiilooyinka? Meesha aan u socono^(Going) , Uma Baahnin Xadhkaha: Wi-Fi

In kasta oo Ethernet shaki la'aan yahay heerka dahabka marka ay timaado waxqabadka shabakad saafi ah, maahan wax ku habboon. Marka ay timaado aaladaha mobilada, waa wax aan macquul aheyn! Taasi waa sababta aan u haysanno Wi-Fi ( Fidelity Wireless^{(Wireless Fidelity)} ) si aan ugu oggolaanno aaladaha wireless-ka hab ay ugu xirmaan shabakadda iyada oo aan daldaloolo laga qodin gidaarada ama aan ku xirnayn mar kasta oo aan u baahanahay astaamaha shabakadda.

Wi-Fi waxay isticmaashaa mowjadaha raadiyaha si ay ugu soo dirto xogta dijitaalka ah. Waxaa jira laba xabbo oo soo noqnoqda oo lagu isticmaalo Wi-Fi : 2.4Ghz iyo 5Ghz. Kooxda soo noqnoqoshada hoose kuma diri karto xogta xawli sare, laakiin waxa ay haysataa baaxad weyn iyo awood gidaarada gelisa. Soo noqnoqoshada 5Ghz Wi-Fi waa aadka u dheereeya laakiin waxaa si fudud u xannibaya walxaha^{(blocked by objects)} sida gidaarada.

Inta badan jiheeyayaasha Wi-Fi-ga^(Wi-Fi) casriga ah waa “dual-band,” taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay bixiyaan isku xidhka labada xabbo ee soo noqnoqda. Wi-Fi waxa loo qaybiyaa jiilal Waagii hore, jiilalkaasi waxay tirin lahaayeen magacyo ka tarjumaya magaca heerka isgaarsiinta jiilkaas Wi-Fi . Tusaale ahaan, 802.11g, 802.11n, iyo 802.11ac. Magacyadan waxa loo bedelay tirooyin fudud si waxooga looga dhigo kuwo saaxiibtinimo leh. Markaa hadda 802.11ac waa si fudud Wi-Fi 6, 802.11ax ugu dambeeyayna waa Wi-Fi 6 .

Qalabkii hore ee Wi-Fi-ga waxa laga yaabaa in aanay ku xidhmin router-yada cusub, gaar ahaan haddii qalabku uu taageerayo 2.4Ghz Wi-Fi oo keliya oo router-ka su’aasha laga hadlayo uu bixiyo 5Ghz.

Kordhinta Helitaanka Shabakaddaada

Aalado badan, kuwa hadda jira iyo kuwa mustaqbalkaba leh, si loogu xidho shabakadda gurigaaga, waxa aad u badan tahay in aad xaqiijiso in shabakadu ku fidsan tahay gees kasta oo gurigaaga ah. Taasi way fududahay in la sheego marka loo eego wax kasta oo xannibi kara calaamadda wireless-ka ama kharashka iyo dadaalka gelinta Ethernet guriga oo dhan.

Warka fiicani waa in ay jiraan badeecooyin badan oo suuqa yaala si ay kaaga caawiyaan kordhinta raadadka shabakadaada si aanay u jirin meelo gurigaaga ah oo aan isku xidhi karin.

Wi-Fi-ku-celiyeyaasha iyo fidiyeyaasha^{(Wi-Fi Repeaters and Extenders)}

Wi-Fi- ku - celiyaha waa aalada la dhigo cidhifka shabakada Wi-Fi^(Wi-Fi) ee jirta ka hor inta aanay Wi-Fi-ga^(Wi-Fi) signalku bilaabmin inuu soo dhaco. Waxay dhageysataa xirmooyinka ka imaanaya iyo ka imaanaya shabakada Wi-Fi^(Wi-Fi) ee xudunta u ah ka dibna si fudud ayey ugu celisaa. Tani waa xal gaabis ah, laakiin waa hab fudud oo lagu kordhin karo WiFi meelo gaar ah adigoon wax ka beddelin shabakadaada.

Kordhinta PowerLine

Nadaamkani waxa uu soo diraa calaamado shabakadeed iyada oo loo sii marayo fiilooyinka korantada ee gurigaaga jira. Way fududahay sida ku xidhida adabtarada PowerLine ee u dhow router kaaga iyo qolka aad rabto inaad ku kordhiso shabakadaada.

Halkii aad dheerayn lahayd raadkaaga caadiga ah ee router-ka, dariiqyada mesh-ka bilaa-waayirka ah ayaa si buuxda u bedelaya routerkaaga jira. Ka fakar^(Think) iyaga sidii hal router weyn oo la qaybiyay. Unug mesh aasaasiga ah ayaa ku xidhan modemkaaga, ka dibna unug kasta oo dayax-gacmeedku waxa uu leeyahay xidhiidh fiilo ama fiilo gaar ah. 

Hal Qoys oo Isku Xidhan oo Weyn

Tignoolajiyada shabakadaada guriga ayaa laga yaabaa inay si cajiib ah u adag tahay, laakiin tignoolajiyadani waxay noqotay mid caqli badan oo aad u fudud in la isticmaalo wakhti ka dib. Qofna ma garanayo waxa mustaqbalka isku xidhka gurigu noqon doono. Weli, waxay u ekaan kartaa mid aad u kala duwan iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay horumarinta tignoolajiyada sida shabakadaha gacanta ee millimeter-wave 5G, kuwaas oo kala fogeeya khadka u dhexeeya shabakadaha maxalliga ah iyo kuwa ballaaran.

A Quick Guide to How Your Home Network Works

Using your home network iѕ as eаsy as typing in a password and opening your Netflix app to watch a movie, but your network and everything that’s needed for it to work so seamlеssly are рrobably the most complex and unique deviсes you own.

Home networks exist to let digital devices talk to each other and to other devices out in the world over a global network called the internet. While you don’t need to understand precisely how your home network functions to enjoy it, spending some time under the hood will both give you an appreciation for the tech and make troubleshooting problems that come along easier.

Your Home Network Is a Mini Internet

The internet is short for ‘internetwork’, a global network of connected LANs (Local Area Networks) that includes web servers, streaming and cloud services, gaming servers, and much more.

Your home network is the same thing, but just smaller and confined to your home.If you want to know more about how your home network is like a mini internet, check out Who Owns the Internet? Web Architecture Explained for a straightforward explanation of the complex machine that is the internet.

Your Home Network Speaks a Special Language

Apart from physically resembling the internet as a whole, another critical way your home network and the internet are the same is the “language” they speak. Today the universal network protocol is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), and it’s key to making data go where it’s supposed to.

In a TCP/IP network, all data sent over the network is broken up into “packets.” Imagine turning a picture into a jigsaw puzzle with thousands of pieces. Then take each piece and put it in an envelope individually. On the envelope, write the address of the sender and the receiver. Also include information in each envelope describing where each piece goes to reconstruct the original image.

Now, mail thousands of envelopes to the recipient, and they rebuild it on their end. It doesn’t matter if the envelopes arrive out of order, but if any go missing, you’ll get letters back asking for new copies of the missing pieces.

Basic Home Network Topography

We’ll explain the job of each network component in detail below, but to help you get oriented, let’s sketch out what a typical home network looks like today.

Your network has several key components:

• The modem connects you to the WAN (Internet)
• The router manages traffic between devices on the LAN and between those devices and the WAN.
• The network hardware connections, usually ethernet cables or Wi-Fi radio transmitters and receivers.
• Client devices, like computers or Android and iOS smartphones. 
• Server devices, which can also be equipment like computers and smartphones.
• Optional network extenders, which help spread your network’s physical footprint through your home. Examples include wireless access points, Powerline extenders, and Wi-Fi repeaters.

There are many different ways to build a home network, but most of these components are present in every home network. Other components can stand-in for some of these. For example, if you simply wanted to network a group of computers together, you could use an Ethernet switch or network hub. However, this basic sketch covers 99% of what’s out there.

Now that we’ve drawn the rough outlines of a home network, we’ll dive a little deeper into every major component.

The Modem Lets You Talk to the Internet

Before modern broadband internet, internet access worked through a modem (modulator/demodulator) which sent and received high- or low- pitched audio signals over copper voice lines, representing binary code.

These “dial-up” modems are all but obsolete now and do not provide much bandwidth, although they are still used in a few rare cases where nothing else is possible. These days the word modem is used to refer to just about any device that converts one kind of network signal to another, even if both signals are, in fact, digital.

One example of digital-to-digital conversion is the common fiber modem, which takes optical signals and puts out electrical pulses over Ethernet cables. DSL modems use the same copper wire as phone lines but use a different frequency band from voice calls, so you can connect to the internet and make calls simultaneously. Cellular modems connect to cell phone towers via radio waves—satellite modems beam information to and from orbit, and so on.

In some networks, the modem is a separate device, and in others, it’s combined with your wireless router, which happens to be our next stop on this home network tour.

The Router Sits at the Heart of Your Network

The router is at the heart of any home network and performs a wide range of essential jobs:

• Routing network traffic between devices, between Ethernet and LAN, and between internal and external networks.
• DNS (Domain Name Service) server detection and routing.
• Is internally similar to a computer with CPU, RAM, and OS. Some routers can run apps.
• Assigns and manages IP addresses on the LAN using DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).

There’s more to routers than these core functions, but that’s the key list of things a router does. Routing between different types of networks (fiber WAN, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, etc.) is what makes a router a router, setting it apart from network switches and hubs.

The router assigns IP addresses to internal network devices, making sure that there are no conflicts. It keeps track of which device makes which request of devices on the internet in a table known as a NAT (Network Address Table), since servers on the internet can only see the router itself and its “public” IP address.

Some high-end routers can run custom applications to act as network storage or streaming servers. Even if your router doesn’t ship with this ability, you may have the option of installing custom third-party firmware to add those features.

Your Local Servers

A server is a device on a network that offers a service such as content or network-based applications. When you visit a website or download a file from the internet, that content is hosted on a server computer somewhere out in the world. When you use cloud apps like Google Docs, that software and data live on a server.

Your local network has at least one server, and that’s your router. Every router has a basic web server that acts as an interface to change settings. When you’re connected to the router and type in its IP address in a browser, you’re taken to a website that’s hosted by the router itself.

If you have a Wi-Fi printer, that’s also a print server that handles print requests. Many people have NAS (Network-attached storage devices) or media servers (such as Plex) running on their network. Some things you might not think of as servers also qualify. Your IP camera is also a server. It’s a video streaming server!

Networked Peripherals

Traditionally peripherals like scanners and printers are connected directly to a specific computer. However, it’s far more common in a modern household to have many different computers that need access to these types of devices. You can share a printer on the local network rather than having everyone use the same computer whenever they need to print something.

Using the print sharing feature in the computer’s operating system makes it possible to use a normal printer connected to a computer as a shared printer. Still, these days it’s easy to simply buy a printer, scanner, or multifunction device (MFD) with Wi-Fi or Ethernet and have it act as a standalone shared resource on the network.

Network Clients in Your Home

Apart from local servers on your home network, the other devices are generally known as clients, which pull information from remote and local servers. Examples of local network clients include:

• Computers, consoles, and mobile devices.
• Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as smart fridges and robot vacuum cleaners.

Anything that receives data from a server device is a client, although any device can be both at the same time.

Computers, Consoles, and Mobile Devices

Wired and Wireless Connections

There have been a few different connection standards for networks over the years, but in almost every home network today, you’ll find just two types of connection: Ethernet and Wi-Fi.

Don’t Get Your Wires Crossed: Ethernet

Ethernet is a wired connection standard that carries TCP/IP data in-home networks. The connector (RJ45) looks a little like an upsized telephone line connection (RJ11) and carries several copper wires that vary depending on the category of Ethernet network cable you’re using.

Ethernet cables are classed into different categories that offer different maximum speeds. For example, Category 6 network cables are rated 10Gbps, while Category 5e cables are rated for gigabit speeds. It’s important to match your cable types to the speed your LAN Ports are rated for. Plugging a 1Gbps cable into a 100 Mbps port won’t hurt, but doing the opposite will limit your speed to the maximum the cable can handle!

Assuming you’ve chosen the right Ethernet cables, adapters, and router, you’ll enjoy high-speed, low-latency, ultra-reliable network speeds as long as you’re okay with the hassle of installing ethernet connections throughout your house.

Wires? Where We’re Going, We Don’t Need Wires: Wi-Fi

While Ethernet is undoubtedly the gold standard when it comes to pure network performance, it’s not all that convenient. When it comes to mobile devices, it’s downright unpractical! That’s why we have Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) to allow wireless devices a way to connect to the network without drilling holes in walls or plugging them in every time we need network features.

Wi-Fi uses radio waves to send digital pulses of information. There are two frequency bands used in Wi-Fi: 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz. The lower frequency band can’t send data at high speeds, but it’s got great range and wall-penetrating power. High-frequency 5Ghz Wi-Fi is ultra-fast but is easily blocked by objects like walls.

Most modern Wi-Fi routers are “dual-band,” which means they offer connections on both frequency bands. Wi-Fi is divided into generations. In the past, those generations would have numbered names reflecting the name of the communication standard for that generation of Wi-Fi. For example, 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11ac. These names have been changed to simple numbers to make things a little more user-friendly. So now 802.11ac is simply Wi-Fi 6, and the latest 802.11ax is Wi-Fi 6.

Older Wi-Fi devices may not connect to newer routers, especially if the device only supports 2.4Ghz Wi-Fi and the router in question only offers 5Ghz.

Extending Your Network’s Reach

With so many devices, both present and future-looking, for a way to connect to your home network, you probably want to make sure that network stretches to every corner of your home. That’s easier said than done with everything that can block a wireless signal or the expense and effort of laying Ethernet throughout a home.

The good news is that there are many products on the market to help you increase your network footprint so that there aren’t any spots in your home that can’t get connected.

Wi-Fi Repeaters and Extenders

A Wi-Fi repeater is a device that’s put onto the edge of an existing Wi-Fi network before the Wi-Fi signal starts to drop off. It listens to the packets coming to and from the core Wi-Fi network and then simply repeats them. This is a slow solution, but a simple way to extend WiFi to specific spots without modifying your network.

PowerLine Extenders

This system sends network signals through the existing electrical wiring in your home. It’s as easy as plugging in a PowerLine adapter near your router and in the room where you want to extend your network.

Rather than extend your regular router’s footprint, wireless mesh routers completely replace your existing router. Think of them as one big distributed router. A primary mesh unit is connected to your modem, and then each satellite unit has a dedicated wireless or wired connection to it. 

One Big Networked Family

The technology in your home network might be incredibly complex, but this technology has become smarter and much easier to use over time. No one knows what the future of home networking will be. Still, it might look very different thanks to the development of technologies like millimeter-wave 5G cellular networks, which blur the line between local and wide networks.

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