Inta badan kombuyuutarada aduunka waxay ku shaqeeyaan nooc ka mid ah Microsoft Windows . Ilaa hadda waa nidaamka shaqo ee desktop-ka ugu caansan adduunka, laakiin marka aan u gudubno nidaamyada aan desktop-ka ahayn sida server-yada sii socodsiiya intarneedka, arrimuhu aad bay uga duwan yihiin. 

Waxay u badan tahay inaad hesho nooc Linux ah oo ku shaqeeya mishiinadan. Ubuntu Linux waa nooca desktop-ka ee nidaamkan qalliinka la isku halayn karo ee xoogga badan, iyadoo ku xidhan baahiyahaaga, wuxuu kuu noqon karaa nidaamka hawlgalka desktop ee kuugu habboon. Haddii aad u aragto fikradda Ubuntu mid soo jiidasho leh, markaa bilowgan hagaha Ubuntu Linux waa meel fiican oo laga bilaabo.

Waa maxay Ubuntu Linux?

Ubuntu Linux waa qaybinta ama " distro " ee Linux . Linux waa nidaam hawleed il furan oo ay ilaaliso bulsho dad caadi ah iyo asaas ay maalgaliyaan ciyaartoyga warshadaha waaweyn. 

Gaar ahaan Ubuntu waxaa abuuray oo gacanta ku haysa shirkad lagu magacaabo Canonical . Waa nooc Linux ah oo loo sameeyay si gaar ah si uu u noqdo beddelka nidaamyada hawlgalka sida Windows iyo macOS .

Wax kasta laga bilaabo interface-keeda ilaa software-keeda caadiga ah waxay ku wajahan yihiin isticmaalayaasha caadiga ah. Tani waa mid ka mid ah sababaha uu Ubuntu u noqday nooca desktop-ka ugu caansan ee Linux adduunka.

Halkee ayaan ka heli karaa Linux Ubuntu?

Helitaanka Ubuntu Linux waa mid aad u fudud. Kaliya^(Simply) u gudub bogga Ubuntu oo ^(Ubuntu)soo^(download) deji nooca aad rabto. Ma aha inaad wax bixiso, laakiin deeqdu mar walba waa la soo dhaweynayaa!

Marka aad soo dejiso sawirka diskka Ubuntu , waxaad abuuri kartaa warbaahinta rakibaadda sida flash-ka bootable ama si fudud sawirka ugu gub DVD .

Ku rakib Ubuntu Linux

Habka loo rakibo Ubuntu maaha mid aan ku soo qaadan doono maqaalkan, laakiin waxaan kugula talineynaa inaad bilowdo inaad ku rakibto mashiinka farsamada^{(installing it in a virtual machine)} si aad si badbaado leh ugu tijaabiso nidaamka qalliinka naftaada.

Haddii aad dareemayso xoogaa xamaasad badan, waxaad xitaa tixgelin kartaa laba-booting Windows 10 iyo Ubuntu^{(dual-booting Windows 10 and Ubuntu)} . Laga soo bilaabo halkan, waxaan u qaadan doonaa inaad haysato nooc ka mid ah Ubuntu oo aad ku ciyaari karto.

Ku Bilaabida Ubuntu Linux

Marka ugu horeysa ee aad gasho Ubuntu , waxaa ku dhufan doona kuwa yaqaan iyo kuwa aan aqoon labadaba. Desktop - ka Ubuntu waxa loo yaqaan “Midnimo” waxana uu soo maray hannaan dheer oo dib-u-habayn ah si uu u noqdo waxa uu maanta yahay.

Meesha ugu weyn ee shaashadda waa desktop-ka. Tani waxay sidoo kale ka tarjumaysaa meel ku taal qaab dhismeedka hagahaaga. Waxaad ku kaydin kartaa faylasha halkan oo waxaad arki doontaa summada shayada sida darawallada dibadda ee soo booda halkan.

Dhinaca bidix ee shaashadda waxaan ku haynaa baarka ugu cadcad. Kani asal ahaan waa nooca Ubuntu ee macOS dock ama astaamaha lagu dhejiyay gudaha Windows 10 taskbar. Sida caadiga ah waxaad ku arki doontaa astaanta sawirada halkaas, laakiin midig-guji liiska ayaa kuu ogolaanaya inaad isla markiiba ka saarto kuwa aadan u baahnayn. Kaliya midig-guji mid ka mid ah calaamadahan ka dibna dhagsii Ka saar Favorites^{(Remove from Favorites)}

Astaanta grid-ka ee bidixda hoose waxay furi doontaa dhammaan codsiyada la rakibay. Tani waxay la mid tahay badhanka Start ee ^(Start)Windows ama khaanadaha app ee Android.^{(Android.You)} Waxaad xaq u guji kartaa mid ka mid ah kuwan ka dibna riix Add to Favorites ka dib waxay ka soo muuqan doonaan bar ugu cadcad.

Barta sare ee shaashadda waxay ku siinaysaa marin u helka hawlaha nidaamka caadiga ah. Guji^(Click) qaybta ogeysiiska si aad u gasho kontaroolada mugga, hab-gaabyada gaaban, goobaha shabakada iyo fursadaha awooda.

Mudnaanta Maamulka

Koontada isticmaale ee ugu weyn ee gacanta ku haysa kombayutarka waxaa loo yaqaan "root". Haddii aad leedahay mudnaanta xididka, waxaad tahay madaxa weyn ee mashiinka. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay inaad sidoo kale si buuxda u samayn karto khariidad, markaa Ubuntu (iyo Linux guud ahaan) waxay ka taxaddaraan inay kala soocaan baahiyaha isticmaalaha caadiga ah iyo kuwa heerka xididka ah.

Mar kasta oo aad isku daydo inaad samayso isbeddel hoos yimaada hawlahan aadka u daran, waa inaad gelisaa erayga sirta ah ee maamulaha Waxay kaa caawinaysaa inaad laba jeer ka fikirto ka hor inta aanad isbeddelo khatar ah ku samayn nidaamka.

Koorso Shil ah oo ka dhacay Terminalka

Terminalku waa interface-ku-salaysan qoraal-ku-salaysan oo ku dhawaad ​​la mid ah ^(Terminal)Linux . In kasta oo nidaamka kale ee hawlgalka uu leeyahay nooc ka mid ah khadka taliska, muddo dheer ma noqon kartid isticmaale Linux adoon^{(without )} si ballaaran u isticmaalin Terminalka^(Terminal) .

Ubuntu wuu ka duwan yahay. Isticmaalayaasha badankoodu waligood ma taaban doonaan Terminalka^(Terminal) gabi ahaanba, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay dadaalka Canonical iyo bulshada Ubuntu si ay nidaamka hawlgalka uga dhigaan mid saaxiibtinimo leh intii suurtagal ah. Si kastaba ha noqotee, haddii aad rabto inaad wax uun ku sameyso Terminalka^(Terminal) . 

Inta badan, ka shaqaynta Terminalka^(Terminal) gudaheeda ayaa ka dhakhso badan oo ka saxsan interface-ka garaafyada. Waxaa jira amarro terminal ka badan oo qof kasta uu xafidi karo, laakiin waxaa jira dhowr qof oo ay tahay inuu ogaado:

• Sudo - waxay sare u qaadaa amar kasta oo xiga ilaa heerka maamulka
• Apt-get – tani waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad rakibto, cusboonaysiiso ama aad ka saarto software-ka keydka software-ka
• Cd – beddel tusaha shaqada ee hadda 
• Ls - waxay taxdaa dhammaan faylasha iyo faylalka ku jira tusaha hadda jira
• Pwd - waxay tusinaysaa dariiqa hagaha hadda oo buuxa
• Cp – koobi ka samee fayl il ilaa meesha loo socdo
• Mv – ka guuri faylka isha una guuri meesha
• Rm – ka saar fayl ama tusaha. Ka digtoonow kan!
• Mkdir – samee hage cusub
• Nin - wuxuu muujinayaa bogga gacanta. Isku day "man intro" si aad u aragto hordhac amarrada Linux

Bilaw ahaan, uma baahnid inaad isticmaasho terminalka, laakiin aqoonta shaqada ee aasaaska ayaa lagula talinayaa.

Ku rakibida codsiyada Ubuntu

Waxaa jira laba siyaabood oo waaweyn oo lagu rakibo software koobigaaga Ubuntu . Habka ugu fudud ayaa ah in la isticmaalo dukaanka ku dhex jira software-ka oo si fudud loogu magac daray " Ubuntu Software". Tani waxay si qurux badan u shaqeysaa si la mid ah barnaamijyada lagu kaydiyo nidaamyada kale sida Google Play ee Android . 

Inta badan codsiyada Ubuntu waa Bilaash^(Free) iyo Isha Furan^{(Open Source)} ( FOSS ), laakiin dabcan sidoo kale waxaa jira codsiyo lacag ah.

Habka kale ee ugu muhiimsan ee lagu rakibo arjiyada waa in la soo dejiyo xirmo is- rakiba. Kuwani badanaa waa .deb faylasha, kuwaas oo ka shaqeeya dhammaan noocyada Debian ee Linux , oo ay ku jiraan Ubuntu . Markaa waxa jira PPA ama “Kiiska Xidhmada Shakhsi ahaaneed”. Isticmaalka Ubuntu Software , waxaad ku dari kartaa PPA ka darawalka degaankaaga ka dib markaad soo dejiso ka dibna ku rakib sida codsi kasta oo kale ee dukaanka.

Soo-ururinta Software-ka

Mararka qaarkood barnaamijka aad rabto kuma jiro dukaanka hortiisa oo looma heli karo xirmo rakibe ah. Taa beddelkeeda, waxaad heli doontaa oo keliya koodka barnaamijka iyo qaybaha lagu dhejiyay faylka "tarball". Kani waa nooca caanka ah ee faylka la isku cadeeyey ee Linux .

Si aad u hesho software-ka lagu rakibo nidaamkaaga, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad "ku soo ururiso" Rumayso ama ha rumaysan, sida ugu fudud ee tan loo samayn karo waa adiga oo isticmaalaya khadka taliska. Hagaha isku-darka rasmiga ah ee Ubuntu^{(official compilation guide for Ubuntu)} wuxuu tan u taxay habka afar-tilaabo:

• Soo deji oo rakib xirmada "dhis-ku-darka" (markii ugu horreysay)
• Soo deji^(Download) oo soo saar faylka la cufan
• Xali^(Resolve) wixii ku tiirsanaanta software-ka
• Ururi oo rakib software-ka

Soo-ururinta Software^(Software) -ka ma aha runtii habka heerka “bilawga” ee Linux , laakiin warka wanaagsan ayaa ah in inta badan isticmaalayaasha ay u badan tahay inay raadiyaan software aan ku jirin bakhaarka dhijitaalka ah ama la heli karo sida xirmo is-rakiba.

Way ka sahlan tahay sida ay u muuqato!

Sumcada Linux ee ah inay adag tahay waa qayb ka mid ah waayihii hore ee meeshan. Gaar ahaan marka ay timaado Ubuntu . Isticmaalka Ubuntu , marka aad barato caqli-galnimadeeda, ma aha wax ka adag isticmaalka Windows ama macOS. Intaa waxaa dheer, waa bilaash! Waxaad isku dayi kartaa hadda, waxaana laga yaabaa inay noqoto nidaamka hawlgalka cusub ee aad jeceshahay!

A Beginner’s Ubuntu Linux Guide

Most cоmputers in the world run on some version of Microѕoft Windows. It’ѕ by far the most рopular desktop operatіng system in thе world, but when we move to non-desktop systеms such as the servers that keep the internet running, things look very differеnt. 

You’re more likely to find some version of Linux running on these machines. Ubuntu Linux is a desktop version of this reliable and powerful operating system and, depending on your needs, could be the perfect desktop operating system for you. If you find the idea of Ubuntu intriguing, then this beginner’s Ubuntu Linux guide is a great place to start.

What Is Ubuntu Linux?

Ubuntu Linux is one distribution or “distro” of Linux. Linux is an open source operating system that’s maintained by a community of regular people and foundations sponsored by bigger industry players. 

Ubuntu in particular is created and maintained by a company called Canonical. It’s a version of Linux created specifically to be an alternative to operating systems like Windows and macOS.

Everything from its interface to its standard software is geared towards regular users. This is one of the reasons that Ubuntu has become the most popular desktop version of Linux in the world.

Where Can I Find Ubuntu Linux?

Finding Ubuntu Linux is pretty easy. Simply head on over to the Ubuntu website and download the version you want. You don’t have to pay anything, but a donation is always welcome!

Once you’ve downloaded the Ubuntu disk image, you can create installation media such as a bootable flash drive or simply burn the image to a DVD.

Installing Ubuntu Linux

The process of installing Ubuntu isn’t one we’ll be covering in this article, but we do recommend that you start off by installing it in a virtual machine so you can safely try the operating system for yourself.

If you’re feeling a bit more adventurous, you could even consider dual-booting Windows 10 and Ubuntu. From here on out, we’ll assume that you have some form of Ubuntu to play with.

Getting Started With Ubuntu Linux

When you first log into Ubuntu, you’ll be struck by both the familiar and the unfamiliar. The Ubuntu desktop is known as “Unity” and it’s gone through a long process of refinement to become what it is today.

The main area of the screen is the desktop. This also reflects a location in your directory structure. You can store files here and will see icons for items such as external drives pop up here.

On the left side of the screen we have the favorites bar. This is essentially the Ubuntu version of the macOS dock or pinned icons in the Windows 10 taskbar. By default you’ll see the pictured icons there, but the right-click menu lets you immediately take away the ones you don’t need. Simply right-click on any of these icons and then click Remove from Favorites

The grid icon at the bottom left will open up all installed applications.This is like the Start button in Windows or the app drawer in Android.You can right click on any of these and then clickAdd to Favorites after which they’ll appear on the favorites bar.

The top bar of the screen gives you access to common system functions. Click on the notification section to get access to the volume controls, settings shortcut, network settings and power options.

Administrator Privileges

The main user account that has complete control over the computer is known as “root”. If you have root privileges, you’re the big boss of the machine. This means that you can also completely make a mess of things, so Ubuntu (and Linux in general) is careful to separate normal user needs from root level ones.

Whenever you try to make a change that falls under these more serious functions, you’ll have to enter the administrator password.This means that anyone else who gets access to the machine can only create a very limited amount of mischief. It helps you think twice before making potentially harmful changes to the system.

A Crash Course In The Terminal

The Terminal is a text-based command-line interface that’s almost synonymous with Linux. While every other operating system has some form of command line interface, for a long time you couldn’t be a Linux user without making extensive use of the Terminal.

Ubuntu is different. Most users will never have to touch the Terminal at all, thanks to efforts by Canonical and the Ubuntu community to make the operating system as user-friendly as possible. However, if you want to you can do just about anything with the Terminal. 

Often, working within the Terminal is faster and more precise than the graphical interface. There are more terminal commands than anyone can memorize, but there are a few everyone should know:

• Sudo – elevates any subsequent command to administrator level
• Apt-get – this allows you to install, update or uninstall software from the software database
• Cd – change the current working directory 
• Ls – lists all files and folders in the current directory
• Pwd – shows the full current directory path
• Cp – copy a file from source to destination
• Mv – move a file from source to destination
• Rm – remove a file or directory. Be careful with this one!
• Mkdir – make a new directory
• Man – shows a manual page. Try “man intro” to see an intro to Linux commands

As a beginner, you don’t have to use the terminal, but a working knowledge of the basics is advised.

Installing Ubuntu Applications

There are two main ways to install software on your copy of Ubuntu. The easiest way is to use the built-in software store simply named “Ubuntu Software”. This works pretty much the same way as apps stored on other systems such as Google Play on Android. 

The vast majority of applications for Ubuntu are Free and Open Source (FOSS), but of course there are paid applications as well.

The other main way to install applications is to download a self-installing package. These are usually either .deb files, which work on all Debian variants of Linux, including Ubuntu. Then there’s the PPA or “Personal Package Archive”. Using Ubuntu Software, you can add a PPA from your local drive after downloading it and then install it like any other application on the storefront.

Compiling Software

Sometimes a program you want isn’t in the storefront and can’t be found as an installer package. Instead, you’ll just get the program code and components zipped up in a “tarball” file. This is a popular type of compressed file in Linux.

In order to get the software installed on your system, you need to “compile” it. Believe it or not, the easiest way to do this is by using the command line. The official compilation guide for Ubuntu lists this as a four-step process:

• Download and install the “build-essentials” package (the first time)
• Download and extract the compressed file
• Resolve any dependencies for the software
• Compile and install the software

Software compilation isn’t really a “beginner” level process in Linux, but the good news is that the vast majority of users are unlikely to be looking for software that isn’t in the digital storefront or available as a self-installation package.

It’s Easier Than it Looks!

Linux’s reputation for being difficult is a part of it’s distant past at this point. Especially when it comes to Ubuntu. Using Ubuntu, once you learn its idiosyncrasies, is no harder than using Windows or macOS. Plus, it’s free! You can try it right now, and it might turn out to be your new favorite operating system!

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