Haddii cinwaanka maqaalkani aanu horeba madaxaaga u dhaawacin, markaa inta kale waa hubaal. Waa hagaag^(Well) , waxaan rajeynayaa inaan u sharxi karo si macquul ah qofka aan farsamada ahayn. Waxaan maqaalkan qorayaa oo ku saabsan fiidiyoowga / codecs-yada maqalka ah sababtoo ah waxaan isku arkay naftayda jahwareer markii aan isku dayay inaan u sharaxo saaxiib maalin.

Waa maxay run ahaantii codec? Waan ogahay inaad u baahan tahay inay filim ku ciyaaraan halkan iyo halkaas, laakiin waa maxay dhibku runtii? Waxa run ahaantii igu wareeray waxay ahaayeen dhammaan ereyada aan maqlay, laakiin weligay ma fahmin: H.264 , DivX , MP4 , AVI , MPEG-2 , AVCHD , AAC , OGG , MKV , iwm, iwm. Akhris badan iyo barasho ka dib, waxaan ogaaday in adduunka codadka iyo muuqaalka codadka iyo qaababka weelka ay aad u jahawareersan yihiin. Dhab ahaantii, runtii ma aan garanayn farqiga u dhexeeya codec iyo qaabka weelka ilaa aan bilaabay cilmi-baarista.

Ma aadi doono faahfaahin badan, sababtoo ah mawduucu wuxuu bilaabay inuu si degdeg ah u noqdo mid aad u adag. Runtii ma danaysaa haddii 1 saac RAW aan la isku dhejin 1080p 60 fiidiyoow ilbiriqsi kasta uu cuno ku dhawaad ​​500 GB oo meel wax lagu kaydiyo? Malaha maya.

Waa maxay Codec?

Haddaba waa maxay dhab ahaan codec iyo muxuu sameeyaa? Erayada ugu fudud ee suurtogalka ah, codecku waa encoder/decoder ama, qaabkiisa asalka ah, kombaresarada (co) - decompressor (dec). Markaa taasi waa waxa uu codecku sameeyo: waxa uu qaataa faylal dhijitaal ah oo uu ku cadaadiyaa (ama codeeyaa) si uu u kaydiyo oo uu u dejiyo (ama u dejiyaa) si loo daawado ama loo beddelo. Waxaan kuu sheegi doonaa waxa ay tahay transcoding in yar ka dib, yeynan isku wareerin goor hore.

Waxa muhiimka ah in la fahmo ayaa ah in codec uu yahay nooc ka mid ah qeexida sida qulqulka qulqulka u ekaado. Waa maxay bitstream-ka? Si aan loo helin farsamo badan, waa sida isku xigxiga bytes waa in loo habeeyaa codec gaar ah. Codec kastaa wuxuu leeyahay habraac gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, waxay cayimi kartaa ballaca, dhererka, saamiga dhinaca, iwm. Eeg boggan, laakiin ha akhriyin wax badan haddii kale madaxaagu wuu dhaawacmi doonaa:

http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/Multimedia/node262.html

Sababtoo ah waa qeexid, waxaa ii jiri kara siyaabo badan oo aan xogta ugu beddeli karo qaabkaas. Sidaa darteed^(Hence) , waxaa jiri kara cod-bixiyeyaal badan oo hal codec ah. Waxaan wax badan oo ku saabsan cod-bixiyayaasha ku sharxi doonaa qaybta Codecs-ka caanka ah^{(Popular Codecs)} ee hoose.

Haddaba maxay tahay sababta aan xitaa ugu baahanahay dhammaan cadaadisyadan iyo depression? Waa hagaag^(Well) sidaan kor ku soo sheegay, faylka RAW ee 1080p aan la isku dhejin wuxuu ku dhow yahay 500GB kaliya hal saac. Waxaad u baahan lahayd xaruntaada xogta si aad u kaydiso dhammaan fiidiyowyada qoyskaaga haddii wax walba lagu duubay qaabkaas. Taasi waa meesha cadaadisku ka soo galo ciyaarta. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo cadaadis ah, taas oo u tarjumaysa noocyo kala duwan oo codecs ah. Haddaba waa maxay qaar ka mid ah codec-yada caanka ah?

Codecyada caanka ah

H.264  (MPEG-4 Part 10 AVC) – Tani waxa kale oo si rasmi ah loo yaqaan MPEG-4 Qaybta 10^{(MPEG-4 Part 10)} , laakiin H.264 waa waxa aad caadi ahaan maqasho. Haa, waxa kale oo jira magacyo badan oo isku shay ah. H.264 ilaa hadda waa qaabka ugu caansan ee codaynta fiidiyowyada. H.264 waxa ay soo bandhigtaa waxa ugu wanagsan aduunka oo dhan: size file yar oo tayo sare leh.

Mar labaad^(Again) , xusuusnow, H.264 waa codec-ka kaliya, ma heli doontid wax faylal ah oo leh kordhinta .h264. Taasi waa waxa qaababka weelka loogu talagalay, oo aan ku sharxi doono qaybta hoose. Codec-kan waxaa lagu isticmaalaa meel walba laga bilaabo taleefannada casriga ah ilaa kamaradaha dhijitaalka ah ilaa saxannada Blu-ray . Waxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa in lagu keeno fiidiyowyo badan oo shabakad ah maanta sababtoo ah waxay awood u leedahay inay ku siiso tayada muuqaal weyn oo leh saamiga sare ee cadaadiska iyo qadar yar, taas oo macnaheedu yahay culeys yar oo ku saabsan server-yada qulqulka.

Waxa kale oo aad loo taageeraa oo waxay u badan tahay inay noqon doonto codec-ka ugu caansan wakhti dheer oo soo socda. Waxaa taageera Apple , YouTube , HTML 5 , iyo xitaa Adobe Flash .

Waxa kaliya ee hoos u dhaca H.264 waa in ay algorithms ee cadaadisku aad u wanaagsan yahay, aad bay u gaabis tahay in lagu dhejiyo fiidiyowga qaabkan. Waxaad ka heli doontaa wax badan oo ku saabsan taas marka aan ka hadlayno transcode hoos.

Sidaan kor ku soo sheegay, waxaa jira cod-bixiyeyaal badan oo hal kood ah. Codka H.264^(H.264) , mid ka mid ah cod - bixiyeyaasha ugu caansan waa x264 ka VideoLAN , isla dadka abuura VLC Media Player . x264 waa bilaash waana il furan, laakiin waxaa jira encoders badan oo H.264 ah oo sidoo kale jira. ^(H.264)Dhib malaha sida qulqulka fiidyowga loogu beddelo qaabkan, qalab kasta oo H.264 ah (sida VLC ) ayaa awood u yeelan doona inuu arko faylka.

MPEG-2 - Weli ma haysaa ururin DVD oo weyn ? Taasi waa dhan la sameeyey iyadoo la isticmaalayo codec MPEG-2 ah^(MPEG-2) . Waa da' weyn, laakiin aad u badan. Meesha kale ee aad ka heshid riixitaanka MPEG-2 waa marka aad daawato kanaalada HD ee hawada laga siidaayo. Taasi waa dhammaan MPEG-2 riixitaanka. Waxyaabaha xiisaha leh in la ogaado, sax?

Tan iyo algorithm ee riixo isticmaalaya MPEG-2 waa si weyn u liidata in H.264 , waxa uu helay faa'iido ah isagoo aad u dhaqso badan si ay u encode. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waligeed uma shaqayn qulqulka shabakada sababtoo ah marka la eego heerka hoose, tayada ayaa si dhakhso ah u sankarta oo waxaad ku dambayn doontaa fiidiyoow pixelated. Taasi waa sababta ay ula yimaadeen MPEG-4 Part 2 .

MPEG-4 Qaybta 2^{(MPEG-4 Part 2)} - Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad xasuusato maalmihii ay wax walba ka hadlay DivX iyo Xvid sax? Kuwani waxay ahaayeen cod-bixiyeyaal qaabka MPEG-4 Qaybta 2^{(MPEG-4 Part 2)} , aka H.263 . Filimo badan oo aad dib u soo dejisay maalintaas ayaa la isku riixay iyadoo la adeegsanayo codeckan sababtoo ah waxay ku siisay cabbirka faylka wanaagsan iyo ilaalinta tayada macquulka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhibka kaliya ee ugu weyn ayaa ah in nuxurka qeexitaanka sare uu weli ku dhibtoonayo tayada muuqaalka waana meesha H.264 ee aan kor ku xusay.

Windows Media Video - Tani asal ahaan waa nooca Microsoft ee codecs MPEG-4^(MPEG-4) . WMV 7 waxaa la soo bandhigay 1999 oo ahaa nuqul ka mid ah MPEG-4 Part 2 . Later on, WMV 8 iyo 9 yimid, oo ay ku xigto VC-1 , codec ah in inta badan nuqul ka MPEG-4 Part 10 oo hadda loo isticmaalo in discs Blu-ray aad. Meelaha kale ee kaliya ee aad ku aragto WMV iyo VC-1 waxay u badan yihiin alaabta Microsoft la xidhiidha sida Windows Movie Maker , Silverlight , HD DVD iyo Microsoft Expression Encoder , iwm.

Kuwani waa codec-yada fiidiyaha ee caanka ah, sidoo kale waxaad haysataa codec-yada maqalka ah, kuwaas oo soo galaya marka aan ka hadalno weelasha hoose. codecs maqalka caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah FLAC ,^(FLAC) AC3 ,^(AC3) Dolby Digital ^(WAV)Plus^{(Dolby Digital Plus)} , DTS-HD ,^(AIFF) ALAC ,^(ALAC) iwm .

Kuwaani sinaba ma aha dhammaan codecyada halkaas ka jira, waa kaliya liis qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan. Hadda aan ka hadalno qaababka weelka.

Qaababka weelasha

Markaad ku ciyaarto fayl ku jira Windows Media Player ama VLC ama Quicktime ama wax kasta oo aad doorato media player, waxaad inta badan furaysaa qaab weel. Qaabka weelka ama duubabka asal ahaan waa xirmo ka kooban hal ama ka badan codecs, muuqaal ama maqal ama labadaba. Weelka waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu daro maqal iyo muuqaal iyo in la hubiyo in maqalka iyo muqaalkuba ay si fiican u wada siman yihiin. Weelku waxa kale oo ku jiri doona macluumaad kale oo uu u baahan yahay server-ka qulqulaya ama ciyaartoyga warbaahintu. Fiidiyowga iyo maqalka bitstream-yada ayaa kaliya lagu duudduubay bitstream kale.

Qaababka weelku^(Container) waa meesha aad ku aragto kordhinta faylka caadiga ah ee aan dhammaanteen isticmaalno sida MP4 , MOV , WMV , AVI , iwm. Aan marno qaar ka mid ah weelasha ugu caansan:

MP4 – Waxay u badan tahay inaad soo dejisay hees leh .MP4 kordhin, taas oo duub u ah codecyo badan oo muuqaal iyo maqal ah. Inta badan, waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu duubo H.264 video iyo AAC codeed audio. Waxa kale oo ay taageertaa MPEG-4 Part 2 iyo MPEG-2 video codecs sidoo kale. Sidoo kale, maqalka waxaa lagu dhejin karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo codecyo kale oo aan ahayn AAC .

AVI - Tani waa qaab weel Microsoft ka 1992. Waxay ahayd dib aad loo jecel yahay in aan maalin iyo waxa ay weli ku dhow ilaa xad. Haddii aad sameyso wax cod-bixineed, waa inaadan waligaa isticmaalin qaabka weelka AVI mar dambe. ^(AVI)Marka hore, ma taageerto codecyada cusub sida H.264 . Waxa kale oo ay leedahay dhowr dhibaato oo kale oo waaweyn taas oo ah sababta aan loo isticmaalin mar dambe.

ASF – Qaabka ^(Format)Nidaamyada ^(Systems)Sare^(Advanced) ee Microsoft sida caadiga ah uma isticmaalo faylka . Fidinta faylka ASF Taa beddelkeeda waxaad arki doontaa inta badan weelasha ASF oo isticmaalaya .WMA ama .WMV. Waxaad arki doontaa faylashan hareeraha haddii aad isticmaalayso dhammaan alaabta Microsoft . Markaad ka tagto adduunka Microsoft , waxaad la kulmi doontaa arrimo dib u hagaajinta faylasha, gaar ahaan haddii aad isticmaasho codec-ka H.264 .

AVCHD - AVCHD waa qaabka weelka ugu caansan ee kamaradaha HD. Fiidiyowgu wuxuu caadi ahaan noqon doonaa H.264 oo wata AC3 ( Dolby Digital ) maqal ah ama PCM toosan .

MKV – Soo^(Download) deji filim dhawaanahan? Waxay u badan tahay in qaab weel MKV ah, kaas oo guryaha ^(MKV)H.264 video files. Qalab yar ayaa taageera MKV sida Boxee , PS3 Media Server , XMBC , VLC , iwm, laakiin maaha mid si ballaaran loo taageeray qaabab kale oo weel oo kaliya

FLV – Tani waa Adobe Flash , kaas oo taageera codecs badan oo kala duwan, inta badan waa H.264 iyo AAC . Fiidiyowga Flash^(Flash) waa mid ka mid ah siyaabaha ugu caansan ee fiidiyowyada loogu gudbiyo internetka^(Internet) . Waxay luminaysaa dhulka sababtoo ah HTML 5 iyo xaqiiqda ah in Apple aysan u oggolaan doonin in uu ku shaqeeyo mid ka mid ah iDevice's, laakiin weli waa mid aad u badan.

Waxaa jira qaabab kale oo weel sida qaabka File QuickTime^{(QuickTime File Format)} , OGG , WebM , iwm, laakiin aad nooc ka mid ah aad hadda hesho sawirka.

Transcoding

Waxa ugu dambeeya ee in la fahmo oo dhan ku saabsan waxaas oo dhan waa in ay u badan tahay in aad u bedeli doonaa in AVCHD video aad ka soo dejisan camera aad qaab ka duwan in aad ka dibna soo dhoofsadaan kartaa iTunes iyo ciyaaro on your iPhone. Maadaama ay jiraan codecs iyo qaabab badan oo weel iyo qaab kasta oo weel kastaa wuxuu yeelan karaa isku-darka fiidiyooga iyo codecyada maqalka ah, waxaad u baahan tahay transcoder si aad u hesho nooca faylka aad rabto qalabkaaga gaarka ah.

Waxaa jira transcoders badan oo aka video converters halkaas: HandBrake , FFmpeg , SUPER , VirtualDub , iwm Qaar ka mid ah waa lacag iyo qaar ka mid ah waa qalab il furan oo lacag la'aan ah. Qalabka qaarkood, sida HandBrake , ayaa ku siinaya presets si aad si fudud u dooran karto faylkaaga isha oo aad soo qaadato qaabka wax soo saarka sida iPod ama iPhone oo guji Start . Waxay kuu dooran doontaa dhammaan goobaha, weelka, codec, iwm. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan rajeynayaa ka dib markii reading this post, aad hadda fahamto in yar oo dheeraad ah oo aad tagi kartaa oo ku saabsan diinta videos u dhexeeya qaabab iyo fahmaan habka hoose wax yar ka wanaagsan. Ku raaxayso!

OTT Guide to Codecs, Container Formats and Transcoding

If the title of this article doesn’t already make your head hυrt, then the rest of it definitely will. Well, hoрefully I can explain it in а way that makes sense to the non-technical person. I am writing this article about video/audio codecs becausеI found myself confused when trying to explain it to a friend one day.

What exactly is a codec? I know you need them to play a movie here and there, but what the heck is it really? What really confused me were all the terms I’ve heard of, but never really understood: H.264, DivX, MP4, AVI, MPEG-2, AVCHD, AAC, OGG, MKV, etc, etc. Were these all codecs? After much reading and learning, I realized that the world of audio and video codecs and container formats is very confusing. Actually, I really didn’t even know the difference between a codec and a container format until I started researching.

I won’t be going into much detail, just because the topic starts to become very terse very fast. Do you really care if 1 hour of RAW uncompressed 1080p 60 frames per second video eats up almost 500 GB of storage space? Probably not.

What is a Codec?

So what exactly is a codec and what does it do? In the most simple terms possible, a codec is an encoder/decoder or, in it’s original form, a compressor (co) – decompressor (dec). So that is exactly what a codec does: it takes a digital file and compresses it (or encodes it) for storage and decompresses it (or decodes it) for viewing or transcoding. I’ll tell you what transcoding is a little bit later on, let’s not confuse ourselves this early on.

The important thing to understand is that a codec is kind of like a specification of how the bitstream should look. What is a bitstream? To not get very technical, it’s how the sequence of bytes should be arranged for that particular codec. Each codec has a specific set of guidelines. For example, it can specify the width, height, aspect ratio, etc. Check out this page, but don’t read too much or your head will hurt:

http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/Multimedia/node262.html

Because it’s a specification, there can me many ways to convert data into that format. Hence, there can be many encoders for one codec. I’ll explain more about encoders in the Popular Codecs section below.

So why do we even need all this compression and decompression? Well like I mentioned above, a RAW uncompressed 1080p file is almost a whopping 500GB for just one hour. You would need your own data center to store all your family videos if everything was recorded in that format. That’s where compressions comes into play. There are different types of compression, which translates into different types of codecs. So what are some popular codecs?

Popular Codecs

H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10 AVC) – This is also officially known as MPEG-4 Part 10, but H.264 is what you commonly hear. Yes, there are also multiple names for the same thing. H.264 is by far the most popular format for encoding videos. H.264 offers the best of all worlds: smaller file sizes with higher quality.

Again, remember, H.264 is just the codec, you won’t find any files with .h264 extensions. That’s what container formats are for, which I’ll explain in the section below. This codec is used all over the place from smartphones to digital camcorders to Blu-ray discs. It’s also used for delivering a lot of web video today because of it’s ability to give you great image quality with a high compression ratio and a low bit rate, meaning less strain on streaming servers.

It’s also highly supported and probably will be the most popular codec for a long time to come. It’s supported by Apple, YouTube, HTML 5, and even in Adobe Flash.

The only downside to H.264 is that it’s algorithms for compression are so good, it’s a lot slower to encode a video into this format. You’ll find out more about that when we talk about transcoding down below.

As I had mentioned above, there are multiple encoders for a single codec. For the H.264 codec, one of the most popular encoders is x264 from VideoLAN, the same people who create VLC Media Player. x264 is free and open-source, but there are many commercial H.264 encoders also. It doesn’t matter how the video stream gets converted into this format, any H.264 decoder (like VLC) will be able to view the file.

MPEG-2 – Still have a large DVD collection? That’s all done using the MPEG-2 codec. It’s pretty old, but very common. The other place where you find MPEG-2 compression is when you watch those HD channels broadcast over-the-air. That’s all MPEG-2 compression. Interesting stuff to know, right?

Since the algorithm for compression using MPEG-2 is vastly inferior to H.264, it’s got the advantage of being a lot faster to encode. However, it never worked for web streaming because at a lower bitrate, the quality would quickly nosedive and you’d end up with pixelated video. That’s why they came up with MPEG-4 Part 2.

MPEG-4 Part 2 – You probably remember the days when everything talked about DivX and Xvid right? Those were encoders for the MPEG-4 Part 2 format, aka H.263. A lot of movies that you downloaded back in the day were compressed using this codec because it gave you a good file size and maintained reasonable quality. However, the only major problem is that high-definition content still suffered in terms of image quality and that’s where H.264 that I mentioned above took over.

Windows Media Video – This is basically Microsoft’s version of the MPEG-4 codecs. WMV 7 was introduced in 1999 and was a copy of MPEG-4 Part 2. Later on, WMV 8 and 9 came, followed by VC-1, a codec that mostly copies MPEG-4 Part 10 and is currently used in Blu-ray discs too. The only other places you see WMV and VC-1 are mostly in Microsoft related products like Windows Movie Maker, Silverlight, HD DVD and Microsoft Expression Encoder, etc.

These are just the popular video codecs, you also have your audio codecs, which come into play when we talk about containers below. Popular audio codecs include FLAC, AC3, Dolby Digital Plus, DTS-HD, ALAC, etc. As with video, audio codecs have their own container formats like AIFF, WAV, etc.

These are not by any means all the codecs out there, it’s just a list of some of the most popular ones. Now let’s talk about container formats.

Container Formats

When you play a file in Windows Media Player or VLC or Quicktime or whatever your media player of choice, you’re usually opening a container format. A container format or wrapper is basically package of one or more codecs, video or audio or both. A container is used to add audio along with video and to make sure the audio and video are synchronized perfectly. The container will also contain other information needed by a streaming server or by the media player. The video and audio bitstreams are just wrapped in another bitstream.

Container formats are where you see the common file extensions we are all used too like MP4, MOV, WMV, AVI, etc. Let’s go through some of the most common containers:

MP4 – You’ve probably downloaded a song that had an .MP4 extension, which is a wrapper for an many video and audio codecs. Most commonly, it’s used to wrap H.264 video and AAC encoded audio. It also supports MPEG-4 Part 2 and MPEG-2 video codecs also. Also, audio can be encoded using other codecs other than AAC.

AVI – This is a Microsoft container format from 1992. It was very popular back in my day and it’s still around quite a bit. If you do any encoding, you should never use the AVI container format anymore. Firstly, it doesn’t support newer codecs like H.264. It also has a few other major problems which is why it’s not used anymore.

ASF – The Advanced Systems Format by Microsoft don’t normally use the .ASF file extension. Instead you’ll see most ASF containers use .WMA or .WMV. You’ll see these files around if you’re using all Microsoft products. Once you leave the Microsoft world, you’ll run into issues playing back the files, especially if you use the H.264 codec.

AVCHD – AVCHD is the most common container format for HD camcorders. The video is normally going to be H.264 with AC3 (Dolby Digital) audio or Linear PCM.

MKV – Download a movie lately? It’s probably in the MKV container format, which houses H.264 video files. Quite a few tools support MKV like Boxee, PS3 Media Server, XMBC, VLC, etc, but it’s not as widely supported as other container formats just yet.

FLV – This is Adobe Flash, which supports many different codecs, most common being H.264 and AAC. Flash video is one of the most popular ways videos are streamed over the Internet. It’s losing ground because of HTML 5 and the fact that Apple won’t let flash run on any of it’s iDevice’s, but it’s still very common.

There are other container formats like the QuickTime File Format, OGG, WebM, etc, but you kind of get the picture now.

Transcoding

The last thing to understand about all this is that you probably will have to convert that AVCHD video you downloaded from your camcorder to a different format that you can then import into iTunes and play on your iPhone. Since there are so many codecs and container formats and each container format can have different combinations of video and audio codecs, you need a transcoder to get you the type of file you want for your particular device.

There are many transcoders aka video converters out there: HandBrake, FFmpeg, SUPER, VirtualDub, etc. Some are paid and some are free open-source tools. Some tools, like HandBrake, give you presets so you can simply choose your source file and pick an output format like iPod or iPhone and click Start. It’ll choose all the settings, container, codec, etc for you. However, hopefully after reading this post, you now understand a little bit more and can go about converting videos between formats and understand the underlying process a little better. Enjoy!

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