WiFi waa tignoolajiyada isku xidhka bilaa-waayirka ah taaso kuu ogolaanaysa inaad ku xidhid qalabkaga ku shaqayn kara WiFi shabkada deegaanka ^(WiFi)Adigoo isticmaalaya WiFi waxaad ku wareejin kartaa xogta u dhaxaysa aaladaha shabakadaha deegaanka ama waxaad ku xidhi kartaa intarneedka, haddii xidhiidh la heli karo. Dadka intooda badan waxay u badan tahay inay ogaadaan tan, maadaama aan dhammaanteen isticmaalno WiFi maalin kasta, laakiin sidee bay WiFi dhab ahaantii u shaqeysaa?

WiFi waa raadiyaha^{(WiFi Is Radio)}

Xaqiiqda aasaasiga ah ee ku saabsan WiFi waa in ay isticmaasho hirarka raadiyaha si ay u gudbiyaan macluumaadka. Mowjadaha raadiyaha waa waxa aan ugu yeerno kala duwanaansho gaar ah oo shucaaca korantada. Iftiinku^(Light) waa qaybta spectrum ee indhaheenu u nugul yihiin, laakiin waxay ka samaysan yihiin "walxaha" la mid ah hirarka raadiyaha.

WiFi waxay u isticmaashaa gudbinta laba jeer oo kala duwan: 2.4Ghz iyo 5Ghz. Taasi waa 2,400,000,000 iyo 5,000,000,000 wareegyada sekenkiiba siday u kala horreeyaan. Tani aad ayey u sareysaa marka loo eego raadiyaha FM kaas oo soo noqnoqda ku dhawaad ​​100Mhz oo kaliya.

Inta jeer ee saxda ah ee hirarka raadiyaha ayaa wax badan ka bedela sifooyinkiisa. Inta jeer ee badan, waxaad ku xidhi kartaa macluumaad dheeraad ah signalkaaga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, soo noqnoqoshada qaarkood ma laha tiro aad u dheer. 

Soo noqnoqoshada kala duwan sidoo kale waxay u galaan arrinta si kala duwan. Mareegyada qaar ayaa laga soo kicin karaa jawiga, markaa gudbiyahaaga iyo qaatahaagu uma baahna khadka-aragga si ay u shaqeeyaan. Mawjadaha kale waxay toos u toogtaan meel bannaan. Taasi waa faa'iido haddii aad rabto in aad la xiriirto dayax-gacmeedka, maaha wax badan haddii aqbalaha uu yaallo Dhulka.

Mowjadaha ku shaqeeya inta jeer ee ku shaqeeya WiFi waxay gaari karaan boqolaal mayl haddii aad geliso wattage ku filan awooda gudbinta, aadan waxba u qaban oo aad isticmaasho anteenada saxda ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, WiFi caadiga ah ee guriga inta badan waxa uu leeyahay kala duwanaansho la'aan oo u dhaxaysa 30-50 mitir (qiyaastii 100/150 cagood). 2.4Ghz WiFi waxa uu leeyahay fogaan dheer, 5Ghz WiFi waxa uu leeyahay xawaarihiisa sare.

WiFi waa Dijital^{(WiFi Is Digital)}

WiFi waa raadiyaha, laakiin waa raadiyaha dhijitaalka^{(digital )} ah. Taas macnaheedu waa mowjadaha raadiyaha ayaa loo habeeyey si ay u qaadaan koodka dhijitaalka ah. WiFi gabi ahaanba waxaa ka buuxa macluumaad dhijitaal ah.

Tignoolajiyada ugu dambeeyay uguna waynayd ee WiFi waxa ay leedahay xawaraha aragtiyeed ee 4.8 Gbps , iyada oo la isticmaalayo afar xog oo ah 1.2 Gbps hal mar. Taasi waa 600 megabyte ilbiriqsikii! Dabcan, xawaaraha aragtida waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa shaybaarka xaaladaha ugu fiican, laakiin xitaa adduunka dhabta ah ee WiFi casriga ah waa mid aad u dhakhso badan.

WiFi Waxay Leedahay Heerarka & Hab-maamuuska^{(WiFi Has Standards & Protocols)}

WiFi waxay jirtay muddo dheer. Tiknooloojiyada ganacsi ee ugu horreysay ayaa la sii daayay ilaa 1997. Machadka Korontada iyo Injineerada Elektarooniga ah^{(The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)} ( IEEE ) ayaa calaamadeeyay heerka WiFi , kaas oo si rasmi ah loo yaqaan IEEE 802.11 . Jiilkii ugu horreeyay ee WiFi waxaa loo yaqaan 802.11a, laakiin markii waqtigu sii socday, noocyo ka wanaagsan oo WiFi ah ayaa la sameeyay:

• 802.11a
• 802.11b
• 802.11g
• 802.11n
• 802.11ac
• 802.11ax

WiFi si buuxda gadaal uma soconayo. Ma heli doontid aalado badan oo casri ah oo wali la xidhiidhi kara aaladaha 802.11a. Qalab badan oo WiFi ah ayaa jira "bgn" waxayna la shaqeyn doonaan saddexdaas heer, kuwaas oo dhammaantood adeegsada xadiga soo noqnoqda ee 2.4Ghz. 802.11ac waxay isticmaashaa band 5Ghz, laakiin inta badan router-yadani waa "dual band" waxayna sidoo kale bixiyaan 2.4Ghz si ay ula hadlaan aaladaha da'da ah iyagoo isticmaalaya heerarka hore.

Dhaqan ahaan la jaanqaadka gadaal ee WiFi waa dhibco, maadaama aaladaha qaar ay ku xiran yihiin xawliyada qaarkood heer kasta. Routers-ka cusubi waxa laga yaabaa in aanay arrimuhu si tartiib ah u oggolaan!

Dhacdo ahaan, dhammaan "802.11" axdi magac bixineed waa la tuuray. 802.11ax ugu dambeeyay ayaa hadda loo yaqaan WiFi 6 , iyadoo 802.11 ay tahay WiFi 5 iyo wixii la mid ah.

WiFi waa qarsoodi^{(WiFi Is Encrypted)}

Qof kastaa wuu faragelin karaa mowjadaha raadiyaha WiFi , laakiin iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay ^(WiFi)sirta dhijitaalka ah^{(digital encryption)} ma si fudud u dhegaysan karaan waxa la dirayo oo la helayo. Ugu yaraan, tani waa kiiska haddii shabakadaada WiFi ay tahay mid sirta ah la ilaaliyo. 

Furahaaga sirta ah ee WiFi waa furaha sirta ah, sidaa darteed qof kasta oo sita erayga sirta ah waxa uu arki karaa dhammaan xidhmooyinka xogta iyada oo aan sifaysan. Tani waa sababta ay tahay inaad isticmaasho kaliya shabakadaha HTTPS karti u leh oo had iyo jeer adeegso adeegga VPN haddii aad isticmaaleyso barta WiFi ee dadweynaha !

Qalabkaaga WiFi waxay u badan tahay inay isticmaalaan WPA2 . WPA waa u gaaban galitaanka Ilaalisan ee WiFi^{(WiFi Protected Access)} waana nidaam sir aad u xoogan oo loogu talagalay isku xirka WiFi . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sanadihii la soo dhaafay, tuugadu waxay heleen faa'iidooyin kala duwan oo, xaaladaha qaarkood, u oggolaanaya inay jebiyaan borotokoolka sirta ah ee WPA2 . 

In 2018 WiFi Alliance , kaas oo ah ilaaliyaha tignoolajiyada WiFi , ayaa ku dhawaaqay ^(WiFi)WPA3 . Noocan cusub waxa uu wanaajiyaa amniga oo waxa uu xidhaa godadka amniga ee laga helay WPA2 . Dabcan, waxay ahaan doontaa wakhti ka hor inta dhammaan qalabka ka baxsan duurka ay taageeri doonaan heerka amniga cusub.

WiFi Direct waa wax^{(WiFi Direct Is a Thing)}

WiFi waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo aaladda dhexe sida router si loo maareeyo xiriirka ka dhexeeya aaladaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, WiFi sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in si toos ah loogu xidho laba qalab ee waxa loo yaqaan xidhiidhka "Peer-to-peer". Tani aad bay u anfacaysaa marka, tusaale ahaan, aad rabto inaad u soo dirto fayl weyn taleefoonka gacanta ee qof. 

Tani sidoo kale waa nooca WiFi ee inta badan loo isticmaalo in fiidiyoowga laga soo saaro teleefanka loona gudbiyo TV-ga smart. Markaad isticmaasho aaladaha ay ka midka yihiin kamaradaha GoPro ama qaar ka mid ah kamaradaha WiFi ee aan duuliyaha lahayn, waxaad sidoo kale isticmaaleysaa isku xirka WiFi tooska ah . Bluetooth waxa ay inta badan dareenka ka heshaa isku xirka wireless-ka fac-ilaa-faca adduunka, gaar ahaan maadaama ay tamar aad u fiican tahay, laakiin WiFi tooska ah waa dhakhso iyo sida fudud in la isticmaalo.

Routers, Repeaters & Mesh Networks

In kasta oo xidhiidhada tooska ah ee WiFi ay yihiin wax caadi ah maalmahan, WiFi -ka aan dhamaanteen isticmaalno inta badan waxa aanu isticmaalnaa nakhshad hub-iyo-hadal ah. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, dhammaan aaladahaaga WiFi waxay ku xidhmaan aaladda dhexe, kaas oo u shaqeeya sidii dhexda. Dadka intooda badan, tani waxay u noqonaysaa router -ka caadiga ah ee WiFi .

Router-yada casriga ahi waxay ku faanaan anteenooyin badan, iyagoo kala saaraya xadhkaha soo noqnoqda ee kala duwan iyo sidoo kale qalabka soo dira oo hela xogta WiFi . Routers-yadani waxay sidoo kale maamulaan isku xirka internetkaaga iyo qalab kasta oo Ethernet fiilada leh ee shabakadaada, taas oo u oggolaanaysa shabakadaha fiilooyinka iyo kuwa aan fiicneyn inay wada xiriiraan midba midka kale.

Si kastaba ha noqotee, sida aan kor ku sheegnay, kala duwanaanshaha calaamadaha WiFi ayaa aad u xaddidan. ^(WiFi)Taas oo macnaheedu yahay in mar kasta oo aad ka sii socoto router-ka, way ka sii xumaanaysaa xoogga calaamaduhu. Wifi - celiyaha^{(WiFi repeater)} waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu kordhiyo calaamadaas cidhifka kala duwan ee daboolka.

Iyadoo soo-celiyeyaasha ay si fiican u shaqeeyaan, waxaa jira isbeddel cusub oo ku wajahan nidaamyada "mesh " WiFi . Halkan, ma jiro router dhexe. Taa baddalkeeda dhowr router oo yaryar ayaa ku faafay gurigaaga oo dhan, iyagoo isku xiran oo bixiya daruur WiFi ah oo aan kala go 'lahayn . Tani waa tignoolajiyada WiFi ee inta badan lagu isticmaalo ganacsiyada waaweyn, laakiin waxay noqotay mid la awoodi karo isticmaalka guriga.

Wifi ka baxsan^{(Beyond WiFi)}

WiFi ayaa nagu hareeraysan in ka badan sidii hore, maadaama dhammaan noocyada aaladaha ay hadda baahi u qabaan isku xirka shabakadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, WiFi ma aha tignoolajiyada tartanka kaliya marka ay timaado gudbinta xogta wireless. Bluetooth -ku wuxuu xukumaa xididka marka ay timaaddo xiriirinta tamarta hoose, gaaban. Noocyada mustaqbalka ee Bluetooth waxay xitaa siin karaan WiFi lacag ay ku ordaan marka ay timaado xawaaraha iyo kala duwanaanta.

Si kastaba ha noqotee, tartanka ugu weyn ee WiFi wuxuu noqon karaa 5G. Farsamada gacanta ee jiilka shanaad waxa ay bixisaa heerar xog ka jaban iyo caymiska magaalada oo cufan. 5G waxa laga yaabaa in aanu ku bedelin WiFi guriga dhexdiisa, laakiin 5G waxa ay bixisa beddelka goobaha WiFi ee dadweynaha , kuwaas oo caan ku noqday inta badan kharashka badan ee xogta moobilka.

HDG Explains: How Does WiFi Work?

WiFi is a wireless networking technology that lets you connect your WiFi-enabled devices to a local network. Using WiFi you can transfer data between local network devices or connect to the internet, if a connection is available. Most people probably know this, since we all use WiFi every day, but how does WiFi actually work?

WiFi Is Radio

The most fundamental fact about WiFi is that it uses radio waves to transmit information. Radio waves are what we call a specific frequency range of electromagnetic radiation. Light is the portion of the spectrum our eyes are sensitive to, but is made of the same “stuff” as radio waves.

WiFi uses two different frequencies for transmission: 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz. That’s 2,400,000,000 and 5,000,000,000 cycles per second respectively. This is pretty high compared to FM radio which has a frequency of only about 100Mhz.

The exact frequency of a radio wave changes a lot about its characteristics. With a higher frequency, you can pack more information into your signal. However, some frequencies don’t have very long ranges. 

Different frequencies also penetrate matter differently. Some frequencies can be bounced off the atmosphere, so your transmitter and receiver don’t need line-of-sight to work. Other frequencies just shoot straight out into space. That’s useful if you want to communicate with a satellite, not so much if the receiver is on Earth.

Waves at the WiFi operating frequencies can reach hundreds of miles if you put enough wattage into the transmission power, have nothing in the way and use the right antenna. However, standard household WiFi usually has an unobstructed range of between 30-50 meters (approx 100/150 feet). 2.4Ghz WiFi has the longer range, 5Ghz WiFi has higher speeds.

WiFi Is Digital

WiFi is radio, but it’s digital radio. That means the radio waves are modulated to carry digital code. WiFi is absolutely packed with digital information.

The latest and greatest WiFi technology has a theoretical speed limit of 4.8 Gbps, using four 1.2Gbps data streams at once. That’s 600 megabytes per second! Of course, theoretical speeds are determined in a lab under optimal conditions, but even in the real world modern WiFi is very fast.

WiFi Has Standards & Protocols

WiFi has been around for a long time.The first commercial iteration of the technology was released all the way back in 1997. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) codified the WiFi standard, which is officially known as IEEE 802.11. The first generation of WiFi is known as 802.11a, but as time went by newer, better versions of WiFi were developed:

• 802.11a
• 802.11b
• 802.11g
• 802.11n
• 802.11ac
• 802.11ax

WiFi is not fully backwards compatible. You won’t find many modern devices that can still communicate with 802.11a devices. Many WiFi devices out there are “bgn” and will work with those three standards, which all use the 2.4Ghz frequency band. 802.11ac uses the 5Ghz band, but most of these routers are “dual band” and also offer 2.4Ghz to talk to older devices using older standards.

In practice backwards compatibility with WiFi is spotty, since some devices are locked to certain speeds within each respective standard. Newer routers may not let things go that slowly!

Incidentally, the whole “802.11” naming convention has been dropped. The latest 802.11ax is now known as WiFi 6, with 802.11 being WiFi 5 and so on.

WiFi Is Encrypted

Anyone can intercept WiFi radio waves, but thanks to digital encryption they can’t simply eavesdrop on what’s being sent and received. At least, this is the case if your WiFi network is password protected. 

Your WiFi password is also the encryption key, so anyone with the password can see all the data packets unfiltered. This is why you should only use websites that are HTTPS enabled and always use a VPN service if you’re using a public WiFi hotspot!

Your WiFi devices are most likely using WPA2. WPA is short for WiFi Protected Access and is a very strong encryption scheme for WiFi connections. However, over the years hackers have discovered various exploits that, in some cases, allow them to break the WPA2 encryption protocols. 

In 2018 the WiFi Alliance, which is the custodian of WiFi technology, announced WPA3. This new version improves security and plugs the security holes found in WPA2. Of course, it will be some time before all hardware out in the wild will support the new security standard.

WiFi Direct Is a Thing

WiFi was designed to use a central device such as a router to manage communication between devices. However, WiFi can also be used to directly connect two devices in what’s known as a “peer-to-peer” connection. This is very handy when, for example, you want to send a large file to someone’s smartphone from yours. 

This is also the type of WiFi that’s often used to cast video from a phone to a smart TV. When you use devices such as GoPro cameras or certain WiFi cameras drones, you’re also using a direct WiFi connection. Bluetooth gets most of the attention in the peer-to-peer wireless connection world, especially since it’s so energy efficient, but WiFi direct is fast and just as simple to use.

Routers, Repeaters & Mesh Networks

While direct WiFi connections are commonplace these days, the WiFi we all use most of the time make use of a hub-and-spoke design. In other words, all of your WiFi devices connect to a central device, which acts as the go-between. For most people, this is going to be the common WiFi router.

Modern routers boast multiple antennas, separating different frequency bands as well as the hardware that sends and receives WiFi data. These routers also handle your internet connection and any wired Ethernet devices on your network, allowing the wired and wireless networks to communicate with each other.

However, as we said above, WiFi signal ranges are pretty limited. Which means that the further you are from the router, the worse the signal strength is. A WiFi repeater can be used to extend that signal at the edge of the coverage range.

While repeaters work well enough, there’s a new trend towards “mesh” WiFi systems. Here, there’s no central router. Instead several smaller routers are spread across your home, connected to each other and providing a seamless cloud of WiFi. This is the WiFi technology most commonly used in large businesses, but it’s become affordable for home use.

Beyond WiFi

WiFi is around us more than ever, as all sorts of devices now have a need for a network connection. However, WiFi is not the only competing technology when it comes to wireless data transmission. Bluetooth rules the roost when it comes to low-power, short range connections. Future versions of Bluetooth may even give WiFi a run for its money when it comes to speed and range.

However, the biggest competitor to WiFi might very well be 5G. Fifth-generation cellular technology offers cheaper data rates and dense urban coverage. 5G may not replace WiFi in the home, but 5G offers an alternative to public WiFi hotspots, which have become popular mainly due to the high costs of mobile data.

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