Saddex ka mid ah nidaamyada ugu caansan adduunka oo dhan waa Windows , Mac , iyo Linux . Saddexdan hababka hawlgalka ah waxay helayaan dhammaan saxafada, labada hore way ka badan yihiin kuwa dambe, waxayna u badan tahay kuwa kaliya ee aad maqashay naftaada.

Maxaa dhacaya haddii aan kuu sheego in laba ka mid ah saddex ka mid ah hababka hawlgalka ee ugu caansan ay dhab ahaantii ku biireen falsafada asaasiga ah ee wax la yiraahdo UNIX ? Falsafadaani waa fikradaha aasaasiga ah ee nidaamka waqti-qeybsiga oo u oggolaanaya isticmaaleyaal badan inay galaan hal kombuyuutar guud isku mar.

Dib loo soo celiyay 1970-kii oo loogu talagalay inuu noqdo nidaam yar, oo dabacsan oo ay si gaar ah u isticmaalaan barnaamijyada barnaamijka, UNIX waxay si dhakhso ah u noqotay nidaamka hawlgalka ee hogaaminaya goobaha shaqada. Laakiin intee in le'eg ayaad^(you) ka ogtahay UNIX?

HDG wuxuu sharxayaa: Waa maxay UNIX?

Nidaamyada hawlgalka ee UNIX^(UNIX) iyo UNIX^(UNIX-like) waa kuwa ugu awooda badan uguna caansan adeegsadaha kala duwan iyo nidaamyada hawlgalka badan ee suuqa. Jiilal badan oo UNIX ah ayaa loo sameeyay mashiino kala duwan sanadihii la soo dhaafay oo ay ku jiraan nidaamyada POSIX ee casriga ah sida Linux , noocyo badan oo kala duwan, iyo Mac OS . Way adag^(Hard) tahay in la rumaysto shay aad u xoog badan ayaa yeelan kara bilow hoosaysa.

Waxaa laga sameeyay Shaybaadhka ^{(Laboratories)}Telefoonka Bell^{(Bell Telephone)} , ama Bell Labs , oo ay sameeyeen dhawr barnaamij oo barnaamij ah, UNIX waxa lagu qoray luqadda barnaamijyada C. Tani waxay u ogolaatay in lagu rakibo kumbiyuutar kasta oo haysta C compiler. Tani waxay kaligeed siisay UNIX laqaaditaan^(UNIX) dabiici ah, dabacsanaan, iyo iskeed isu deymisay sidii doorasho awood badan oo ah nidaamka hawlgalka.

Marka laga soo tago in ay jaban tahay, Bell Labs waxa ay u qaybisay nidaamka qalliinka qaab luqadeedkeeda isha, taas oo u oggolaanaysa qof kasta oo gacmihiisa ku haysta in uu wax ka beddelo oo u habeeyo ujeeddooyinkooda. Tani waxay dhashay daraasiin noocyo kala duwan ah oo UNIX ah muddo toban sano ah, oo ka socday goobo kala duwan.

Bell Labs ayaa aakhirkii jabin doona 1984. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay bilaabeen suuq geynta UNIX iyagoo isku dayaya inay qeexaan nooca caadiga ah ee nidaamka. Waxay soo saareen wax ay dad badani u arkeen mid aad u xaddidan, mid ka mid ah waa Richard Stallman , oo mas'uul ka ah mashruuca GNU . Mashruuca GNU waa aasaaska Linux -ka aan maanta naqaano maadaama uu ka kooban yahay kernel Linux ee ma aha UNIX kernel.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Linux waxaa dhiirigeliyay MINIX , kaas oo ahaa nidaamka UNIX u eg ee loo abuuray ujeedooyin waxbarasho. Tani waxay keentay saameyn domino ah oo ah noocyada badi nidaamyada hawlgalka ee maanta jira. GNU/Linux waxay ka soo farcameen naqshadda UNIX iyo markeeda, habab badan oo hawlgal ah maanta, oo ay ku jiraan Android , Chrome OS , Steam OS , iyo qadar aad u badan oo ah nidaamyada hawlgalka ee qalabka, waxay ku saleysan yihiin Linux .

Halbeegga UNIX

Heerku wuu yimid, laakiin kuma salaysna wax AT&T. Maanta, calaamadda "UNIX" waxaa iska leh Kooxda Furan^{(The Open Group)} . Si la mid ah ayaa loo odhan karaa Halbeegga UNIX^{(Single UNIX Specification)} . Nidaam kasta^(Any) oo qalliin oo adeegsada UNIX waxa ay ahayd in ay shahaado ka helaan Kooxda Furan^{(Open Group)} oo ay u hoggaansamaan Sifeynta Unix-ka Keliya^{(Single UNIX Specification)} .

Sida lagu muujiyey Kooxda Furan:

Qof kasta oo xiisaynaya inuu booqdo isku xirka sawirka, waa kan^{(here it is)} .

POSIX , sidaan hore u soo sheegnay, waa qoys ka kooban halbeegyo, oo uu qeexay Machadka Korontada iyo Elektrooniga (IEEE)^{(Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE))} . Waxay u adeegaan si ay u caddeeyaan oo ay u siman yihiin is-dhexgalka barnaamijyada codsiga ee ay bixiso nidaamyada hawlgalka ee UNIX.

Tani waxay ka dhigaysaa marka aad qorto barnaamij ku tiirsan halbeegyada POSIX , la qaadi karo iyo shaqayntu waa la fududeeyaa qoyska wayn ee UNIX sida Linux iyo Mac OS . Isticmaalka API ama koodka aan la jaan qaadin sida qayb ka mid ah POSIX ee nidaamyada hawlgalka ee UNIX-^(UNIX-like) ka ayaa ka dhigi doona u qaadida nidaamyada kale ee UNIX-ku mid^(UNIX-like) sii adkaanaya.

Waa maxay Barnaamijyada^(Programs) UNIX , Nidaamyada^(Systems) iyo Nidaamyada Hoosaadka^(Subsystems) ?

Amarrada UNIX^(UNIX) waxaa lagu fuliyaa khadka taliska oo uu bixiyo qolof^(shell) . qolof Tani waa barnaamij akhriyi doona amarrada la galay oo ama iyaga laftiisa fulin doona, ama u gudbin doona kernel -ka .

"Kernel-ka asaasiga ah" waa waxa nidaamyada UNIX lagu dhisay oo maamula nidaamka iyo hababka kale. Kani waa udub dhexaadka nidaamka hawlgalka UNIX oo si toos ah ula falgala qalabka hoose si uu u bixiyo adeeg heersare ah. Nidaam hoosaadka Kernel^(Kernel) waxa ku jiri kara maaraynta habka, maaraynta faylka, maaraynta xusuusta, maaraynta shabakada iyo kuwa kale.

Dhowr falsafadood oo udub dhexaad u ah, oo ay ku jiraan shuruudaha sida hal ujeedo, la shaqayn karo, iyo la shaqaynta is dhex galka qoraalka caadiga ah, waa waxa barnaamijyada UNIX loo qaabeeyey.

Marka ay timaado sifooyinka UNIX , halkan waxaa ah liis dhowr ah oo caan ah:

Oggolow isticmaalka ilo isku mid ah in ay wadaagaan isticmaalayaasha kala duwan ee hal nidaam.
Waxay bixisaa^(Provides) hawlo badan, halkaas oo isticmaale kastaa uu fulin karo habab badan isku mar.
Nidaamka hawlgalka ee ugu horreeya oo ku qoran luqad heer sare ah, taasoo sahlaysa in lagu dejiyo mashiinnada kale ee ugu yar ee la qabsiga.
Qaab dhismeedka faylalka kala sareeyo oo u oggolaanaya helitaan sahlan iyo dayactirka xogta.
Shabakad ku dhex dhisan hawlaha isku xidhka si ay si sahal ah isu dhaafsadaan macluumaadka u dhexeeya isticmaalayaasha.

Waa maxay sababta UNIX ay muhiim u tahay

Marka laga reebo nidaamyada ku salaysan Windows iyo Windows , badi nidaamyada hawlgalka ee aad arki doonto waxay leeyihiin falsafado ku salaysan UNIX . Haddii aad eegto terminalka Mac OS X ama nidaamka faylalka, waxaad ogaan doontaa u ekaanshiyaha Linux . Labadaas^(Both) oo gabi ahaanba ka duwan Windows . Tani waa sababta oo ah Linux iyo Mac OS waa UNIX -nidaamyo.

Fahamka tan waxay kaa caawin doontaa inaad sidoo kale fahamto sida ay muhiimka u tahay UNIX iyo ay ahayd. Mid ka mid ah falsafadaha UNIX ee ugu muhiimsan ee maanta la isticmaalo waa abuurista yutiilitooyin yaryar, qaabaysan si loo sameeyo shay keli ah oo heersare ah oo hufnaan ah. Aqoonta u leh Terminalka Mac OS^{(Mac OS Terminal)} waxay sidoo kale kaa dhigi doontaa inaad aqoon u yeelato Terminalka Linux^{(Linux Terminal)} iyo lidkeeda. Tani waa UNIX si kooban.

Nidaamyada UNIX^(UNIX) -u eg waxay ku tiirsan yihiin hal nidaam oo fayl ah si ay barnaamijyadu ula xiriiraan midba midka kale. Nidaamyada Windows u eg waxay ku tiirsan yihiin DOS . Tani waa sababta kaliya nidaamyada Windows u eg ay leeyihiin xarfaha wadista. Dhammaan nidaamyada kale ee hawlgalka waxay leeyihiin si fayl kasta oo ku jira nidaamka uu qayb ka yahay hal nidaam oo hagayaal ah. Mar labaad^(Again) , dhammaan mahadnaqa UNIX falsafada.

UNIX waxaa lagu arki karaa qaab dhismeedka nidaamyada hawlgalka sida BSD , Linux , iyo Mac OS , gabi ahaanba by design. Mid ayaa odhan kara UNIX la'aanteed , ma jiri doono Mac OS , iyo suurtogalnimada isku mid ayaa laga sheegi karaa tartamayaasha, Windows waxaa ku jira.

Sida iska cad waxa aanu nahay kuwa hyperbolic halkan. In kastoo^(Though) , waa in aad qirato in UNIX ay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartay horumarinta nidaam kasta oo hawleed oo maanta la isticmaalo. Haddii taasi muujin waydo muhiimadda UNIX iyo falsafadeeda, ma hubo waxa dhici doona.

HDG Explains : What Is UNIX?

Three of thе most populаr operating systems the world over arе Windowѕ, Mac, and Linux. These three operating systems receive all of the press, the two former more than thе latter, and are likely the onlу оnes you’ve heаrd of yourself.

What if I told you that two out of three of the most popular operating systems have actually incorporated the core philosophies of something called UNIX? These philosophies being basic concepts of a time-sharing system allowing multiple users to access a single mainframe computer at the same time.

Developed back in 1970 and designed to be a small, flexible system used exclusively by programmers, UNIX had quickly become a leading operating system for workstations. But how much do you really know about UNIX?

HDG Explains : What Is UNIX?

UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems are the most powerful and popular multi-user and multi-tasking operating systems on the market. Multiple generations of UNIX have been developed for various machines over the years including modern POSIX systems like Linux, its many variants, and Mac OS. Hard to believe something so powerful could have such humble beginnings.

Developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories, or Bell Labs, by a handful of programmers, UNIX was written in the C programming language. This allowed it to be installed on practically any computer that possessed a C compiler. This alone afforded UNIX natural portability, flexibility, and lent itself as a rather powerful option as an operating system.

On top of being inexpensive, Bell Labs distributed the operating system in its source language form, allowing anyone who got their hands on it to modify and customize it for their own purposes. This birthed dozens of different versions of UNIX in the span of a decade, running on various sites.

Bell Labs would eventually come to break up in 1984. Nevertheless, they began marketing UNIX in an attempt to define a standard version of the system. They developed something that many saw as too restrictive, one of them being Richard Stallman, responsible for the GNU project. The GNU project is the basis for the Linux we know today as it’s made up of the Linux kernel and not the UNIX kernel.

However, Linux was inspired by MINIX, which was a UNIX-like operating system created for educational purposes. This has led to a domino effect of sorts for most of the operating systems available today. GNU/Linux is descended from UNIX’s design and in turn, many operating systems today, including Android, Chrome OS, Steam OS, and a huge amount of embedded operating systems for devices, are based on Linux.

The UNIX standard

A standard did come to be, but not based on anything by AT&T. Today, the trademarked “UNIX” is owned by The Open Group. The same can be said for the Single UNIX Specification. Any operating system that uses UNIX has had to have been certified by The Open Group and conform to the Single UNIX Specification.

As illustrated by The Open Group:

For anyone interested in visiting the link in the image, here it is.

POSIX, as mentioned earlier, is a family of standards, specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). They serve to clarify and make uniform the application programming interfaces provided by UNIX-like operating systems.

This makes it so when you write a program reliant on POSIX standards, portability and functionality is made easy among UNIX’s large family of derivatives such as Linux and Mac OS. Using API or code not standardized as part of POSIX for UNIX-like operating systems will make portability to other UNIX-like systems increasingly more difficult.

What Are UNIX Programs, Systems, and Subsystems?

UNIX commands are executed on a command line interface provided by a shell. This shell is a program that will read the entered commands and either execute them itself, or pass it along to the kernel.

A “core kernel” is what the UNIX systems are built around that manages the system and the other processes. This is the core of the UNIX operating system and directly interacts with the underlying hardware to provide a set of standard services. Kernel subsystems may include process management, file management, memory management, network management and others.

A few core philosophies, including requirements like single purpose, interoperable, and working with a standardized text interface, are what UNIX programs are designed around.

When it comes to UNIX features, here is a list of a few prominent ones:

Allows for the use of the same resources to be shared by different users on a single system.
Provides multi-tasking, wherein each user can execute many processes at the same time.
The first operating system written in a high-level language, making it easy to port to other machines with minimum adaptations.
Hierarchical file structure allowing easier access and maintenance of data.
Built-in networking functions to easily exchange information between users.

Why UNIX Matters

Aside from Windows and Windows-based systems, the bulk majority of operating systems you’ll see have philosophies based in UNIX. If you Take a look at the Mac OS X terminal or file system, you’ll notice a striking similarity to Linux. Both of which are completely different from Windows. This is because Linux and Mac OS are UNIX-like systems.

Understanding this will help you also understand how important UNIX is and has been. One of the main UNIX philosophies used today is of creating small, modular utilities to do a singular thing at an exceptional level of efficiency. Being familiar with the Mac OS Terminal will also make you familiar with the Linux Terminal and vice versa. This is UNIX in a nutshell.

UNIX-like systems rely on a single file system for programs to communicate with one another. Windows-like systems rely on DOS. This is the reason that only Windows-like systems have drive letters. All other operating systems have it so that every file on the system is part of a single directory hierarchy. Again, all thanks to UNIX philosophies.

UNIX can be seen in the architecture of operating systems such as BSD, Linux, and Mac OS, completely by design. One could say that without UNIX, there’d be no Mac OS, and quite possibly the same could be said about its competitors, Windows included.

We’re obviously being hyperbolic here. Though, you’ll have to admit that UNIX has played an important role in the development of every operating system used today. If that doesn’t illustrate the importance of UNIX and its philosophies, I’m not sure what will.

Maximus Schultz

About the author

Waxaan ahay injineer software leh in ka badan 10 sano oo waayo-aragnimo ah horumarinta iyo dayactirka Windows 11 ama 10 codsiyada. Waxaan sidoo kale khibrad u leeyahay la shaqeynta Google Docs iyo Microsoft Edge. Xirfadahayga meelahan ayaa iga dhigaya musharax aad u wanaagsan doorarka injineernimada software mustaqbalka.

HDG wuxuu sharxayaa: Waa maxay UNIX?