Dhammaan isticmaalayaasha intarneedka casriga ahi way ogyihiin ereyga Wi-Fi . Waa hab loogu xidho internet-ka si bilaa fiilo ah. Wi-Fi waa astaan ​​ganacsi oo uu leeyahay Isbahaysiga ^(Alliance)Wi-Fi . Ururkani wuxuu mas'uul ka yahay shahaado siinta alaabta Wi-Fi haddii ay buuxiyaan heerarka wireless 802.11 ee uu dejiyay IEEE . Waa maxay heerarkan? Asal ahaan waa tiro cayiman oo sii kordheysa marka soo noqnoqoshada cusub la helo. Heer kasta oo cusub, ujeedadu waa in kor loo qaado wax soo saarka wireless-ka iyo baaxadda.

Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad la kulanto heerarkan haddii aad raadinayso inaad iibsato qalab cusub oo isku xidhka wireless. Waxa jira heerar kala duwan oo mid walba leh awooddiisa gaarka ah. Sababtoo^(Just) ah heer cusub ayaa la sii daayay macnaheedu maaha in isla markiiba la heli karo macaamilka ama aad u baahan tahay inaad u wareegto. Heerka aad dooranayso wuxuu ku xiran yahay shuruudahaaga.

Macaamiisha badanaaba way ku adag tahay in la fahmo magacyada caadiga ah. Taasi waa sababta oo ah nidaamka magac bixinta ee IEEE uu qaatay . Dhawaan (sanadka 2018), ^(Recently)Isbahaysiga^(Alliance) Wi-Fi wuxuu rabey inuu sameeyo magacyada caadiga ah isticmaale-saaxiibtinimo. Haddaba, waxay hadda la yimaadeen magacyo/nambaro nooca caadiga ah oo si sahlan loo fahmi karo. Magacyada fudud ayaa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, kaliya loogu talagalay heerarka dhow. Iyo, IEEE wali waxay tixraacaysaa jaangooyooyinka iyadoo la adeegsanayo nidaamkii hore. Sidaa darteed, waa fikrad wanaagsan inaad sidoo kale taqaanno nidaamka magacaabista IEEE .

Heerarka Wi-Fi ee la Sharaxay: 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n, 802.11a

Qaar ka mid ah heerarka Wi-Fi ee dhawaa waa 802.11n, 802.11ac, iyo 802.11ax. Magacyadani waxay si fudud u jahawareerin karaan isticmaalaha. Haddaba, magacyada ay siiyeen heerarkan Isbahaysiga^(Alliance) Wi-Fi waa – Wi-Fi 4 , Wi-Fi 5, iyo W-Fi 6. Waxaad ogaan kartaa in dhammaan halbeegyada ay ku jiraan '802.11'.

Waa maxay 802.11?^{(What is 802.11? )}

802.11 waxaa loo tixgelin karaa inuu yahay aasaaska aasaasiga ah ee dhammaan alaabada kale ee wireless lagu soo saaray. 802.11 wuxuu ahaa heerkii ugu horreeyay ee WLAN . Waxaa abuuray IEEE 1997. Waxay lahayd 66-fiit gudaha gudaha ah iyo 330-fiit oo bannaanka ah. 802.11 Alaabta wirelesska ah lama samaynin sababtoo ah xajmigeeda hoose (si dhib yar 2 Mbps ). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, heerar kale oo badan ayaa la dhisay agagaarka 802.11.

Aynu hadda eegno sida heerarka Wi-Fi u horumareen ilaa markii ugu horreysay ee WLAN la abuuray. Hoos waxaa lagaga hadlay heerarka kala duwan ee Wi-Fi ee soo baxay ilaa 802.11, siday u kala horreeyaan.

1. 802.11b

In kasta oo 802.11 uu ahaa halbeeggii ugu horreeyay ee WLAN , haddana wuxuu ahaa 802.11b kaasoo Wi-Fi ka dhigay mid caan ah. 2 sano ka dib 802.11, Sebtembar 1999^{(September 1999)} , 802.11b ayaa la sii daayay. Iyadoo ay wali adeegsanaysay isla raadiyaha calaamadaynta ee 802.11 (qiyaastii 2.4 GHz ), xawaaruhu wuxuu ka kacay 2 Mbps ilaa 11 Mbps . Tani waxay weli ahayd xawaaraha aragtida. Ficil ahaan, xawaaraha xawaaraha la filayo wuxuu ahaa 5.9 Mbps (loogu talagalay TCP ) iyo 7.1 Mbps ( UDP ). Ma aha oo kaliya kan ugu da'da weyn laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu leeyahay xawaaraha ugu yar dhammaan heerarka. 802.11b wuxuu lahaa qiyaas dhan 150 cagood.

Maadaama ay ku shaqeyso inta jeer ee aan la xakameynin, qalabka kale ee guriga ee 2.4 GHz ah (sida foornooyinka iyo telefoonada aan xad lahayn) waxay keeni karaan faragelin. Dhibaatadan waxaa laga fogaaday iyada oo qalabka lagu rakibay meel ka fog qalabka laga yaabo in uu galo faragelin. 802.11b iyo heerka xiga ee 802.11a ayaa labadaba la ansixiyay isku mar, laakiin waxay ahayd 802.11b oo ku dhuftay suuqyada marka hore.

2. 802.11a

802.11a waxa la abuuray isla wakhtiga 802.11b. Labada teknoolajiyada waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan isqaban karin sababtoo ah farqiga u dhexeeya soo noqnoqda. 802.11a wuxuu ku shaqeeyaa inta jeer ee 5GHz kaas oo ah mid ciriiri ah. Haddaba, fursadaha faragelinta ayaa la yareeyey. Si kastaba ha noqotee, soo noqnoqoshada sare awgeed, 802.11a aaladaha waxay lahaayeen kala duwanaansho yar oo calaamaduhu si sahal ah uma galaan xannibaadaha.

802.11a waxay adeegsatay farsamo loo yaqaan Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) si ay u abuurto calaamada wireless-ka. 802.11a ayaa sidoo kale ballan qaaday xajmiyeed aad u sarreeya - ugu badnaan aragti ahaan 54 Mbps . Maadaama aaladaha 802.11a ay ahaayeen kuwa qaali ah waqtigaas, isticmaalkooda waxaa lagu xaddiday codsiyada ganacsiga. 802.11b wuxuu ahaa halbeegga ku baahsan dadka caadiga ah. Sidaa darteed, waxay leedahay caan ka badan 802.11a.

3. 802.11g

802.11g ayaa la ansixiyay Juun 2003^{(June 2003)} . Heerku wuxuu isku dayay inuu isku daro faa'iidooyinka ay bixiyeen labadii heer ee ugu dambeeyay - 802.11a & 802.11b. Sidaa darteed, 802.11g waxay bixisay xawaaraha 802.11a (54 Mbps ). Laakiin waxay bixisay kala duwanaansho weyn iyadoo ku shaqaynaysa isla inta jeer ee 802.11b (2.4 GHz ). Iyadoo labadii heer ee ugu dambeeyay ay ahaayeen kuwo aan ku habboonayn midba midka kale, 802.11g ayaa gadaal u socota 802.11b. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in 802.11b adapters network wireless loo isticmaali karo 802.11g dhibcood.

Kani waa heerka ugu qaalisan ee wali la isticmaalo. In kasta oo ay taageerto ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan aaladaha wireless-ka ee maanta la isticmaalo, waxay leedahay khasaare. Haddii ay jiraan aalado 802.11b ah oo ku xidhan, shabkada oo dhan ayaa hoos u dhacda si ay xawaaraheeda u dhigmo. Sidaa darteed^(Thus) , marka laga reebo inuu yahay heerka ugu da'da weyn ee la isticmaalo, sidoo kale waa kan ugu gaabis ah.

Heerarkani waxa uu ahaa bood-bood weyn oo loo qaaday xawli iyo dabool wanaagsan. Tani waxay ahayd markii ay macaamiishu sheegeen inay ku raaxaysanayaan router^(routers) -yada leh caymis ka wanaagsan heerarkii hore.

4. 802.11n

Sidoo kale Wi-Fi 4 waxa u magacaabay ^{(Wi-Fi 4)}Isbahaysiga^(Alliance) Wi-Fi , heerkan waxa la ansixiyay Oktoobar 2009^{(October 2009)} . Waxay ahayd heerkii ugu horreeyay ee la isticmaalo tignoolajiyada MIMO . MIMO waxay u taagan tahay wax-soo-saarka badan ee wax-soo-saarka^{(MIMO stands for Multiple Input Multiple Output)} . Habayntan, gudbiyeyaal badan iyo qaatayaal ayaa ka shaqeeya hal gees ama xataa labada daraf ee isku xidhka. Tani waa horumar weyn sababtoo ah uma baahnid inaad ku tiirsanaato xawaaraha sare ee xawaaraha ama u gudbiso kororka xogta.

Iyadoo 802.11n, Wi-Fi waxay noqotay xitaa dhakhso badan oo la isku halleyn karo. Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad ereyga laba-band ka maqashay iibiyeyaasha LAN . Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in xogta lagu bixiyo 2 jeer. 802.11n wuxuu ku shaqeeyaa 2 jeer - 2.45 GHz iyo 5 GHz . 802.11n waxa uu leeyahay baaxada cabirka aragtida 300 Mbps . Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in xawaaruhu uu gaari karo xitaa 450 Mbpshaddii 3 anteeno la isticmaalo. Sababo la xiriira calaamadaha xoogga sarreeya, 802.11n aaladaha waxay bixiyaan kala duwanaansho weyn marka la barbar dhigo kuwa heerarkii hore. 802.11 waxa ay siisaa taageero balaadhan oo ah aaladaha shabakadaha wireless. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, way ka qaalisan tahay 802.11g. Sidoo kale, marka loo isticmaalo meel u dhow shabakadaha 802.11b/g, waxaa jiri kara faragelin sababtoo ah isticmaalka calaamado badan.

Sidoo kale akhri: ^{(Also Read:)} Waa maxay Wi-Fi 6 (802.11 ax)?^{(What is Wi-Fi 6 (802.11 ax)?)}

5. 802.11ac

La sii daayay 2014, kani waa heerka ugu badan ee maanta la isticmaalo. 802.11ac waxa siiyay Wi-Fi 5 Isbahaysiga^(Alliance) Wi-Fi . Dariiqyada wirelesska guriga maanta waa Wi-Fi 5 waafaqsan waxayna ku shaqeeyaan inta jeer ee 5GHz. Waxay isticmaashaa MIMO , taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay jiraan anteenooyin badan oo dirida iyo helitaanka qalabka. Waxaa jira qalad la dhimay iyo xawaaraha sare. Takhasuska halkan waa, MIMO isticmaale badan ayaa la isticmaalaa. Tani waxay ka dhigaysaa mid aad waxtar u leh. Gudaha MIMO , durdurro badan ayaa loo jiheeyaa hal macmiil. Gudaha MU-MIMO, durdurrada boosaska waxaa lagu hagaajin karaa macaamiil badan isku mar. Tani ma kordhin karto xawaaraha hal macmiil. Laakiin xogta guud ee xogta shabakada ayaa si weyn u korodhay.

Halbeeggu waxa uu taageeraa xidhiidho badan oo labada xadhkaha soo noqnoqda ah ee uu ku shaqeeyo – 2.5 GHz iyo 5 GHz . 802.11g waxa ay taageertaa afar durdur halka heerkani uu taageerayo ilaa 8 durdurrada kala duwan marka uu ka shaqeeyo xadiga soo noqnoqda ee 5 GHz .

802.11ac waxay fulisaa tignoolajiyada loo yaqaan beamforming. Halkan, anteenooyinku waxay gudbiyaan calaamadaha raadiyaha sida in lagu hago qalab gaar ah. Heerarkani waxa uu taageerayaa qiimayaasha xogta ilaa 3.4 Gbps . Tani waa markii ugu horeysay ee xawaaraha xogta uu kor u kaco ilaa gigabytes. Xadhkaha xadiga ah ee la bixiyo waxa uu ku dhawyahay 1300Mbps^(Mbps) ee xawaaladaha 5 GHz iyo 450Mbps^(Mbps) ee band 2.4GHz^(GHz)

Halbeeggu wuxuu bixiyaa cabbirka calaamadaha ugu fiican iyo xawaaraha. Waxqabadkeedu waxa uu la siman yahay xidhiidhada fiillooyinka caadiga ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horumarinta waxqabadka waxaa lagu arki karaa oo keliya codsiyada bandwidth-sare. Sidoo kale, waa heerka ugu qaalisan ee la hirgeliyo.

Heerarka Wi-Fi kale^{(Other Wi-Fi standards)}

1. 802.11aad^{(1. 802.11ad)}

Heerarka waxaa la soo saaray Diisambar 2012^{(December 2012)} . Waa heer aad u degdeg badan. Waxay ku shaqaysaa xawaare aan la rumaysan karin oo ah 6.7 Gbps . Waxay ku shaqeysaa xadiga soo noqnoqda ee 60 GHz . Khasaaraha kaliya ayaa ah xadka gaaban. Xawaaraha la sheegay waxaa la gaari karaa kaliya marka qalabku ku yaalo meel 11 cagood u jirta meesha laga galo.

2. 802.11ah

802.11ah sidoo kale loo yaqaan Wi-Fi HaLow . Waxaa la ansixiyay Sebtembar 2016^{(September 2016)} waxaana la sii daayay May 2017 . Ujeedadu waa in la bixiyo halbeeg wireless oo muujinaya isticmaalka tamarta yar. Waxaa loogu talagalay shabakadaha Wi-Fi^(Wi-Fi) ee ka baxsan meelaha la gaari karo inta badan 2.4 GHz iyo 5 GHz (gaar ahaan shabakadaha ka hooseeya band 1 GH). Heerkan, xawaaruhu wuxuu gaari karaa ilaa 347 Mbps . Heerarka waxaa loogu talagalay aaladaha tamarta yar sida aaladaha IoT . Iyada oo leh 802.11ah, isgaadhsiinta ilaa xadka dheer iyada oo aan la isticmaalin tamar badan ayaa suurtagal ah. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in halbeeggu uu la tartami doono Bluetoothfarsamada.

3. 802.11aj

Waa nooc waxyar laga beddelay oo ah heerka 802.11ad. Waxaa loogu talagalay in loogu isticmaalo gobollada ka shaqeeya 59-64 GHz band (gaar ahaan Shiinaha^(China) ). Sidaa darteed, halbeeggu wuxuu kaloo leeyahay magac kale - Shiinaha Millimeter Wave^{(China Millimeter Wave)} . Waxay ka shaqeysaa Shiinaha 45 ^{(China 45)} GHz band laakiin gadaal bay la jaanqaadi kartaa 802.11ad.

4. 802.11ak

802.11ak ujeedadiisu tahay in lagu bixiyo caawinta isku xidhka gudaha ee shabakadaha 802.1q, qalabyada leh 802.11 awooda. Bishii Noofambar 2018^{(November 2018)} , halbeeggu wuxuu lahaa xaalad qabyo ah. Waxaa loogu talagalay madadaalada guriga iyo alaabada kale ee leh awoodda 802.11 iyo 802.3 shaqada ethernet.

5. 802.11ay

Heerka 802.11ad waxa uu leeyahay wax soo saarka 7 Gbps . 802.11ay, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan jiilka soo socda 60GHz, wuxuu rajeenayaa in lagu gaaro wax soo saar gaaraya ilaa 20 Gbps ee xadiga soo noqnoqda ee 60GHz. Ujeedooyinka dheeraadka ah waa - korodhka baaxadda iyo isku halaynta.

6. 802.11ax

Caan ka ah Wi-Fi 6, tani waxay noqon doontaa bedelka Wi-Fi 5 . Waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin badan oo ku saabsan Wi-Fi 5 , sida xasilloonida ka wanaagsan meelaha dadku ku badan yahay, xawaaraha sare xitaa marka qalabyo badan ay ku xiran yihiin, beamforming fiican, iwm ... Waa wax ku ool ah WLAN . Waxaa la filayaa in ay soo bandhigto waxqabad aad u wanaagsan gobollada cufan sida garoomada diyaaradaha. Xawaaraha la qiyaasay ayaa ugu yaraan 4 jeer ka badan xawaaraha hadda ku jira Wi-Fi 5 . Waxay ku shaqeysaa isla spectrum - 2.4 GHz iyo 5 GHz . Maadaama ay sidoo kale ballan qaadayso ammaan wanaagsan oo ay isticmaasho awood yar, dhammaan aaladaha wireless-ka mustaqbalka ayaa la soo saari doonaa si ay u hoggaansamaan Wi-Fi 6.

Lagu taliyay: ^{(Recommended:)} Waa maxay faraqa u dhexeeya router iyo modem?^{(What is the Difference Between a Router and a Modem?)}

Soo koobid^(Summary)

• Heerarka Wi-Fi waa tiro qeexan oo loogu talagalay isku xirka wireless-ka.
• Heerarkan waxaa keenay IEEE waxaana shahaado siiyay oo ansixiyay Isbahaysiga^(Alliance) Wi-Fi .
• Isticmaalayaal badan ayaan ka warqabin heerarkan sababtoo ah nidaamka magacaabista wareersan ee IEEE qaatay .
• Si loogu fududeeyo isticmaalayaasha, Isbahaysiga^(Alliance) Wi-Fi waxa uu dib u curiyey qaar ka mid ah heerarka Wi-Fi ee inta badan la isticmaalo oo leh magacyo saaxiibtinimo.
• Heer kasta oo cusub, waxaa jira astaamo dheeri ah, xawaare ka wanaagsan, baaxad dheer, iwm.
• Heerka Wi-Fi-ga ugu badan ee^(Wi-Fi) maanta la isticmaalo waa Wi-Fi 5.

Wi-Fi Standards Explained: 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n, 802.11a

All modern іnternet users are aware of the term Wi-Fi. It is a way to connect to the internet wirelessly. Wi-Fi is a trademark that is owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance. This organization is responsible for certifying Wi-Fi products if they meet the 802.11  wireless standards set by the IEEE. What are these standards? They are basically a set of specifications that keep growing as new frequеnciеs become available. With every new stаndard, the aim is to boost the wireless throughput and range.

You may come across these standards if you are looking to buy new wireless networking gear. There are a bunch of different standards each with their own set of capabilities. Just because a new standard has been released does not mean that it is immediately available to the consumer or you need to switch over to it. The standard to choose depends on your requirements.

Consumers usually find the standard names hard to understand. That is because of the naming scheme adopted by the IEEE. Recently (in 2018), the Wi-Fi Alliance aimed to make the standard names user-friendly. Thus, they have now come up with easy-to-understand standard names/version numbers. The simpler names are, however, only for the recent standards. And, IEEE still refers to the standards using the old scheme. Thus, it is a good idea to be familiar with the IEEE naming scheme too.

Wi-Fi Standards Explained: 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n, 802.11a

Some of the recent Wi-Fi standards are 802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11ax. These names can easily confuse the user. Thus, the names given to these standards by the Wi-Fi Alliance are – Wi-Fi 4, Wi-Fi 5, and W-Fi 6. You may notice that all the standards have ‘802.11’ in them.

What is 802.11?

802.11 can be considered as the basic foundation upon which all other wireless products were developed. 802.11 was the first WLAN standard. It was created by IEEE in 1997. It had a 66-feet indoor range and a 330-feet outdoor range. 802.11 wireless products are no longer made because of its low bandwidth (hardly 2 Mbps). However, many other standards have been built around 802.11.

Let us now take a look at how the Wi-Fi standards have evolved since the first WLAN was created. Discussed below are the various Wi-Fi standards that came up since 802.11, in chronological order.

1. 802.11b

Although 802.11 was the first WLAN standard ever, it was 802.11b which made Wi-Fi popular. 2 years after 802.11, in September 1999, 802.11b was released. While it still used the same radio signaling frequency of 802.11 (about 2.4 GHz), the speed went up from 2 Mbps to 11 Mbps. This was still the theoretical speed. In practice, the expected bandwidth was 5.9 Mbps (for TCP) and 7.1 Mbps (for UDP). It is not only the oldest but also has the least speed among all the standards. 802.11b had a range of about 150 feet.

As it operates at an unregulated frequency, other home appliances at 2.4 GHz range (such as ovens and cordless phones) can cause interference. This problem was avoided by installing the gear at a distance from appliances that could potentially incur interference. 802.11b and its next standard 802.11a were both approved at the same time, but it was 802.11b that hit the markets first.

2. 802.11a

802.11a was created at the same time as 802.11b. The two technologies were incompatible because of the difference in frequencies. 802.11a operated at a 5GHz frequency which is less crowded. Thus, the chances of interference were minimized. However, due to high frequency, 802.11a devices had a lesser range and the signals would not penetrate obstructions easily.

802.11a used a technique called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to create a wireless signal. 802.11a also promised a much higher bandwidth – a theoretical maximum of 54 Mbps. As 802.11a devices were more expensive at the time, their use was restricted to business applications. 802.11b was the standard prevalent among the common people. Thus, it has more popularity than 802.11a.

3. 802.11g

802.11g was approved in June 2003. The standard made an attempt to combine the benefits provided by the last two standards – 802.11a & 802.11b. Thus, 802.11g provided the bandwidth of 802.11a (54 Mbps). But it provided a greater range by operating at the same frequency as 802.11b (2.4 GHz). While the last two standards were incompatible with each other, 802.11g is backward compatible with 802.11b. This means that 802.11b wireless network adapters can be used with 802.11g access points.

This is the least expensive standard that is still in use. While it provides supports for almost all the wireless devices in use today, it does have a disadvantage. If there are any 802.11b devices connected, the whole network slows down to match its speed. Thus, apart from being the oldest standard in use, it is the slowest as well.

This standard was a significant leap towards better speed and coverage. This was the time when consumers stated enjoying routers with better coverage than the previous standards.

4. 802.11n

Also named Wi-Fi 4 by the Wi-Fi Alliance, this standard was approved in October 2009. It was the first standard that made use of MIMO technology. MIMO stands for Multiple Input Multiple Output. In this arrangement, many transmitters and receivers operate either at one end or even at both ends of the link. This is a major development because you no more have to depend on higher bandwidth or transmit power for an increase in data.

With 802.11n, Wi-Fi became even faster and more reliable. You might have heard the term dual-band from LAN vendors. This means that data is delivered across 2 frequencies. 802.11n operates at 2 frequencies – 2.45 GHz and 5 GHz. 802.11n has a theoretical bandwidth of 300 Mbps. It is believed that the speeds can reach even 450 Mbps if 3 antennae are used. Due to signals of high intensity, 802.11n devices provide a greater range when compared to those of previous standards. 802.11 provides support for a wide range of wireless network devices. However, it is more expensive than 802.11g. Also, when used in close range with 802.11b/g networks, there may be interference due to the use of multiple signals.

Also Read: What is Wi-Fi 6 (802.11 ax)?

5. 802.11ac

Released in 2014, this is the most common standard in use today. 802.11ac was given the name Wi-Fi 5 by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The home wireless routers today are Wi-Fi 5 compliant and operate at 5GHz frequency. It makes use of MIMO, which means there are multiple antennas on sending and receiving devices. There is reduced error and high speed. The specialty here is, a multi-user MIMO is used. This makes it even more efficient. In MIMO, many streams are directed to a single client. In MU-MIMO, spatial streams can be directed to many clients at the same time. This may not increase the speed of a single client. But the overall data throughput of the network is significantly increased.

The standard supports multiple connections on both the frequency bands at which it operates – 2.5 GHz and 5 GHz. 802.11g supports four streams while this standard supports up to 8 different streams when it operates in the 5 GHz frequency band.

802.11ac implements a technology called beamforming. Here, the antennae transmit radio signals such that they are directed at a specific device. This standard supports data rates up to 3.4 Gbps. This is the first time the data speed has risen to gigabytes. The bandwidth offered is around 1300 Mbps in the 5 GHz band and 450 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band.

The standard provides the best signal range and speed. Its performance is on par with standard wired connections. However, the improvement in performance can be seen only in high-bandwidth applications. Also, it is the most expensive standard to implement.

Other Wi-Fi standards

1. 802.11ad

The standard was rolled out in December 2012. It is an extremely fast standard. It operates at an unbelievable speed of 6.7 Gbps. It operates at the 60 GHz frequency band. The only disadvantage is its short range. The said speed can be achieved only when the device is situated within an 11 feet radius from the access point.

2. 802.11ah

802.11ah is also known as Wi-Fi HaLow. It was approved in September 2016 and released in May 2017. The aim is to provide a wireless standard that exhibits low energy consumption. It is meant for Wi-Fi networks that go beyond the reach of the usual 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands (especially those networks that operate below the 1 GH band). In this standard, data speeds can go up to 347 Mbps. The standard is meant for low-energy devices such as IoT devices. With 802.11ah, communication across long ranges without consuming much energy is possible. It is believed that the standard will compete with Bluetooth technology.

3. 802.11aj

It is a slightly modified version of the 802.11ad standard. It is meant for use in regions that operate in the 59-64 GHz band (primarily China). Thus, the standard also has another name – the China Millimeter Wave. It operates in the China 45 GHz band but is backward compatible with 802.11ad.

4. 802.11ak

802.11ak aims to provide help with internal connections within 802.1q networks, to devices that have 802.11 capability. In November 2018, the standard had a draft status. It is meant for home entertainment and other products with 802.11 capability and 802.3 ethernet function.

5. 802.11ay

The 802.11ad standard has a throughput of 7 Gbps. 802.11ay, also known as the next-generation 60GHz, aims to achieve a throughput of up to 20 Gbps in the 60GHz frequency band. Additional objectives are – increased range and reliability.

6. 802.11ax

Popularly known as Wi-Fi 6, this will be the successor of Wi-Fi 5. It has many benefits over Wi-Fi 5, such as better stability in crowded areas, high speed even when multiple devices are connected, better beamforming, etc… It is a high-efficiency WLAN. It is expected to provide excellent performance in dense regions such as airports. The estimated speed is at least 4 times more than the current speed in Wi-Fi 5. It operates in the same spectrum – 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Since it also promises better security and consumes lesser power, all future wireless devices will be manufactured such that they are Wi-Fi 6 compliant.

Recommended: What is the Difference Between a Router and a Modem?

Summary

• Wi-Fi standards are a set of specifications for wireless connectivity.
• These standards are introduced by the IEEE and certified and approved by the Wi-Fi Alliance.
• Many users are not aware of these standards due to the confusing naming scheme adopted by the IEEE.
• To make it simpler for the users, the Wi-Fi Alliance has re-christened some commonly used Wi-Fi standards with user-friendly names.
• With every new standard, there are additional features, better speed, longer range, etc.
• The most commonly used Wi-Fi standard today is Wi-Fi 5.

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