Barashada wax cusub waxay noqon kartaa madadaalo iyo xiiso labadaba. Ilaa iyo inta aad diyaar u tahay inaad ka baxdo aaggaaga raaxada wax yar, Linux ayaa ku siin karta fikrad cusub oo ku saabsan waxa ay ka dhigan tahay nidaamka hawlgalka. 

Rajada gelitaanka Linux marka hore waxay u ekaan kartaa mid adag. Gaar ahaan qofka ku qaatay inta badan noloshiisa isagoo isticmaalaya nidaamka Windows -ka ee saaxiibka la ah waligiis . Hase yeeshe, marka aad naftaada u furto adduunka Linux , waxay diyaar u noqon doontaa inay kugu soo dhaweyso martigelin software il furan oo bilaash ah oo aad ku isticmaali karto kombuyuutar kasta oo gaar ah.

Su'aasha ay tahay inaad isweydiiso naftaada waa "Waa maxay sababta aan u galo Linux ?" Haddii aad hore u isticmaashay nidaamka qalliinka qaarkood sida Windows ama Mac , run ahaantii ma jiraan qodob?

Ka fakar in aad helayso xirfad cusub. Barashada Linux waxay falaar kale ku kordhinaysaa gabooyaha aqoonta kombiyuutarkaaga. In aad aqoon dheeraad ah ka qaadato mawduuca weligeed ma aha wax xun. Waxa kale oo jirta xaqiiqo aan la qiyaasi karin oo ah in Linux ka ammaan badan yahay nidaamyada kale ee hawlgalka. Ma aha in la xuso in weli ay jirto baahida loo qabo isticmaalayaasha UNIX/Linux ee xoogga shaqada.

Hordhac Bilawga Linux^{(A Beginner’s Introduction to Linux)}

Waxaa jira boqolaal qaybin Linux ah oo firfircoon , iyo daraasiin deegaan desktop kala duwan ah oo diyaar u ah inay ku shaqeeyaan. Waxyaabaha Linux ku jira waxay u shaqeeyaan si ka duwan kuwa Windows iyo Mac , oo ay ku jiraan wax kasta laga bilaabo rakibaadda software ilaa darawallada qalabka. 

Fahamka tidbit kasta oo ku saabsan Linux ka hor inta aanad ku boodin isticmaalka ma aha lagama maarmaan, laakiin ma noqon doonto hagaha bilawga adiga oo aan taaban dhawr waxyaalood oo muhiim ah oo ku caawin kara mustaqbalka fog. Midka ugu horreeya ayaa ah "Waa maxay kernel?"

Linux Kernel

Dhammaan nidaamyada hawlgalka waxay leeyihiin kernel. Kernel-ka nidaamka qalliinka waa qayb muhiim ah oo bixisa adeegyada aasaasiga ah wax kasta oo ku jira nidaamka hawlgalka. 

Iyadoo Linux , kernelku waa monolithic, nidaamka UNIX-u eg^(UNIX-like) kaas oo sidaas oo kale u dhacaya mashruuca isha furan ee ugu weyn adduunka. Si fudud u dhig, kernel waa wadnaha garaaca ee nidaamka hawlgalka oo dhan.

Ha Daadin OS-kaaga Hadda^{(Don’t Ditch Your Current OS)}

Uma baahnid inaad ka takhalusto Windows ama MacOS si aad Linux ugu socodsiiso mashiinkaaga. Qaybinta Linux^(Linux) qaarkood ayaa kuu oggolaan doona inaad ku rakibto darawalka USB ama nidaamka laba-boot ah oo ku^{(dual-boot system)} siinaya dabacsanaan badan isticmaalkiisa. 

Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in Linux iyo nidaamkaaga hawl-maalmeedkaba ay ku wada noolaan karaan dhinac dhinac isku mid ah isla mashiinka.

Il furan^{(Open Source)}

Marka laga hadlayo Linux , isha furan asal ahaan macnaheedu waa beddelka bilaashka ah ee nidaamyada hawlgalka sida Windows iyo MacOS . Waxa kale oo ay ka dhigan tahay in isticmaalayaashu ay xor u yihiin inay beddelaan oo dib u qaybiyaan nidaamka hawlgalka sida qaybintooda. 

Linux waxay kuu oggolaan doontaa inaad iska ilaaliso inta badan carqaladaha caadiga ah, daciifnimada, iyo baylahda ay labada hab- hawlgal ee aan soo sheegnay ay la kulmaan ku dhawaad ​​maalin kasta.

Linux Shell

Qolofku asal ahaan waa interface interface ee Linux . Waxaad gelisaa amarrada qolofka ka dibna waxay fulisaa amarradaas, adoo la xidhiidha nidaamka hawlgalka Linux . 

Qolalka Linux waxa uu isticmaali karaa luuqado kala duwan oo amar ah, kuwa ugu caansan waa BASH ama B ourne A gain SH ell. Luqad kastaa waxay guud ahaan yeelanaysaa eray-bixin u gaar ah, sidaa awgeed, bilow ahaan, waxa ay fiicnaan lahayd in aad mid doorato oo aad ku dhegganaato.

Waxa kale oo ay faa'iido kuu yeelan doontaa inaad iska ilaaliso isticmaalka GUI (garaaf adeegsiyeedka) oo aad doorato inaad isticmaasho khadka taliska. Tani waxay kaa dhigi doontaa inaad wax badan ka barato shaqada gudaha Linux waxayna ku siin doontaa xirfado dheeraad ah oo kaa caawin kara inaad hoos u dhigto khadka.

Doorashada Qaybinta^{(Choosing a Distribution)}

Doorashada qaybinta ku habboon baahiyahaaga iyo shuruudahaaga waa tallaabada ugu horreysa ee safarkaaga adduunka Linux . Si ka duwan Windows iyo MacOS , waxaa jira kumanaan qeybin oo kala duwan oo laga dooran karo.

Qaybinta linux waxay qaadan doontaa kernel Linux waxayna ku dari doontaa software kale si loo abuuro nidaam dhammaystiran oo shaqaynaya. Software-ka lagu daray aad ayuu u kala duwanaan karaa - daalacashada webka, deegaanka desktop, adeegyada aasaasiga ah ee GNU , iyo wax ka badan.

Doorashooyin badan oo caan ah ayaa si qoto dheer loogu daboolay DistroWatch , taas oo ah meel fiican oo lagu ogaanayo qaybinta saxda ah ee shaqada.

Qofka leh asalka Windows , Ubuntu waxay u noqon doontaa meel fiican oo laga bilaabo. Ubuntu wuxuu^(Ubuntu) ku dadaalayaa inuu baabi'iyo qaar badan oo ka mid ah cidhifyada qallafsan ee Linux . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maanta qaar badan oo ka mid ah isticmaalayaasha Linux ayaa bilaabay inay doorbidaan Linux Mint , kuwaas oo maraakiibta wata kombuyuutarrada Cinnamon^(Cinnamon) ama MATE - kuwaas oo labaduba ka yara dhaqameed marka loo eego Ubuntu 's Unity desktop.

Iyadoo aan loo eegin, maahan inaad doorato nooca kaliya ee ugu fiican markaad bilaabayso. Kaliya ku dheggan mid ka mid ah xulashooyinka caanka ah waana inaad fiicnaataa inaad tagto. Qaybin kastaa waxay yeelan doontaa degel u gaar ah si aad ugu gudbi karto mid ka mid ah si aad u soo dejiso sawirka ISO -ga waxaad u baahan doontaa inaad bilowdo.

Gubashada Sawirka ISO^{(Burning The ISO Image)}

Gubashada sawirka ma qaadato aqoon badan oo runtii waxay u baahan tahay oo kaliya in go'aan lagu gaaro DVD ama USB . Waxaan kugula talineynaa inaad qaadato ikhtiyaarka USB-ga^(USB) maadaama inta badan laptop-yada iyo kombuyuutarrada ay maalmahan baabi'iyeen darawallada DVD-ga^(DVD) . USB 3.0 Drive sidoo kale waa wax badan oo la taaban karo, ku habboon, wuxuuna bixiyaa waqti bootin ka dhaqso badan kuwa la midka ah DVD-ga^(DVD) .

Si aad sawirka ugu gubto USB , waxaad u baahan doontaa barnaamij gaar ah si uu u shaqeeyo. Rufus , UNetbootin , ama Universal USB Installer waa kuwa inta badan lagula taliyay bulshada qaybinta Linux . Haddii aad dooratay Fedora qaybintaada ugu horreysa, Qoraaga Warbaahinta Fedora^{(Fedora Media Writer)} ayaa ah habka ugu fudud ee aad ku tagi karto.

Kor u qaadida Linux^{(Booting Up Linux)}

Hadda oo aad heshay sawirka, waa markii aad kor u qaadi lahayd. Ku xidh USB-^(USB) gaaga (ama geli DVD-ga^(DVD) ) qaybinta aad dooratay kumbuyuutarkaaga, oo dib u bilow. Waa inay si toos ah u kicisaa, laakiin haddii aysan taasi dhicin, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad u baahato inaad bedesho BIOS ama UEFI nidaamka boot firmware.

Kumbuyuutarrada intooda badani waxay shaqaynayaan UEFI maalmahan laakiin waxaad u baahan doontaa inaad hubiso, waaba haddii ay dhacdo. Waxaad inta badan geli kartaa desktop-ka BIOS ama UEFI adiga oo garaacaya furaha Del ama F12 ka hor inta aanad kicin Windows.

Waxa kale oo suurtogal ah in aad u baahato inaad damiso Secure Boot si aad Linux ugu dhejiso Windows 10^{(Windows 10)} kumbuyuutarka. Caadi ahaan, qaybinta caanka ah ma laha arrin laakiin haddii aad dooratay mid ka mid ah noocyada aadka u daahsoon, waxaa laga yaabaa in la sameeyo ka hor inta aan la kicin.  

Fursadaha ayaa wanaagsan inaadan xitaa u baahnayn inaad Linux ku rakibto kumbuyuutarkaaga. Taa baddalkeeda, inta badan qaybintu waxay u ogolaataa jawi "nool" taasoo la micno ah inaad gabi ahaanba Linux ka maamuli karto qalabkaaga sawirka. Tani waxay u fiican tahay bilawga marka aad la ciyaari doonto agagaarka isticmaalaha iyo desktop-ka si aad u dareento waxa Linux uu bixiyo.

Markaad buuxisay maalintaa oo aad rabto inaad ka baxdo deegaanka Linux nool , waxaad si fudud dib u bilaabi kartaa kombiyuutarkaaga oo aad ka saari kartaa qalabka sawirka leh.

Sababaha loo rakibo Linux^{(Reasons To Install Linux)}

Sababaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu rakibo Linux waa in ku socodsiinta "nool" macnaheedu waa in wax kasta oo aad ku dhejiso goobaha, aad ku rakibtay, iyo faylasha aad abuurtay aan la sii hayn doonin. Mar kasta oo aad ka saartid qalabka sawirka sawirka ka muuqda kombayutarkaaga, waxaas oo dhan waa la tirtirayaa. 

Ku rakibida Linux si fudud ayaa aad ugu habboon. La ciyaar qaybinta kale inta lagu jiro inta aad ka helayso midka kugu habboon, oo ku rakib. Waxaad dooran kartaa inaad ka saarto nidaamkaaga hawlgalka ee hadda oo aad ku beddesho Linux ama waxaad abuuri kartaa doorasho dabacsan oo aad raacdo qaabeynta laba-boot^{(dual-boot configuration)} .

Ku rakibaha waxaa laga heli karaa gudaha deegaanka "nool".

Desktop-ka Linux^{(The Linux Desktop)}

Inta badan qaybinta Linux waxay la socotaa biraawsarka shabakadda Firefox mar hore ayaa lagu soo daray. ^(Firefox)Codsiyada kale ee la rakibay waxay u badan tahay inay kala duwanaan doonaan iyadoo ku xidhan qaybinta laakiin ku darida arjiyada dheeraadka ah ayaa dhawr dhagsi u jira.

Waxaad filan kartaa in jawiga desktop-kaagu uu yeesho dhammaan gambaleelka iyo foorida caadiga ah: menu-ka codsiga, nooc ka mid ah bar-hawleed ama goob-xidho, iyo saxaarad nidaameed. Ha^(Don) ka baqin inaad ku dhufatid hareeraha oo aad ku khalkhaliso dhowr waxyaalood. 

Haddii aadan si xad dhaaf ah ugu faraxsanayn waxa desktop-ka uu bixiyo, ku dhawaad ​​​​dhammaan qaybinta waaweyn waxay kuu oggolaanayaan inaad ku rakibto desktop-ka aad dooratay marka aad rakibto Linux . Qaybinta qaar ayaa loo hagaajiyay miis gaar ah, laakiin u beddelka si ay ugu habboonaato baahiyahaaga ayaa lama huraan u ah waayo-aragnimada Linux . Waxaad xitaa yeelan kartaa kombiyuutaro badan oo aad ka dooran karto ilaa inta aad haysato booska saxanka ee lagama maarmaanka ah.

Haddi aad waligaa u baahato in lagaa caawiyo isku xidhka, goobaha qaybinta ee waawayn waxa ay lahaan doonaan dokumentiyo badan oo si fudud kugu heli kara wadada saxda ah. Si fudud waxaa jira kala duwanaansho aad u badan oo lagu liis gareyn karo halkan.

Ku rakibida Software dheeraad ah^{(Installing Additional Software)}

Waxaad ku rakibi kartaa software dheeraad ah qaybinta Linux ee aad dooratay adoon u baahnayn inaad rakibto Linux . Waxa ugu weyn ee laga walwalo waa in rakibaadda software ee Linux ay u shaqeyso si aad uga duwan rakibaadda software-ka ee Windows . 

Looma baahna in kor loo qaado biraawsarkaaga oo aad raadsato soo dejin gaar ah. Taa baddalkeeda, waxaad u baahan doontaa inaad ka hesho rakibaha software-ka ee nidaamka  Linux si aad wax ugu kordhiso.^(Linux)

Tusaale ahaan, haddii aad dooratay Ubuntu ama Fedora , waxaad awoodi doontaa inaad ku rakibto software-ka adigoo isticmaalaya GNOME's dukaanka software. Run ahaantii waxaa loogu magac daray Software si aanay u adkaan in la helo.

Maareeyaha software wuxuu bixiyaa kaydka software si gaar ah loogu talagalay inay la shaqeeyaan qaybinta Linux ee aad dooratay . Software-kan waxaa tijaabin doona oo ku siin doona qaybinta Linux . Ka fakar sida dukaanka app oo ay ka buuxaan software bilaash ah, il furan oo laga dooran karo. Kaliya^(Just) ogow marka aad ka fikirto Google Play iyo Apple's App Store , Linux ayaa markii hore sameyneysay. 

Haddii aadan ka heli karin codsiga aad rabto maamulaha software, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad ka baxdo xirmada qaybinta Linux , oo aad si toos ah uga hesho abka goobta rasmiga ah.

Rakibaadda Darawalka^{(Driver Installation)}

Inta badan darawalada qalabka loo baahan yahay waxaa lagu dhisi doonaa Linux . Darawalada kaliya ee xiran ee maskaxda ku soo dhaca ee laga yaabo inaad rabto inaad hesho waa kuwa kor u qaadaya waxqabadka garaafyada ( AMD , Nvidia ) iyo wadayaasha Wi-Fi. Kuwani maahan wax loo baahan yahay oo wax kasta oo Linux ku jira waa inay ku filan yihiin.

Qaybinta qaar sida Ubuntu iyo Linux Mint waxay isticmaali doonaan qalabkooda darawalnimada qalabka si ay ugu taliyaan darawalada haddii loo baahdo. Markaa waxa jira qaybin kale oo aan kaa caawin doonin inaad rakibto wadayaasha il-dhaweedka gabi ahaanba. Haddii aad u baahan tahay darawalo khaas ah, raadso caawimada dukumeentiyada qaybintaada.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Linux waa inuu dareemo inuu ku dhow yahay waayo-aragnimada Windows , gaar ahaan haddii aad dooratay mid leh GUI sida qorfe^(Cinnamon) ama GNOME . Waa inaad ka heli kartaa dhammaan barnaamijyada caanka ah ee Linux ee aad haddii kale ku isticmaali lahayd Windows .

An Introduction to Linux for Beginners

Learnіng something nеw can be both fun аnd exciting. As long as you’re wіllіng to step out from your comfort zone a littlе, Linux can offer you a whole new take on what it means to be an operating system. 

The prospect of getting into Linux may seem daunting at first. Especially for someone who has spent the bulk of their life using the ever so user-friendly Windows operating system. Yet, once you’ve opened yourself up to the world of Linux, it will be ready to welcome you with a host of free open-source software that you can use on any personal computer.

The question you’ve got to ask yourself is “Why should I get into Linux?” If you already use a certain operating system like Windows or Mac, is there really a point?

Think of it as gaining a new skill set. Learning about Linux adds another arrow to your computer knowledge quiver. Soaking up more knowledge on a subject is never really a bad thing. There’s also the unmitigated fact that Linux is more secure than most other operating systems. Not to mention that there is still a demand for UNIX/Linux users in the workforce.

A Beginner’s Introduction to Linux

There are hundreds of active Linux distributions, and dozens of different desktop environments available to run them on. Things in Linux work differently than the likes of Windows and Mac, including everything from software installation to hardware drivers. 

Understanding every little tidbit about Linux prior to jumping into using it is not necessary, but it wouldn’t be a beginner’s guide without touching on a few key things that may help you in the long run. The first of those being “What is a kernel?”

Linux Kernel

All operating systems have a kernel. The kernel of an operating system is an essential core component that provides basic services for everything within the operating system. 

With Linux, the kernel is a monolithic, UNIX-like system which just so happens to be the largest open source project in the world. Put simply, a kernel is the beating heart of the entire operating system.

Don’t Ditch Your Current OS

You don’t have to get rid of Windows or MacOS in order to run Linux on your machine. Some Linux distributions will allow you to install via USB drive or on a dual-boot system providing you plenty of flexibility in its use. 

This means that both Linux and your day-to-day operating system can co-exist side by side on the same machine.

Open Source

In the case of Linux, open-source essentially means a free alternative to the operating systems such as Windows and MacOS. It also means that users are free to alter and re-distribute the operating system as their own distribution. 

Linux will allow you to avoid most of the usual distractions, weaknesses, and vulnerabilities that both aforementioned operating systems tend to face almost daily.

Linux Shell

The shell is basically a user interface for Linux. You input commands into the shell and then it executes those commands, communicating with the Linux operating system. 

The Linux shell can use a host of varying command languages, the most well-known being BASH or Bourne Again SHell. Each language will generally have its own syntax so, as a beginner, it would be best to choose one and stick with it.

It would also be beneficial to you to avoid using a GUI (graphical user interface) and opt to instead utilize the command line. This will get you more familiar with the inner workings of Linux and provide additional skills that could help you further down the line.

Choosing a Distribution

Selecting the distribution that fits your needs and criteria is the first step on your journey into the world of Linux. Unlike with Windows and MacOS, there are quite literally thousands of different distributions from which to choose.

A linux distribution will take the Linux kernel and combine it with other software in order to create a complete, functioning operating system. The software added can vary greatly – web browsers, desktop environments, GNU core utilities, and much more.

The more popular choices are covered in-depth on DistroWatch, which is a great place to discover the right distribution for the job.

For someone with a Windows background, Ubuntu would be a fine place to start. Ubuntu strives to eliminate many of Linux’s rougher edges. However, today many Linux users have begun to prefer Linux Mint, which ships with either the Cinnamon or MATE desktops – which are both a bit more traditional than Ubuntu’s Unity desktop.

Regardless, you don’t have to choose the single best version when starting out. Just stick to one of the more popular choices and you should be good to go. Each distribution will have its own website so you can head over to one of them in order to download the ISO disc image you’ll need to get started.

Burning The ISO Image

Burning the image doesn’t take much know-how and really only requires a decision be made on either DVD or USB. We recommend you take the USB option as most laptops and desktops nowadays have done away with DVD drives. A USB 3.0 drive is also more versatile, convenient, and provides a faster boot time than the likes of a DVD drive.

In order to burn an image to USB, you’ll need a specialized program to make it work. Rufus, UNetbootin, or Universal USB Installer are those most recommended from the Linux distribution community. If you’ve chosen Fedora as your first distribution, the Fedora Media Writer is by far the easiest way to go.

Booting Up Linux

Now that you’ve got the image, it’s time to boot it up. Plug your USB (or insert the DVD) with the distribution that you chose into your computer, and restart it. It should boot up directly, but if it doesn’t, you may need to change your BIOS or UEFI firmware boot order.

Most computers are running UEFI nowadays but you’ll want to check, just in case. You can usually enter your desktop’s BIOS or UEFI by hitting either the Del or F12 key prior to Windows booting up.

It’s also possible that you may need to disable Secure Boot in order to boot Linux on a Windows 10 computer. Normally, the more popular distributions don’t have an issue but if you have chosen one of the more obscure versions, it may have to be done prior to booting.  

Chances are good that you won’t even need to install Linux onto your computer. Instead, most distributions allow for a “live” environment meaning you can run Linux entirely from your image boot device. This is great for beginners as you’ll get to play around with the user interface and desktop to get a feel for what Linux offers.

Once you’ve had your fill for the day and wish to leave the live Linux environment, you can simply reboot your computer and remove the imaged device.

Reasons To Install Linux

The primary reasons to install Linux is that running it “live” means that anything you configure in the settings, have installed additionally, and files you have created will not be maintained. Any time you remove the imaged boot device from your computer, all of that is erased. 

Installing Linux is simply more convenient. Play around with other distributions in the meantime until you find the one that best suits you, and install it. You can choose to remove your current operating system and replace it with Linux or you can create a more flexible choice and go with a dual-boot configuration.

The installer can be found within the “live” environment.

The Linux Desktop

The majority of Linux distributions ship with the Firefox web browser already included. The other installed applications will likely vary depending on the distribution but adding additional applications is only a few clicks away.

You can expect your desktop environment to have all of the standard bells and whistles: an application menu, some sort of taskbar or dock, and a system tray. Don’t be scared to click around and mess with a few things. 

If you’re not overly thrilled with what the desktop has to offer, almost all major distributions allow you the option of installing the desktop of your choice once you’ve installed Linux. Some distributions are optimized for a particular desktop, but changing it to fit your needs is essential to the Linux experience. You can even have multiple desktops to choose from as long as you have the disk space necessary.

If you ever need help with configurations, the major distribution sites will have plenty of documentation that can easily get you on the right path. There are simply too many variations to list them here.

Installing Additional Software

You can install additional software onto your chosen Linux distribution without the need to install Linux. The major thing to worry about is that software installation on Linux works very differently from software installation on Windows. 

There’s no need to pull up a web browser and go on a hunt for a specific download. Instead, you’ll need to locate the software installer on your Linux system in order to make additions. 

For instance, if you’ve chosen Ubuntu or Fedora, you’ll be able to install the software using GNOME’s software store application. It’s literally been named Software so it shouldn’t be difficult to find.

A software manager provides software repositories specifically designed to work with your chosen Linux distribution. This software will have been tested and provided to you by the Linux distribution. Think of it like an app store that is full of free, open-source software from which to choose. Just know that when you think of Google Play and Apple’s App Store, Linux was doing it first. 

If you can’t find the application you want in the software manager, you may have to go outside of the Linux distribution package, and get the app directly from the official site.

Driver Installation

Most of the hardware drivers required will be built in on Linux. The only closed-source drivers that come to mind you may wish to acquire are those to optimize graphical performance (AMD, Nvidia) and Wi-Fi drivers. These aren’t a necessity and everything included in Linux should be sufficient.

Some distributions like Ubuntu and Linux Mint will use their hardware driver tools to recommend drivers if necessary. Then there are other distributions which will not help you install close-source drivers at all. Should you need specialized drivers, seek the help of your distribution’s documentation.

Regardless, Linux should feel rather close to a Windows experience, especially if you’ve chosen one with a GUI like Cinnamon or GNOME. You should be able to find all of the more popular programs on Linux you would otherwise use on Windows.

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