Dunida si degdeg ah ugu socota dhammaan-digital, waxay u ekaan kartaa mid aan maskax lahayn in la qabto doorashooyin elektaroonig ah. Haddana, aduunka intiisa badan, nidaamka codaynta ee warqada ku salaysan ee la isku dayay oo la tijaabiyay ayaa wali ah doorashada la door bidayo. 

Mid ka mid ah sababaha tani waa inertia saafi ah. Ma fududa in si fudud loo beddelo nidaamka baaxadda leh ee xididaysan hal habeen. Arrin kale oo muhiim ah waa hab-dhaqan taxaddar leh marka ay timaaddo ilaalinta daacadnimada doorashada.

Dabeecadda khiyaanada codbixinta ee warqadda ku salaysan waa mid si fiican loo yaqaan, laakiin marka aad dijital gasho waxaa jira doorsoomayaal cusub oo ciyaarta ku jira. Si kastaba ha ahaatee^{(Nonetheless)} , codaynta elektarooniga ah ayaa soo socota, marka aad ku xigta u gudubto warqadaha cod bixinta waxaa jirta fursad wanaagsan inaad ku cadaadin doonto batoonka mashiinka halkii aad calaamadayn lahayd warqad ama kaarka feerka.

Haddaba su'aasha ugu weyni waxay tahay ma ammaan baa in si elektaroonig ah loogu codeeyo oo ma la jabsado doorashada arrin?

Waa maxay macnaha Codaynta "Electronic"?

Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo cod-bixineed elegtaroonig ah, welwelka badbaadaduna mid walba wuu ku kala duwan yahay. Codaynta elegtarooniga ah, si guud, macneheedu waa qabashada codadka iyadoo la isticmaalayo hab kumbiyuutar ah. Mashiinnada codbixinta ee akhriya kaadhadhka feerka ayaa sidoo kale si adag uga hadlaya dalladda ballaadhan ee codaynta elegtarooniga ah. Laakin noocyada mashiinada inta badan maaha waxa ay dadku ka hadlayaan marka ay isticmaalayaan ereyga "codbixinta elektarooniga ah". 

Taa beddelkeeda waxay u jeedaan isticmaalka waxa loogu yeero "nidaamyada elektaroonigga ah ee duubista tooska ah^{(“direct recording electronic systems)} " ama beddelka codeynta khadka tooska ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo aaladda sida kumbuyuutarka ama casriga ah.

Waa maxay Faa'iidooyinka ^(Benefits)Codaynta Elektarooniga^{(Electronic Voting)} ah ?

Doorashooyinku waa kuwo qaali ah, xoog leh waxayna socon karaan waqti dheer oo saameeya wax soo saarka heer gobol ama heer qaran. Haddii qof kastaa uu ku codayn karo si elektaroonik ah waxay la macno tahay codbixin aad u degdeg badan oo sax ah. Dad yar ayaa u baahan doona in la shaqaaleysiiyo si ay u maamulaan doorashada. Waxaad sidoo kale jartay gaadiidka tan iyo tan waraaqaha, oo ay weheliso kaabayaasha amniga si loo hubiyo in codadkaas ay si badbaado leh u gaadhaan halka lagu tiriyo.

Mashiinnada codaynta ee kalida ah waxay sidoo kale bixiyaan dabacsanaan badan marka ay timaado khibrada isticmaalaha. Tusaale ahaan, codbixiyaasha naafada ah waxay dooran karaan dhowr ikhtiyaar oo gelitaan si ay uga caawiyaan inay si madaxbannaan oo sharaf leh u codeeyaan.

Nidaamyada elektaroonigga ah ee duubista tooska ah ma laha warqado waraaqo ah oo codad ah waxaana dhammaan codadka lagu duubay nooc ka mid ah aaladaha xusuusta. Xogtaas ayaa lagu daray tirinta. Sida iska cad, maadaama ay dhammaan elektaroonik tahay, ma jiri karaan xisaab-xumo natiijadana waa la heli karaa isla markiiba. Ugu yaraan adduun ku habboon, waa sida ay tahay inay u shaqeyso.

Codeynta khadka tooska ah faa'iidada ugu weyn waxay noqon doontaa in codbixiyayaashu ay codkooda ka dhiiban karaan guryahooda, waddan kale ama meel kasta oo kale oo leh xiriir internet. Kaas oo aragti ahaan kordhin kara soo-jeedinta cod-bixiyayaasha una ogolaanaya dadweynuhu inay u codeeyaan arrimo badan, si joogto ah. Halkii afti qaali ah loo^{(expensive referendums)} qaadi lahaa oo keliya arrimaha ugu waaweyn. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, waxay noqon kartaa qalab u oggolaanaya muujinta saafiga ah ee dimuqraadiyadda.

Sidee U Shaqaysa Codaynta Elektarooniga ah?

Jawaabta gaaban, marka loo eego aragtida cod-bixiyaha, waa in ay u shaqeyso si qurux badan sida codeynta warqad ku salaysan. Haddii aad u malaynayso in lagu xaqiijiyay inaad xaq u leedahay inaad codayn karto, waxaad kor ugu socon doontaa mashiinka, raac tilmaamaha, ka dibna waxaad u dhiibi doontaa codka musharraxiinta aad rabto. Codkaagu waa in si ammaan ah loo kaydiyaa oo loo tiriyaa.

Codeynta khadka^(Online) tooska ah waxay ku lug yeelan doontaa gelitaanka nidaamka codeynta, inaad marto nooc ka mid ah habka xaqiijinta aqoonsiga ka dibna aad codkaaga dhiibto. Codeynta khadka^(Online) tooska ah kuma habboona doorashooyinka dowladda waxayna leedahay dhibaatooyin aad u badan oo saameeya daacadnimada, laakiin waxay u aragtaa isticmaalka ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay waxyaabo ay ka mid yihiin codeynta saamilayda. 

Horumarka tignoolajiyada kala duwan waxaa laga yaabaa inaan maalin aragno codeynta khadka tooska ah ee ku filan isticmaalka doorashooyinka guud.

Waa maxay Khatarta ugu weyn ee Amniga?

Khatarta amniga marka ay timaado codeynta elegtarooniga ah waxay ku xiran tahay nooca gaarka ah ee codeynta elegtarooniga ah ee laga doodayo.

Khatarta ugu weyn ee leh duubista tooska ah ee mishiinnada codbixinta elektaroonigga ah waa la'aantooda raad waraaqeed. Mashiinnada elektiroonigga ah ee isticmaala kaadhadhka feerka ayaa samaynaya koobi elektaroonig ah oo ah rikoodhka warqadda aasaasiga ah. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in mas'uuliyiintu ay ku noqon karaan kaararka dhabta ah ee feerka si ay u xaqiijiyaan tirada elektaroonigga ah.

In kasta oo ay fududahay in la arko haddii kaadhka warqadda la fara-geliyey ama laga dhigay mid aan shaqayn, waxaa laga yaabaa inaanay suurtogal ahayn in la ogaado haddii xogta dhijitaalka ah ee mishiinka DRE la farageliyay. Markaa badbaadada mishiinka DRE ee la bixiyay waxay si xoog leh ugu tiirsan tahay ka-noqoshada xogta iyo sida natiijooyinka loogu hubin karo diiwaan madax-bannaan ama sida faragelinta xogta lagu ogaan karo.

Sidee buu jabsadayaashu ugu xad gudbin karaan codaynta^{(Hackers Tamper)} elegtarooniga ah^{(Electronic Voting)} ?

Marka hore^(First) waa in la dhahaa ma jiro wax la yiraahdo 100% nidaam aan wax ka qaban karin. Had iyo jeer waxaa jiri doona xoogaa qiyaas ah oo khiyaano ah ama u nuglaanshaha hab kasta oo codbixineed. Markaa su'aasha dhabta ah waxay tahay in heerka guud ee khatarta ah ee ay keenayso cod-bixinta elektarooniga ah la aqbali karo. Gaar ahaan marka la barbar dhigo khataraha hababka codaynta analooga ee la aqbalay.

Mid ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ugu waaweyn ee cod-bixinta elektaroonigga ah ayaa ah in la ogaado in xogta dhijitaalka ah la farageliyay ay adkaan karto. Iyada oo ku xidhan sida xogtaas loo kaydiyo, loo xafido oo loo wareejiyo. Tani waa sababta loo diidey in la aqbalo mishiinada duubista tooska ah, sababtoo ah ma jiro diiwaan labaad oo lagu hubiyo.

Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in haddii mishiinadan la jabsaday oo ay dhaceen khiyaamo dhab ah, waxaa laga yaabaa inaanan waligeen ogaan. Waxa aan ognahay ayaa ah in dayacanka mashiinada qaar lagu soo bandhigay xaaladaha shaybaadhka. 

Waxa kale oo jira tiro baadhitaano la hubiyay oo laga helay^{(forensic findings)} xogta codbixinta oo la faro-geliyay ama mishiinnada laftooda la faro-geliyey. Shakhsiga TV-ga 2019 John Oliver ayaa soo saaray warbixin kooban^{(excellent summary)} oo ku saabsan dhibaatooyinka amniga ee mishiinnada codbixinta elektiroonigga ah ay ku soo bandhigeen gudaha Mareykanka^(USA) waxaanan kugula talineynaa in ay bilow wanaagsan u noqoto fahamka arrimaha muhiimka ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan halkan ku soo koobi karnaa qaar ka mid ah sababaha ugu waaweyn ee weerarka:

• Helitaanka dadka barnaamijka sameeya oo ku shaqeeya mishiinnada DRE
• Gelitaanka software-ka ku raran DRE
• Helitaanka tooska ah ee jirka mashiinka DRE (tusaale weerarka malware -ka USB )
• ^(Network)Helitaanka shabakada mashiinada DRE ee aan go'doon ahayn

Sida caadiga ah ee dabeecadda jabsiga, meelaha daciifka ah ee amniga inta badan waa dabeecadda aadanaha halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen digital. Markaa tuugada^(hackers) u heellan ayaa laga yaabaa inay bartilmaameedsadaan xidhiidh kasta oo ka tirsan silsiladda u horseedaysa tirinta elektiroonigga ah ee ugu dambaysa ee xogta mashiinka codaynta, iyadoo xoogga la saarayo bini'aadamka qayb ka ah silsiladdaas.

Ammaan ma tahay in si elektaroonik ah loo codeeyo?

Tani waa su'aal adag mana jirto si loo yiraahdo jawaabtu waa haa ama maya mid aan u qalmin. Hal arrin ayaa ah in laba mashiin oo codbixineed oo kala duwan ay yeelan karaan nuglaanta aad u kala duwan.

Markaa waxa ugu muhiimsan ee aad samayn karto waa inaad ogaataa nooca iyo nooca mashiinka codaynta ee aad ku isticmaali doonto goobta codbixinta ee gobolkaaga ama deegaankaaga. Waxoogaa cilmi baadhis ah ku samee in mishiinkaas uu si madax banaan u tijaabiyay xirfadlayaasha amniga si ay u go'aansadaan inaad ku qanacsan tahay inaad codkaaga ku dhiibto.

Codaynta elegtarooniga ah sidoo kale waa in aan loo eegin si gooni ah. Waxaa jira calaamado murugo leh oo muujinaya in hab-dhaqanka cod-bixiyuhu "jabsiga" uu ku dhici karo aaladaha sida warbaahinta bulshada iyadoo la adeegsanayo war-xumo iyo shabakadaha bot.

Haddii aad si macmal ah u maroorsato dareenka codbixiyaha, markaa uma baahnid inaad gabi ahaanba jabsato mishiinnada DRE ! Markaa ka fiirso tayada macluumaadka aad codkaaga ku salaysaynayso, waxa laga yaabaa in adiga la jabsaday ee aanad ahayn mishiinka codkaaga qaadaya.

Election Hacking 101: Is It Safe to Vote Electronically?

For a world that’s rapidly goіng all-digital, it might seem like a no-brainer to have electronic elections. Yet, for most оf the world, the tried-and-tested pаper-based voting ѕystem is still the preferred choiсe. 

One reason for this is pure inertia. It’s not easy to simply change such a massive and entrenched system overnight. Another important factor is a cautious attitude when it comes to preserving the integrity of an election.

The nature of paper-based voting fraud is well-known, but once you go digital there are an entirely new set of variables at play. Nonetheless, electronic voting is coming, and when you next head to the ballots there’s a good chance you’ll be pressing a button on a machine rather than marking a piece of paper or punch card.

The big question then is whether it’s safe to vote electronically and is election hacking an issue?

What Does “Electronic” Voting Mean?

There are various forms of electronic voting and the safety concerns are different for each one. Electronic voting, broadly, means capturing votes using a computerized system. Voting machines that read punch cards are also strictly speaking under the broad umbrella of electronic voting. But those types of machines are not usually what people are talking about when they use the term “electronic voting”. 

Instead they either mean the use of so-called “direct recording electronic systems” or alternatively online voting using a device like a computer or smartphone.

What Are The Benefits Of Electronic Voting?

Elections are expensive, labor-intensive and can span long stretches of time that affect productivity on a state or national level. If everyone could vote electronically it would mean very fast and accurate voting counts. Fewer people would need to be employed to manage the election. You also cut out the transport of tons and tons of paper, along with the security infrastructure to make sure those votes make it safely to where they are counted.

Standalone voting machines also offer lots of flexibility when it comes to the user experience. For example, voters with disabilities can choose from a number of accessibility options to help them cast a vote independently and with dignity.

Direct recording electronic systems have no paper versions of votes and all votes are recorded to some sort of memory device. That data is added to the count. Obviously, since it’s all electronic, there can be no miscounts and the results are available immediately. At least in an ideal world, that’s how it should work.

With online voting a major benefit would be that voters can cast their vote from home, from another country or anywhere else with an internet connection. Which may theoretically increase voter turnout and allow for the public to vote on more issues, more frequently. Rather than expensive referendums for only the largest issues. In other words, it could be a tool that allows for a more pure expression of democracy.

How Does Electronic Voting Work?

The short answer, from a voter’s perspective, is that it should work pretty much like paper-based voting. Assuming that you have been verified as eligible to vote, you’ll walk up to the machine, follow the instructions, and then cast a vote for your desired candidates. Your vote should then be securely stored and tallied.

Online voting would involve logging in to a voting system, going through some sort of identity verification process and then casting your vote. Online voting is not suitable for government elections and has far too many problems that affect integrity, but it does see use in private enterprise for things like shareholder voting. 

With the advancement of various technologies we might one day see online voting secure enough for use in general elections.

What Are The Main Security Risks?

The security risks when it comes to electronic voting depend on the specific type of electronic voting under discussion.

The main risk with direct recording electronic voting machines is their lack of a paper trail. Electronic machines that use punch cards are making an electronic copy of a primary paper record. This means that officials can go back to the actual punch cards to verify the electronic count.

While it’s relatively easy to see if a paper card has been tampered with or rendered invalid, it may not be possible to know if the digital data in a DRE machine has been tampered with. So the safety of a given DRE machine relies strongly on data redundancy and how results can be checked against an independent record or how tampering with the data can be detected.

How Can Hackers Tamper With Electronic Voting?

First of all, it has to be said that there is no such thing as a 100% tamper-proof system. There will always be some measure of fraud or vulnerability in any voting system. So the real question is whether the general level of risk posed by electronic voting is acceptable. Especially compared to the risks of accepted analog voting systems.

One of the biggest problems with electronic voting is that detecting whether digital data has been tampered with can be difficult. Depending how that data is stored, encoded and transferred. This is why there has been reluctance to accept direct recording machines, because there’s no secondary record to check against.

This means that if these machines have been hacked and real fraud has occurred, we may never know. What we do know is that vulnerabilities in some machines have been demonstrated under laboratory conditions. 

There are also a number of verified forensic findings of voting data that has been tampered with or that the machines themselves have been tampered with. In 2019 TV personality John Oliver released an excellent summary of the security problems electronic voting machines have exhibited in the USA and we recommend it as a good starting point to understanding the key issues.

However, we can summarize some of the main vectors of attack here:

• Access to the people who program and operate DRE machines
• Access to the software that’s loaded onto the DRE
• Direct physical access to a DRE machine (e.g. USB malware attack)
• Network access to DRE machines that aren’t isolated

As is usual with the nature of hacking, the weak points in security are often human in nature rather than digital. So dedicated hackers might target every link in the chain leading towards the final electronic count of voting machine data, with special emphasis on the human beings who form part of that chain.

Is It Safe To Vote Electronically?

This is a complex question and there’s no way to say that the answer is an unqualified yes or no. One issue is that two different voting machines may have very different vulnerabilities.

So the most important thing that you can do is find out which model and brand of voting machine you’ll be using in your state or local polling station. Do some research on whether that machine has been independently tested by security professionals to decide whether you’d be comfortable casting your vote with it.

Electronic voting shouldn’t be viewed in isolation either. There are troubling indications that voter behavior “hacking” can happen via platforms such as social media using disinformation and concerted bot networks.

If you manipulate voter sentiment artificially, then you don’t need to hack DRE machines at all! So consider the quality of information you’re basing your vote on as well, it might be you who have been hacked and not the machine taking your vote.

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