Linux , waa kelmad ka dhigaysa in badan oo indho aan geek ahayn in ay isla markiiba soo dhalaalaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bixinta desktop Linux hadda aad ayey ula siman yihiin magacyada waaweyn sida Windows iyo MacOS .

Thanks to tobanaan sano oo shaqada bulshada ah iyo taageerada ururada sida Canonical , waxaad soo dejisan kartaa shay sida Ubuntu Linux maanta oo aad ku sameyso wax kasta oo aad awooddo Windows . Dhammaan iyaga oo aan u baahnayn shahaadada sayniska kombiyuutarka. Qalabka ^(Linux)casriga^(Modern) ah ee Linux distros ayaa u muuqda mid wanaagsan, si fiican u shaqeeya oo ku habboon isticmaalayaasha caadiga ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay leeyihiin hal farqi weyn marka loo eego nidaamyada hawlgalka ganacsiga - shatiga Isha Furan .^{(– Open Source)}

Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay inaan si buuxda u galnay dhammaan shaqada gudaha Linux . Uma baahnid inaad lacag bixiso si aad u isticmaasho oo waxaad u habayn kartaa sidaad doonto. Taasi aad bay ugu fiican tahay isticmaaleyaasha awoodda jecel inay ku tinker lafaha iyo boodhadhka, laakiin ka waran haddii aad rabto inaad ilaaliso rakibaaddaada Linux ee habaysan?^(Linux)

Waxaad dhab ahaantii abuuri kartaa rakibaad cusub oo Linux ah , u dejiso sida aad rabto ka dibna u rogi mid nool, rakibaadda bootable. Tani aad ayey faa'iido u leedahay dhowr sababood dartood. Ugu horreyntii^(First) , waxay la macno tahay inaadan haysan wax dhimis ah haddii ay tahay inaad dib u rakibto nidaamkaaga hawlgalka.

Dhammaan goobahaaga iyo software-kuba waa la sugi doonaa isla markaaba bilowgaba. Waxa kale oo ay ka dhigaysa mid aad u fudud in la abuuro qalab gaar ah oo loogu talagalay qaybinta. Aynu nidhaahno waa inaad Linux ku rakibtaa shaybaadhka kombiyuutarka oo dhan oo ay ka buuxaan kombuyuutar ka dibna ku rakib xirmooyin waxbarasho. Isticmaalka qalab qaybin gaar ah waxay la macno tahay inaad kaliya sameyso habayntaas hal mar ka dibna si fudud u rakib sida caadiga ah.

Mid ka mid ah aaladaha ugu fudud ee halkaas ka jira waxaa loo yaqaan Linux Live Kit , waxaanan eegi doonnaa sida saxda ah ee aad ugu beddeli karto rakibaadda Linux ee hadda jirta oo dib ugu noqota hab-dhaqameed.

Dejinta Mashiinka

Si aad u isticmaasho Linux Live Kit , waxaad u baahan tahay rakibaadda Linux si aad wax ugu habayso. In kasta oo aad horay u sii wadi karto oo aad ku samayn karto rakibaadaada ugu weyn, maaha habka ugu waxtarka badan haddii aad rabto inaad u abuurto qaybin habaysan oo aan ahayn kumbuyuutarkaaga ugu weyn.

Markaa waxa aan samayn doono waa ku rakibida Ubuntu Linux mashiinka farsamada VirtualBox . Taasi waxay ina siinaysaa jawi rakiban oo nadiif ah oo la xakameeyey. Waxa kale oo ay la macno tahay inaad ka samayn karto Linux distros mashiinka Windows haddii aad rabto. Ugu dambeyntii, waa hab wanaagsan oo lagu tijaabiyo distro-ka aad hadda abuurtay, si loo hubiyo in uu si sax ah u shaqeeyo.

Waxaan isticmaali doonaa qaybaha soo socda:

• Windows 10
• VirtualBox
• Ubuntu 18 LTS

Xasuusnoow^(Remember) , nidaamku isla sidiisii ​​buu u shaqaynayaa haddii aad isticmaasho Linux Live Kit oo ku rakib Linux^(Linux) ah kaas oo si caadi ah ugu shaqeeya kombayutarka, halkii aad ku isticmaali lahayd mashiinka farsamada.

Ku rakibida Linux

Waxa ugu horreeya ee la sameeyo waa rakibida Linux . Sida cad haddii aad rabto inaad isticmaasho rakibaadda jira, waxaad ka boodi kartaa tallaabadan.

Ku rakibida Linux sida caadiga ah waxay si fudud uga baahan tahay inaad ka soo saarto DVD-ga^(DVD) ama warbaahinta rakibaadda USB . Sababtoo ah waxaan isticmaaleynaa VirtualBox , kaliya waa inaan abuurnaa mashiinka farsamada ee cusub ka dibna u tilmaanno sawirka Ubuntu ee aan soo dejinay. ^(Ubuntu)Waa kuwan tillaabooyinka aad u baahan tahay inaad raacdo.

Daryeelka Ku-tiirsanaanta

Maadaama Linux Live Kit uu yahay kaliya ururinta xariifka ah ee qoraallada, waxay u baahan tahay baakado kale oo software ah si ay ugu jiraan mashiinka Linux . Xaalado badan waxay mar hore ahaan doonaan qayb ka mid ah nooca Linux ee aad dooratay, laakiin waa inaad si uun u xaqiijisaa.

Waxaad u baahan tahay inaad hubiso in auf^{(aufs )} -yada ay taageerto kernel-ka loo isticmaalo qaybinta Linux ee aad dooratay . Waxaad ka hubin kartaa noocyada kernel-ka ee taageera aufs halkan^(here) . Haddii kernel-ka aad dooratay uusan taageerin aufs, waxaad u baahan doontaa inaad eegto xal kale oo loogu talagalay Linux Live Kit .

Hadda waxaan u baahanahay inaan hubinno in Squashfs lagu rakibay nidaamka. Tani waa tignoolajiyada isku-buufinta ee uu isticmaalo Linux Live Kit. Si loo rakibo, halkan waa waxa la sameeyo.

Marka hore, fur Terminalka^(Terminal) . Ubuntu waxaad ku samayn^(Ubuntu) kartaa tan adigoo gujinaya "Show Application" badhanka bidix ee hoose ee shaashadda. Tani waxay keenaysaa bar raadinta. Raadi "Terminal" oo guji marka uu soo baxo.

Hadda, gudaha terminalka, ku qor sidan soo socota:

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install squashfs-tools

Haddii wax walba si fiican u socdaan baakadda waa la rakibayaa. Haddii aad dhibaato la kulanto, waa inaad tixraacdaa nooca dukumeentiyada OS. Cilad-bixinta kaydinta iyo arrimaha rakibaadda ayaa ka baxsan xadkayada casharradan.

Goynta Baruurta

Maaddaama distro-kaaga tooska ahi uu yeelanayo dhammaan waxyaabaha ku jira midka lagu rakibay, waa inaad ka saartaa faylal kasta oo aadan u baahnayn rakibaadaada. Uma baahnid inaad tan sameyso oo kaydinta waa raqiis maalmahan haddii aad isticmaalayso flash drive. Haddii aanad garanayn waxa badbaado leh in la saaro, ka bood qaybtan hadda.

Habaynta

Hadda waad sii socon kartaa oo waxaad samayn kartaa isbeddelada aad rabto distro-gaaga tooska ah. Ku rakib^(Install) codsiyada, habaynta tweak iyo wixii la mid ah. Marka aad taas dhammayso, waxaan u gudbi karnaa Qalabka Tooska^{(Live Kit)} ah laftiisa.

Soo deji Linux Live Kit

Hadda waa waqtigii la soo dejisan lahaa qoraallada aan u baahanahay. Waxaad ka heli kartaa GitHub . Fiiro^(Pay) gaar ah u yeelo talooyinka ku jira README halkan. Qaarkood ayaa laga yaabaa inay khuseeyaan baahiyahaaga ama xaaladaada. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa jira tilmaamo gaar ah haddii aad rabto inaad sameyso CD toos ah oo bootable ah.

Save the downloaded files to /tmp . Soo dejinta waxaad ka heli doontaa gal la yiraahdo "/DOC/. Tan waxaa ka buuxa macluumaad akhrin dheeraad ah si ay kuu caawiyaan haddii ay dhacdo inaad ku dhufato meel xun.

Soo saarista OS-kaaga Tooska ah

Hadda oo faylalka qoraalku yihiin meesha ay tahay inay joogaan, waxaan rabnaa inaan dhab ahaantii socodsiino qoraalka. Si tan loo sameeyo, waa inaan ka beddelnaa ahaanshiyaha isticmaale caadiga ah una beddelnaa isticmaale sare^{(Super User)} . Ubuntu , fur ^(Ubuntu)terminalka^{(open the terminal)} oo ku qor sidan soo socota:^{(type the following:)}

cd /tmp

Tani waxay kuu beddeshaa galka TMP halkaasoo aan ka soo saarnay faylalka Live Kit

Waxa ugu dambeeya ee aan u baahanahay inaan sameyno waa socodsiinta qoraalka, markaa ku qor:^(type:)

sudo ./build

Hadda sug kaliya ilaa qoraalka la dhammeeyo!

Ku socodsiinta Distro-gaaga tooska ah

Haddaba sidee ku helaysaa distro-kaaga tooska ah? Qoraalku wuxuu ka soo saaraa laba nooc oo ku jira galka / TMP. Waxaa jira sawir ISO ah oo aad ku gubi karto saxan ama aad ku shuban karto mashiinka farsamada si aad u tijaabiso. Dadka intooda badan si kastaba ha ahaatee waxay doonayaan inay daneeyaan faylalka USB-ga ee la kicin karo. ^(USB)Kuwaani sidoo kale waxay kujiraan galka/TMP.

Ku koobbi flash drive kaaga, xasuuso inaad ka furto hawsha. Marka ay halkaas joogaan, isticmaal Terminal- ka oo u gudub tusaha/bootka. Kadibna orod qoraalka "bootinst.sh" si aad flash drive-kaas uga dhigto mid la bootin karo.

Haddii wax walba si fiican u socdaan, waxaad hadda yeelan doontaa OS-kaaga tooska ah!

Make a Custom Live Linux Distro with Linux Live Kit

Linux, it’s a word that makes many a non-geek’s eyеs glaze over almost іmmediately. Howеver, desktop Linux offerings are now pretty much on par with the big names ѕuch as Windows and MacOS.

Thanks to decades of community work and support from organizations like Canonical, you can download something like Ubuntu Linux today and do almost all the things you can with Windows. All without needing a degree in computer science. Modern desktop Linux distros look good, work well and are suitable for average users.

However, they have one huge difference compared to commercial operating systems – Open Source licensing.

This means we have full access to all the inner workings of Linux. You don’t have to pay to use it and you can customize it in just about any way you like. That’s great for power users who like to tinker with the nut and bolts, but what if you just want to preserve your own tweaked custom Linux installation?

You can actually create a fresh install of Linux, set it up just the way you want it and then turn it into a live, bootable installation. This is super-useful for a few reasons. First of all, it means you won’t have any downtime if you have to reinstall your operating system.

All your settings and software will already be waiting right from the start. It also makes it very easy to create custom installations for distribution. Let’s say you have to install Linux on a whole computer lab full of PCs and then install educational packages. Using a custom distribution tool means you only have to do that customization once and then simply install as usual.

One of the easiest tools out there is called Linux Live Kit and we’re going to look at exactly how you can change an existing Linux installation back into a custom distro.

Setting Up The Machine

In order to use the Linux Live Kit, you need an installation of Linux to customize. While you can go ahead and do it with your main installation, it’s not the most practical approach if you want to create customized distributions for something other than your main computer.

So what we’ll be doing is installing Ubuntu Linux to a VirtualBox virtual machine. That gives us a clean, controlled installation environment. It also means you can make custom Linux distros from a Windows machine if you like. Finally, it’s a good way to test the distro you’ve just created, to make sure it works properly.

We are going to use the following components:

• Windows 10
• VirtualBox
• Ubuntu 18  LTS

Remember, the process works exactly the same if you use the Linux Live Kit on a Linux installation that running as normal on a computer, rather than in a virtual machine.

Installing Linux

The first thing to do is install Linux. Obviously if you want to use an existing installation, you can skip this step.

Installing Linux the usual way simply requires that you boot from the DVD or USB installation media. Because we’re using VirtualBox, we just have to create a new virtual machine and then point it towards the Ubuntu disc image we downloaded. Here are the steps you need to follow.

Taking Care of Dependencies

Since Linux Live Kit is just a clever collection of scripts, it needs certain other software packages to be present on your Linux machine. In many cases they will already be a default part of the version of Linux you have chosen, but you’ll have to verify this either way.

You need to make sure that aufs is supported by the kernel used by your chosen Linux distribution. You can check which kernel versions supports aufs here. If your chosen kernel does not support aufs, you’ll need to look at an alternative solution to Linux Live Kit.

Now we need to make sure that Squashfs is installed on the system. This is the compression technology used by Linux Live Kit. To install it, here’s what to do.

First, open the Terminal. In Ubuntu you can do this by clicking the “Show Application” button at the bottom left of the screen. This will bring up a search bar. Search for “Terminal” and click it when it comes up.

Now, in the terminal, type the following:

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install squashfs-tools

If all goes well the package will be installed. If you run into trouble, you’ll have to refer to your version of the OS documentation. Troubleshooting repository and installation issues are outside our scope for this tutorial.

Trimming the Fat

Since your live distro iw going to have all the same content as your installed one, you should remove any files you don’t need from your installation. You don’t have to do this and storage is cheap these days if you’re using a flash drive. If you don’t know what’s safe to remove, skip this part for now.

Customizing

Now you can go ahead and make the changes you want for your live distro. Install applications, tweak settings and so on. Once you are done with that, we can move on to the Live Kit itself.

Download Linux Live Kit

Now it’s time to download the scripts we need. You can find it on GitHub. Pay special attention to the tips in the README here. Some of them may be relevant to your needs or situation. For example, there are specific instructions if you want to make a bootable live CD.

Save the downloaded files to /tmp. In the download you’ll find a folder named “/DOC/. This is filled with additional readme information to help you in case you hit a snag.

Generating Your Live OS

Now that the script files are where they should be, we want to actually run the script. To do this, we’ll have to switch from being a regular user to being a Super User. In Ubuntu, open the terminal and type the following:

cd /tmp

This switches you to the TMP folder where we unpacked the Live Kit files.

The  last thing we need to do is run the script, so type:

sudo ./build

Now just wait until the script is done!

Running Your Live Distro

So how do you get your live distro? The script generates two version in the /TMP folder. There’s an ISO image that you can burn to a disc or load up in a virtual machine to test. Most people are however going to care about the bootable USB files. These are also in the /TMP folder.

Copy them to your flash drive, remember to unzip them in the process. Once they are on there, use the Terminal and navigate to the /boot directory. Then run the “bootinst.sh” script to make that flash drive bootable.

If all goes well, you’ll now have your own live OS!

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