Waxa jira dhawr ikhtiyaar oo lagu kaydinayo xogtaada Linux . Waxaad isticmaali kartaa qaar ka mid ah barnaamijyada software-ka ee si xorta ah loo heli karo, sida fwbackups iyo Sbackup . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira hab fudud oo lagu taageerayo tusaha iyada oo aan la rakibin wax software dheeraad ah.

Waxaan samayn doonaa qoraalka qolofka annagoo adeegsanayna doorsoomayaasha, taliska daamurka^(tar) iyo amarka taariikhda^(date) si aan u abuurno faylka kaydka ah ee hagaha, oo wata hage-hoosaadyadiisa.

Qoraalka qolofku asal ahaan waa fayl ka kooban liis amarro kuwaas oo si isdaba joog ah loo wado. Haddii aad haysato amarro taxane ah oo aad si joogto ah u maamusho, way caawinaysaa inaad abuurto qoraal qolof ah oo ka kooban amarradan. Kadib, kaliya waa inaad socodsiisaa faylka qoraalka si aad u socodsiiso amarrada.

Abuuritaanka Faylka Qoraalka Shell

Tusaalahan, waxaanu samayn doonaa qoraal qolof ah si aanu u kaydiyo hagaha ka kooban faylal hagaha isticmaale. Waxaan u isticmaaleynaa deegaanka Gnome ee Ubuntu .

Marka hore, gal hagaha gurigaaga, adiga oo ka dooranaya Folderka Guriga^{(Home Folder)} ee liiska Goobaha^(Places) . Faylka Browser^{(File Browser)} wuxuu u furmayaa hagaha gurigaaga.

Waxaan sameyneynaa fayl cusub oo maran kaas oo aan geli doono amarrada lagu fulinayo kaydinta. Midig ku dhufo^{(Right-click)} shayga midig oo dooro Create Document | Empty File ee ka menu-ka soo booda.

Fayl ayaa lagu daray liiska oo wuxuu diyaar u yahay in dib loo magacaabo. Ku qor^(Type) magaca faylka, adoo siinaya faylka kordhinta .sh .

Tusaalahan, waxaanu u magacownay faylkayaga user_guide_backups.sh^{(user_guide_backups.sh)} .

Hadda waxaan u baahanahay inaan amarrada ku darno faylka. Midig ku dhufo magaca faylka oo dooro Open with gedit menu pop-up ka.

Faylku wuxuu ku furmay gedit . Geli khadadka soo socda faylka oo guji Save . Ujeedada sadar kasta ayaa hoos ku taxan.

FIIRO GAAR AH:^(NOTE:) Waxaad sidoo kale koobi kartaa qoraalka soo socda oo aad ku dhejin kartaa gedit . Hubi inaad u badasho <username> magacaaga isticmaale.

#!/bin/bash
 SRCDIR="/home/<username>/Documents/my_work/"
 DESTDIR="/home/<username>/Backups/"
 FILENAME=ug-$(date +%-Y%-m%-d)-$(date +%-T).tgz
 tar – create – gzip – file=$DESTDIR$FILENAME $SRCDIR

Sharaxaada khadka-line

Jadwalka soo socdaa waxa uu qeexayaa waxa xariiq kastaa ku jiro faylka qoraalka qolofka.

Line #	Description
1	This line must be the first line in a bash shell script, which is the default type of script.
2	This line sets up a variable called SRCDIR and sets the value of it to the directory to be backed up. NOTE: Be sure to replace <username> with your username.
3	This line sets up a variable called DESTDIR and sets the value of it to the directory into which the backup file will be written. NOTE: Be sure to replace <username> with your username.
4	This line sets up a variable called FILENAME and sets the value using text and variables containing the date command to add the current date and time to the filename. For example, the filename might be ug-20100212-13:03:45.tgz. NOTE: When using a variable, always start it with the dollar sign ($). If you use a command as part of a variable, enclose the command and the options for the command in parentheses.
5	This line is the tar command with the following function and options added. –create This function creates a new archive (or truncates an old one if the filename specified already exists) and writes the named files or directory to it. –gzip This option tells tar to compress the files in the archive using the gzip utility. –file This option gives tar the filename to use. In this case, we assembled the filename using the DESTDIR, FILENAME, and SRCDIR variables.

Tafatirka Ogolaanshaha^{(Permissions)} Faylka Qoraalka Shell^{(Shell Script File)}

Kahor intaadan socodsiin qoraalkaaga, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad hubiso in faylka uu haysto ogolaanshaha saxda ah. Si aad tan u samayso, fur galka gurigaaga sida^{(Home Folder)} kor ku xusan oo midig-guji faylka qoraalka qolofka. Ka dooro Properties menu pop-up ka.

Sanduuqa wada hadalka Properties ayaa soo bandhigaya. Hubi^(Make) in sanduuqa^(Execute) calaamadaynta la doortay.

Guji Xir^(Close) _

Ku socodsiinta qoraalka Shell

Si aad u socodsiiso qoraalka qolofka, fur daaqad terminal ah adiga oo dooranaya Accessories | Terminal ka yimid liiska Codsiyada^{(Applications)} .

Marka uu daaqadda Terminalku^(Terminal) furmo, waa in aad ku jirtaa galka Gurigaaga^{(Home Folder)} si caadi ah. Ku qorida pwd^(pwd) khadka taliska oo aad riixdo geli waxay xaqiijinaysaa xaqiiqadan. Isla markiiba, ku qor ./user_guide_backups.sh oo tabo Gelida^(Enter) .

Waa inaad ku haysaa faylka .tgz galka Backups ee ku jira Foltarka Gurigaaga^{(Home Folder)} . Haddii aad midig-gujiso magaca faylka, waxaad arkaysaa dhawr fursadood oo aad ku furto kaydka mid ka mid ah barnaamijyada kaydinta ee jira, ama aad si toos ah ugu soosaarto faylalka galka Backups adigoo isticmaalaya amarka Soosaar Halkan^{(Extract Here )} .

Macluumaad dheeraad ah

Xidhiidhada hoose ayaa bixiya macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan qoraalada qolofka, amarrada daamurka^(tar) iyo taariikhda^(date) , iyo amarada Linux kale .

Qorista

Hage degdeg ah oo lagu qoro qoraallada la isticmaalayo qolofka bash^{(A quick guide to writing scripts using the bash shell)}

Bash Shell Scripting – 10 Seconds Guide | All about Linux

Buugga Tixraaca Bash^{(Bash Reference Manual)}

Amarada Linux

daamur MAN Page^{(tar MAN Page)}

taariikhda MAN Page^{(date MAN Page)}

amarrada bash - Linux MAN Pages^{(bash commands – Linux MAN Pages)}

Sahaminta boggagan waxay kaa caawin doontaa inaad dhisto qoraaladaada bash shell ee waxtarka leh.

Back Up a Directory in Linux using a Shell Script

There are several options for backing up your data in Linux. You can use some freely avaіlable software programs, suсh as fwbackups and Sbackup. However, there is a simple method of backing up a directory without installing any extra software.

We will create a shell script using variables, the tar command and the date command to create a dated backup file of a directory, with its subdirectories.

A shell script is essentially a file containing a list of commands that are run in sequence. If you have a series of commands you regularly run in order, it is helpful to create a shell script containing these commands. Then, you only have to run the script file to run the commands.

Creating the Shell Script File

For this example, we are going to create a shell script to backup a directory containing files for a user guide. We are using the Gnome environment in Ubuntu.

First, access your home directory, by selecting Home Folder from the Places menu. The File Browser opens to your home directory.

We are going to create a new empty file in which we will enter the commands for performing the backup. Right-click in the right pane and select Create Document | Empty File from the pop-up menu.

A file is added to the list and is ready to be renamed. Type in a name for the file, giving the file an extension of .sh.

For this example, we named our file user_guide_backups.sh.

Now we need to add the commands to the file. Right-click on the name of the file and select Open with gedit from the pop-up menu.

The file opens in gedit. Enter the following lines into the file and click Save. The purpose of each line is listed below.

NOTE: You can also copy the following text and paste it into gedit. Be sure to change <username> to your username.

#!/bin/bash
 SRCDIR="/home/<username>/Documents/my_work/"
 DESTDIR="/home/<username>/Backups/"
 FILENAME=ug-$(date +%-Y%-m%-d)-$(date +%-T).tgz
 tar – create – gzip – file=$DESTDIR$FILENAME $SRCDIR

Line-by-Line Description

The following table describes what each line is in the shell script file.

Line #	Description
1	This line must be the first line in a bash shell script, which is the default type of script.
2	This line sets up a variable called SRCDIR and sets the value of it to the directory to be backed up. NOTE: Be sure to replace <username> with your username.
3	This line sets up a variable called DESTDIR and sets the value of it to the directory into which the backup file will be written. NOTE: Be sure to replace <username> with your username.
4	This line sets up a variable called FILENAME and sets the value using text and variables containing the date command to add the current date and time to the filename. For example, the filename might be ug-20100212-13:03:45.tgz. NOTE: When using a variable, always start it with the dollar sign ($). If you use a command as part of a variable, enclose the command and the options for the command in parentheses.
5	This line is the tar command with the following function and options added. –create This function creates a new archive (or truncates an old one if the filename specified already exists) and writes the named files or directory to it. –gzip This option tells tar to compress the files in the archive using the gzip utility. –file This option gives tar the filename to use. In this case, we assembled the filename using the DESTDIR, FILENAME, and SRCDIR variables.

Editing the Permissions on the Shell Script File

Before running your script, you need to make sure the file has the correct permissions. To do this, open your Home Folder again as mentioned above and right-click on the shell script file. Select Properties from the pop-up menu.

The Properties dialog box displays. Make sure the Execute check box is selected.

Click Close.

Running the Shell Script

To run the shell script, open a terminal window by selecting Accessories | Terminal from the Applications menu.

When the Terminal window opens, you should be in your Home Folder by default. Typing pwd on the command line and pressing enter confirms this fact. At the prompt, type ./user_guide_backups.sh and press Enter.

You should have a .tgz file in the Backups folder in your Home Folder. If you right-click on the filename, you see several options for opening the archive in one of the available archiving programs, or extracting the files directly to the Backups folder using the Extract Here command.

More information

The links below provide more information about shell scripts, the tar and date commands, and other Linux commands.

Scripting

A quick guide to writing scripts using the bash shell

Bash Shell Scripting – 10 Seconds Guide | All about Linux

Bash Reference Manual

Linux Commands

tar MAN Page

date MAN Page

bash commands – Linux MAN Pages

Exploring these pages will help you to construct your own useful bash shell scripts.

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