Xudunta u ah Madaxbanaanida Dijital ah^{(Digital Sovereignty)} ayaa ah isku dayada lagu doonayo in isticmaalayaasha dhamaadka ah ay awood u yeeshaan xogtooda shaqsiyeed. Sidaa waxaa yiri Midowga Yurub^{(European Union)} . Madaxbanaanida Dijitaalka ah^{(Digital Sovereignty)} waxaa loo qeexi karaa qiyaas ahaan sida soo socota:

Digital sovereignty is the question of owning the personal data of users, collected by different company websites on the Internet with or without the consent of the users.

Madaxbanaanida Xogta ku haboon

Marka loo eego dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha madaxbannaanida dhijitaalka ah, xogta shakhsi ahaaneed ee isticmaalayaasha waa in lagu ururiyaa oggolaantooda oo keliya ama ugu yaraan isticmaaleyaasha waa in lagu wargeliyaa waxa dhammaan xogta la ururinayo. Waxay kaloo sheegeen in xogta shakhsiga ah ee qofka adeegsata lagu kaydiyo xarun xogeed oo ku taal waddanka uu deggan yahay ama isticmaalayaal Internetka^(Internet) . Tani maaha wax la taaban karo si kastaba ha ahaatee waa da'da xisaabinta daruuraha oo ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan shabakadaha waaweyn ama shirkadaha waxay leeyihiin xog-ururintooda ku baahsan dalal badan oo leh sharciyo kala duwan oo ku saabsan IT iyo daruur.

Tusaalooyinka Qaranimada Dijital ah

Xaaladda Midowga Yurub^{(European Union)} , Xeerka Ilaalinta Xogta Guud (GDPR)^{(General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR))} ayaa dhowaan la dhaqangeliyay si isticmaalayaashu u ogaadaan waxa dhammaan xogta ay tahay mareegaha shirkadda marka ay soo booqdaan. Haddaba, dadka isticmaala Internet- ka ee ka socda Midowga Yurub^{(European Union)} (EU) waxay garanayaan xogta la ururinayo inta ay ku guda jiraan booqashadooda shabakad gaar ah. Midowga Yurub wuxuu^{(European Union)} kaloo dalbanayaa in xogta isticmaaleyaashan (isticmaalka Internetka^(Internet) ee ku saleysan Midowga Yurub^{(European Union)} ) aysan ka bixin Midowga Yurub qaab kastaba. Waxay sidoo kale culays saaraan sirta xogta si xogta isticmaalaha ugu dambeeya ay badbaado u noqoto.

Tusaale ahaan, ka fiirso magaca degelka leh domain-ka heerka sare (TLD)^{(top-level domain (TLD))} sida .com . Hadda, ICANN waxay awood ku leedahay TLD -kan ( .com tusaale ahaan). Marka, qof ka diiwaan gashanaya mareegaha Midowga Yurub waa inuu u bixiyaa faahfaahintiisa ICANN ee^(States) ku taal Mareykanka^(United) . Sidaas awgeed, xogtu way ka bixi doontaa Midowga Yurub inkasta oo ururku uu ka soo horjeedo falalkan. Xaaladdan oo kale, madaxbannaanida dhijitaalka ah waxay la jirtaa ICANN halkii isticmaalayaasha. In kasta oo aan taas laga doodi karin, ugu yaraan ilaali xogta adoo isticmaalaya sirta, waa waxa ay hawl-wadeenadu sheegaan.

Tusaale kale wuxuu noqon karaa Amazon . Qof kastaa wuu ogyahay inay tahay shirkad tafaariiqeed weyn oo bixisa alaab meel kasta oo adduunka ah ilaa meel kasta oo adduunka ah. Si loo fududeeyo isticmaalka, waxay shaqaaleysiisaa TLDs kala duwan . Amazon.com waxay u adeegi doontaa dadka Mareykanka, sidaa darteed ololeyaasha madax-bannaanida dhijitaalka ah waxay filanayaan in xogta ku saabsan iibsadayaasha iyo alaab-qeybiyeyaasha labadaba lagu keydiyo xog-ururinta ku saleysan Mareykanka oo keliya. Sidoo kale^(Likewise) , haddii qof isticmaalaya amazon.co.uk, xogtu waa inaanay ka bixin Boqortooyada Ingiriiska^{(United Kingdom)} . Sidee^(How) wax ku ool ah u noqon kartaa hirgelinteeda, iyadoo la eegayo in qof Maraykan ah uu sidoo kale geli karo bogga UK ee Amazon ?

Madaxbanaanida Dijital ah iyo GAFA

GAFA waa soo gaabinta afarta shirkadood ee ugu sarreeya online- Google , Amazon , Facebook , iyo Apple . Waxaa laga yaabaa in la is weydiiyo sababta aysan ugu jirin Microsoft . Jawaabtu waa sababta oo ah Microsoft kuma jirin boos wax is-daba-marineed oo badan markii la sameeyay soo gaabinta. Taasi waa sheeko kale, si kastaba ha ahaatee.

Hadda, way caddahay in GAFA ay leedahay xogta internetka^(Internet) . By GAFA , kuma xaddidayo tirada afar shirkadood oo keliya. GAFA , marka la eego macnaha ballaaran, waxay la xiriiri doontaa dhammaan shirkadaha caalamiga ah ee internetka^(Internet) ee ku hawlan ururinta xogta isticmaalaha ugu dambeeya.

Waxaa jira laba dhinac oo xog ururinta iyo isticmaalka ah. Mid waa ganacsi oo aan laga doodin sida qof kastaa og yahay inay dhacdo. Iyaga (isticmaalayaasha) waxay ku ganacsadaan xogtooda gaarka ah wax BILAASH^(FREE) ah iyo inay helaan adeegyo ka wanaagsan. Midda kale waa siyaasad ay dawladaha dalal kala duwani sheegan karaan madaxbannaanida xogta. Dadku ma jecla in dawladuhu ku dhufaan iyaga, gaar ahaan wixii ka dambeeya Cambridge Analytica fiasco. Hadda dadku waxay ogyihiin in lagu xidhi karo qaababka fikirka qaarkood oo kaliya iyadoo la isticmaalayo xogta ay bixiyaan shabakadaha kala duwan sida Facebook , taas oo ah sababta arrinta madaxbanaanida xogta ay u noqotay dhaqdhaqaaq ballaaran oo u baahan in si degdeg ah wax looga qabto.

Xalka Arinta Madaxbanaanida Xogta^{(Data Sovereignty Issue)}

Waxaa jira laba dhinac oo dhaqdhaqaaqa la xidhiidha madaxbannaanida dhijitaalka ah - sida dagaal kasta. Halka dhinac uu u ololeeyo in la xafido xogta xarumaha xogta ee isla wadanka isticmaalaha, dhanka kale waxa uu doonayaa in ay madax banaani ka helaan dhamaan xarumaha xogta shirkada si dawlada ama shirkadu ay u helaan xogta markasta oo loo baahdo. Arintan ayaa dhalinaysa xiisad iyadoo wadan waliba uu leeyahay xeerar u gaar ah marka ay timaado xisaabinta daruuraha^{(cloud computing)} .

Xalka ugu fiican ee tani waa in la gaaro meel la wada leeyahay oo la dejiyo xeerar awood badan haddana la mid ah oo khuseeya dhammaan xarumaha xog-ururinta - iyadoo aan loo eegin waddanka ay ka shaqeeyaan. Xeerarkan ayaa tilmaamaya cidda xogta leh iyo qaabka ay tahay. Nooca sireedku waa inuu la mid noqdaa wadamada oo dhan, markaa isla heerka ilaalintu waxay khusaysaa dhammaan xog-hayayaasha. Xeerar isku mid ah ayaa sheegi kara cidda heli karta xogta iyo sida loo heli karo xogta.

Ma jiraan wax badan oo isticmaalayaasha dhamaadka ah ay sameyn karaan haddii ay doonayaan inay sii wadaan isticmaalka internetka^(Internet) . Laakiin waa in la helaa xal qeexaya waxyaabo kala duwan oo ku saabsan madax-banaanida xogta xitaa iyada oo xogtu ay ku kala firirsan tahay dalal kala duwan, inta lagu jiro, ilaalinta amniga xogta.

Digital Sovereignty – Definition, Meaning, Examples and Explanation

At the core of Digital Sovereignty are the attempts to let the end users keep authority over their personal data. That is what the European Union says. Digital Sovereignty can be roughly defined as follows:

Digital sovereignty is the question of owning the personal data of users, collected by different company websites on the Internet with or without the consent of the users.

Ideal Data Sovereignty

According to digital sovereignty activists, the personal data of users should be collected with their consent only or at least the users should be informed of what all data is being collected. They further state that the personal data of a user should be stored in a data center that is present in the country where the user is residing or using the Internet. This is not practical however as it is the age of cloud computing and almost all major websites or companies have their datacenters spread over a range of countries with varying laws about IT and cloud.

Digital Sovereignty examples

In the case of the European Union, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was enforced recently so that the users know what all data is a company website collecting when they visit it. Thus, the users of the Internet from the European Union (EU) know what data is being collected during their visit to a particular website. The European Union further demands that the data of these users (Internet users based in European Union) should not leave the EU in any form. They also stress data encryption so that the end user data is safe.

For example, consider a website name that has the top-level domain (TLD) as .com. Now, ICANN has the power over this TLD (.com in this example). So, someone registering a website from EU will have to provide his or her details to the ICANN that is situated in the United States. Thus, the data will leave the EU even though the union is against such acts. In this case, digital sovereignty lies with ICANN instead of the users. While that cannot be challenged, at least keep the data safe using encryption, is what the activists say.

Another example could be Amazon. Everybody knows it is a huge retail giant that provides items from anywhere in the world to anywhere in the world. For ease of usage, it employs different TLDs. Amazon.com would cater to US people, and hence the digital sovereignty campaigners would expect that data regarding both buyers and suppliers is stored in US-based datacenters only. Likewise, if someone is using amazon.co.uk, the data should not leave the United Kingdom. How practical could its implementation be, given that a person from the US can also access the UK website of Amazon?

Digital Sovereignty and GAFA

GAFA is an acronym for top four online companies – Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple. One might wonder why it doesn’t contain Microsoft. The answer is because Microsoft was not in much manipulating position when the acronym was formed. That’s another story, however.

Right now, it is clear that GAFA owns the data on the Internet. By GAFA, I don’t restrict the number to just four companies. GAFA, in a broader sense, would relate to all multinational companies on the Internet that engage in end-user data collection.

There are two sides of data collection and usage. One is commercial and is not much debated as everyone knows it happens. They (users) trade in their personal data for something FREE and to receive better services. The other is political where governments of different countries lay claim to the data sovereignty. People don’t like governments snooping on them, especially after the Cambridge Analytica fiasco. Now people are aware that they can be conditioned into certain thought patterns just by using the data that different networks like Facebook provide, which is why the issue of data sovereignty has become a mass movement that needs to be addressed urgently.

Solution to the Data Sovereignty Issue

There are two sides to the activism related to digital sovereignty — as with any war. While one side advocates keeping data on the datacenters in the same country as the user, the other wants sovereignty over all data centers of a company so that the government or corporation can access data whenever required. This creates tension as each country has its own rules and regulations when it comes to cloud computing.

The best solution for this is to reach a common ground and formulate a powerful yet similar set of rules that apply to all the datacenters – irrespective of the country where they operate. These rules will dictate who owns data and in what form. The encryption type should be similar across countries, so that same level of protection applies to all datacenters. The same rules can tell who can access what data and how can data be accessed.

There is not much that the end users can do if they are to continue using the Internet. But there should be a solution in place that defines different things about data sovereignty even as the data is scattered among different countries, all the while, providing security to the data.

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