Sarbeebta caanka ah ee intarneedku waa - 'Haddii uu online yahay, waa inay run noqotaa'. Dhawr sano ka hor, intarneedku waxa uu ahaa meel faafreeb lagu sameeyay, halkaas oo wax kasta oo soo muuqdaa ay u badan tahay in ay ka yimi goobta maamulka. Kalsoonida dadka lagu dhisay intarneedka waqti ka dib waa la hayaa ilaa taariikhda.

Xorriyadda^(Freedom) Saxaafaddu waxay noqotay^(Press) dood

Nidaamka baarlamaaniga ah, saxaafadda waxaa loogu yeeraa meesha 4-aad ee dimoqraadiyadda ka dib sharci-dejinta^{(Legislature)} , fulinta^(Executive) iyo garsoorka^(Judiciary) . Kani waa magac si fiican loogu qalmo, sababtoo ah iyadoo dhammaan hababka kale ay fashilmi karaan, dadka, wacyigooda iyo ra'yiga dadweynaha ee ay khusayso ma awoodi karaan.

Dadweynuhu waxa ay xaq u leeyihiin in ay xog-ogaal u ahaadaan, sidaa awgeed ku dhawaad ​​ummad kasta oo adduunka ah (waxoogaa ka reeban) waxa ay waajibisay xorriyadda saxaafadda^(Press) . Saxaafadda iyo saxaafaddu wax awood ah oo ka yar ma laha hantida kale ee dimuqraadiyadda. Waxay kicin karaan mudaaharaad, dawlado way beddeli karaan oo way ku dhaqmi karaan sharciga mustaqbalka fog.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyadoo leh awood weyn ayaa ku timaada mas'uuliyad weyn. Haddii warbaahintu ay ku dhaqdo dhaqamo musuqmaasuq ah ama ay u janjeerto qof gaar ah ama fikradda, waxay dumin kartaa aasaaska dimuqraadiyadda, waayo dadku waxay samayn karaan fikrado khaldan.

Sidee warbaahintu isu beddeshay muddo ka dib?

Markii ay muhiimada warbaahintu ahayd dood lama huraan ah 1900-meeyadii, waxay ku koobnayd wargeysyada ama saxaafadda^(Press) qoran guud ahaan. Waqti ka dib waxay u wareegtey warbaahinta telefishinka, oo hadda waxay ku saabsan tahay warbaahinta online-ka ah, warbaahinta bulshada iyo warbaahinta telefoonka ku salaysan.

Iyadoo hay'adaha maamulka ee la aqoonsan yahay ay weli gacanta ku hayaan qaababka kale, warbaahinta online-ka ah iyo warbaahinta bulshada ayaa ah mid aan si weyn loo maamulin.

Baraha bulshada ayaa saameyn weyn ku leh jiilka soo koraya sababtoo ah waxay waqtigooda inta badan ku qaataan baraha bulshada. Sidaa darteed, waxay ku akhriyaan inta badan warkooda quudintooda marka ay galaan Facebook ama Twitter .

Wax kasta oo halkaas lagu arko waxay u badan tahay in loo arko inay run yihiin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baraha bulshada, ilaa xad, waa muujinta ra'yiga shakhsi ahaaneed taas oo hubaal ah in ay noqon doonto eex. Laakiin xitaa in ka badan, waa xudunta u ah suuq-geynta wararka borobogaandada. Waxaa laga yaabaa inaysan aad u fududayn in lagu khiyaaneeyo wararka been abuurka ah guud ahaan marka la baadho matoorada raadinta, laakiin warbaahinta bulshada ayaa ka dhigaysa mid aan la aqoonsan karin.

Warar been abuur ah vs Satire

Hal shay waa sariir, halkaas oo ujeeddada qorista wararka beenta ah ay tahay kaftan. Waxaa lagu sheegay afeef in sheekadu been tahay, mararka qaarkoodna, ciwaanka ayaa ka muuqda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wararka been abuurka ah ayaa ka duwan. Marka aynu isticmaalno ereyga war been abuur ah waxa ay ka dhigan tahay dacaayad, been abuur, warar been abuur ah iwm.

Mareegaha wararka been abuurka^(Fake) ah ee intarneedka ku jira ayaa iska dhigaya maamul, mararka qaarna waxay u magacaabaan mareegaha internetka oo la mid ah magacyada maamulka wararka ee caanka ah. Tusaale ahaan. Bloomberg.ma si ay ugu daydaan Bloomberg.com . Xaalado badan, mareegta been abuurka ah ayaa wax walba ka koobiyeeyay calaamadda ilaa dhismaha goobta.

Thanks to kacaanka warbaahinta bulshada, mareegaha wararka been abuurka ah ayaa hadda hab weyn u leh dadweynaha. Waxay ku talo jiraan inay ruxaan aasaaska dimuqraadiyadda. Tusaale ahaan. In badan oo ka mid ah mareegaha wararka been abuurka ah ayaa ku soo booday intii lagu jiray Doorashadii Madaxtinimada Maraykanka^{(US Presidential Elections)} ee 2016 si ay ula saftaan xisbiyada siyaasadda.

War la buunbuuniyay

Hal shay oo la ogaaday intii lagu guda jiray Doorashadii Madaxtinimada Mareykanka^{(US Presidential Elections)} ee 2016 ayaa ahayd in saxaafaddu ay noqotay mid la isku halleyn karo oo warbaahinno kala duwan ay qorayaan warar u xaglinaya xisbiyada siyaasadda ee kala duwan. Halbeegga warka wanaagsani waa in la daboolo wararka muhiimka ah oo la dejiyo shuruudaha mudnaanta leh. Wixii war ah ee la sheego, labada dhinac ee sheekada waa in la soo sheegaa.

Warka la buunbuuniyay waxay ka dhigan tahay in aan la soo tebin qayb ka mid ah wararka ugu waaweyn oo la buunbuuniyo wax kasta oo la sheego in ay u xaglinayaan qof ama fikradda. Siday yidhaahdaan, run badhkii baa ka sii daran beenta oo dhan; wararka la buunbuuniyay waxay waxyeelo u geystaan ​​dimoqraadiyada dhabta ah.

Waxaa laga yaabaa inay ka sii xumaato wararka lagu daabacay mareegaha wararka been abuurka ah sababtoo ah akhristuhu wuxuu rumaysan karaa inay si indho la'aan ah u tixgelinayaan in lagu daabacay bogga maamulka.

Noocyada shabakadaha wararka been abuurka ah

• Isticmaalka magacyo la mid ah kuwa caanka ah ee caanka ah^{(Using names similar to those of known news brands)} : Tani waa wax lagu sameeyay ku dhawaad ​​mareegaha wararka ee la yaqaan. Mulkiilaha mareegaha waxa uu samayn lahaa degel nuqul ah oo leh calaamad la mid ah iyo magac yar oo kala duwan. Marmarka qaarkood xogta gaarka ah ee mulkiilaha mareegaha ayaa laga qariyaa kaydka xogta khadka ee internetka. Ujeeddadu waxay tahay in akhristayaasha la rumaysto in xogta lagu daabacay mareegahan been abuurka ah laga soo xigtay mareegaha maamulka ee ay ku dayanayaan.
• Abuuritaanka mareegaha siyaasadeed ee eexda^{(Creating biased political websites)} : Ujeedada xooggan ee mareegaha wararka badankood waa in ay eexdo ra'yi siyaasadeed oo loo xagliyo xisbi gaar ah. Sababtoo ah xisbiyada siyaasaddu waxay matalaan fikrado siyaasadeed oo laga yaabo inay u xagliyaan ama ka soo horjeedaan beelo gaar ah iyo danahooda. Wadamo badan, siyaasaddu waa waali aad u weyn sidaas darteed dadku waxay abuuraan mareegaha wararka kuwaas oo si weyn u jecel fikradaha siyaasadeed qaarkood.
• Mareegaha Clickbait^{(Clickbait websites)} : Marka laga reebo fidinta dacaayadaha, soo celinta dhaqaalaha ayaa sabab u ah kobcinta mareegaha wararka been abuurka ah. Warka ay qoraan waa waxa ay aaminsan yihiin in dadku rabaan inay akhriyaan. Marka ay dadku furaan goobahooda oo ay eegaan xayeysiisyada, waxay ka caawisaa milkiilayaasha mareegaha inay dhistaan ​​dakhli.

Liiska goobaha wararka been abuurka ah

Liisku waa mid aan dhammaad lahayn oo malaha inta badan oo shabakadaha wararka been abuurka ah ayaa la bilaabay markii la xiray. Waxa aad u baahan tahay inaad u fiirsato si aad u aqoonsato bogga wararka been abuurka ah waa boggeeda. Caadi ahaan waxay koobiyeeyaan magaca qaar ka mid ah shabakadaha wararka dhabta ah. Tusaalooyinka qaar ka mid ah mareegaha noocaas ah waa - cnn-trending.com, bloomberg.ma, drudgeReport.com.co, usatoday.com.co, washingtonpost.com.co, iyo wixii la mid ah. Sidaa darteed waa muhiim inaad barato inaad ogaato bogagga wararka been abuurka ah^{(spot fake news sites)(spot fake news sites)} .

Tallaabooyinka lagu xakameynayo mareegaha wararka been abuurka ah

Shabakad kasta oo wareed waxa ay leedahay laba siyaabood oo lagu gaadho tirada badan. Midda kowaad waa in loo oggolaado Google News ama Bing News oo lagu qiimeeyay mashiinka raadinta. Waxay la mid tahay makiinadaha raadinta kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waa adag tahay sababtoo ah shuruudaha tayada adag iyo kormeerka. Habka labaad waa in dadka lagu gaaro baraha bulshada sida Facebook iyo Twitter . Dhawaanahan, Facebook ayaa soo bandhigtay ikhtiyaarka lagu soo tebiyo wararka been abuurka ah waxaana laga yaabaa Twitter- ka inuu raaco isbeddelka dhawaan.

In kasta oo ay jiraan sharciyo ka caawinaya xorriyadda saxaafadda, wararka been abuurka ahi waa sharci-darro waddamada intooda badan. Haddaba, si looga hortago in dhibaatadu sii faafto, waddamo badan ayaa iska kaashanaya si ay u hubiyaan wararka been abuurka ah.

Komishanka^(Commission) Yurub wuxuu ku kordhinayaa agab badan oo lagu hubinayo wararka been abuurka ah. Jarmalku^(Germany) waxa uu samaynayaa xarun lagula socdo wararka been abuurka ah. 17 qolalka wararka ee Faransiiska^(France) ayaa sidoo kale ku biiraya Facebook iyo Google si ay uga gudbaan dhibaatada.

The human tendency is to immediately share something if the ‘news’ is something the person likes or wants to be true! But before sharing indiscriminately, we as users must fact check all the news available online by comparing it with what all has been published on authority websites.

Fake News websites: A growing problem & what it means in today's world

A popular sarcasm with the internet is – ‘If it is online, it must be true’. A few decades ago, the internet was a very censored place, whеre аnythіng that appeared would probably be from an аuthority sіte. That trust people built on the internet over the time is carried on till dаte.

The Freedom of Press has become a debate

In a parliamentary system, the press is called the 4th estate of democracy after the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. This is a title well deserved by it because while all other mechanisms can fail, the people, their awareness and the concerned public opinion cannot.

The public has every right to remain well informed, and thus almost every nation across the globe (few exceptions apart) have mandated the freedom of the Press. The media and press have no less power than any other estate of the democracy. They can trigger protests, change governments and manipulate the law in the long run.

However, with huge power comes huge responsibility. If media resorts to corrupt practices or becomes biased towards a particular person or ideology, it could shatter the foundation of democracy, for people might form wrong opinions.

How has media changed over time?

When the importance of media was an essential debate back in the 1900’s, it was limited to newspapers or written Press in general. With time it shifted to televised media, and now it is all about online media, social media and phone app-based media.

While recognized authority organizations still handle the other forms, online media and social media remain widely unregulated.

Social media has a huge impact on the younger generation because they spend most of their time on social networking sites. Thus, they read most of their news in their feeds when logged on to Facebook or Twitter.

Whatever is seen there is likely to be perceived as true. However, social media, to quite an extent, is an expression of individual opinion which is bound to be biased. But even more, it is the hub for marketing propaganda news. It might not be so easy to be fooled by fake news in general when searched through search engines, but social media makes it unrecognizable.

Fake News vs Satire

One thing is satire, where the intent of writing false news is humor. It is mentioned as a disclaimer that the story is false, and at times, it is evident by the heading. However, fake news is different. When we use the word fake news, it means propaganda, hoaxes, disinformation, etc. Disguised as real news, spread with the intent to fool people.

Fake news websites on the internet pretend to be an authority and at times name their websites in similar to well-known news authority brands. Eg. Bloomberg.ma to imitate Bloomberg.com. In many cases, the fake website copied everything from the logo to the site’s structure.

Thanks to the social media revolution, fake news websites have a huge approach to the public now. They intend to shake the foundation of democracy. Eg. A lot of fake news websites mushroomed during the 2016 US Presidential Elections to side with political parties.

Exaggerated news

One thing noticed during the US Presidential Elections in 2016 was that the media became polarized with different media outlets writing news biased towards various political parties. The standard of good news is to cover news of importance and set priority criteria. For whatever news is covered, both the sides of the story should be reported.

Exaggerated news would mean not to report a part of the main news and exaggerate whatever is said to favor a person or ideology. As they say, a half-truth is worse than a complete lie; exaggerated news is harmful to a true democracy.

It might be worse than news published on fake news websites because the reader might believe it blindly considering that it has been published on an authority site.

Types of fake news websites

• Using names similar to those of known news brands: This is something that has been done with almost every known news website. The website owner would make a duplicate website with a similar logo and slightly different name. At times the personal information of the website owner is hidden from the online database. The intent is to make the readers believe that the information published on these fake news sites are from the authority site they are imitating.
• Creating biased political websites: A strong purpose of many news websites is to bias political opinion in favor of a particular party. This is because political parties represent political opinions that may favor or be against particular communities and their interests. In many countries, politics is a huge craze and thus people create news websites which grossly favor certain political opinions.
• Clickbait websites: Other than spreading propaganda, financial returns is a reason for the flourishing of so many fake news websites. The news they write is exactly what they believe people want to read. When people open their sites and check the ads, it helps the website owners build revenue.

Fake news sites list

The list is endless and probably as many new fake news websites are launched as they are shut down. What you need to observe to identify a fake news site is its domain. They usually copy the name of some major real news sites. Some examples of such websites are – cnn-trending.com, bloomberg.ma, drudgeReport.com.co, usatoday.com.co, washingtonpost.com.co, and so on. It is therefore important that you learn to spot fake news sites.

Measures to control fake news websites

Any news website has two ways of reaching the masses.The first one is to be approved for Google News or Bing News and ranked for their search engine. It is the same with other search engines. However, this is tough because of the strict quality criteria and monitoring. The second method is to reach people through social media like Facebook and Twitter. As of recent, Facebook has introduced an option to report fake news and Twitter might follow the trend soon.

Despite the laws assisting in the freedom of the press, fake news is illegal in most countries. Thus, to prevent the problem from spreading further, many countries are teaming up to cross-check the false news.

The European Commission is contributing more resources towards checking the fake news. Germany is setting up a center to monitor disinformation. 17 newsrooms in France are also joining hands with Facebook and Google to overcome the problem.

The human tendency is to immediately share something if the ‘news’ is something the person likes or wants to be true! But before sharing indiscriminately, we as users must fact check all the news available online by comparing it with what all has been published on authority websites.

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