Ma jiro qof maskaxdiisa saxda ah ku doodaya in imaatinka USB uu ahaa wax xun. Kahor intaanan markii hore helin dekedda USB -ga ah ee caanka ah, adduunka waxaa ka buuxsamay heerar isku xirnaanta oo kala duwan. 

PC-ga caadiga ah ee horaantii 90-meeyadii wuxuu ciyaaray LPT , Serial , PS2 , SCSI iyo MIDI . Si aan u magacaabo laakiin dhowr! Hadda waxaan haynaa Baska Taxanaha Caalamiga^{(Universal Serial Bus)} ah , laakiin maahan sida "caalami" sida la filayo!

Noocyada USB & Xawaaraha^{(USB Versions & Speeds)}

Waa muhiim in la fahmo in kasta oo labada dekedood ee USB iyo fiilooyinka ay u ekaan^{(look )} karaan isku mid, macnaheedu maaha inay leeyihiin awood isku mid ah. Taasi waa sababta oo ah heerarka USB ayaa horumaray sanadihii la soo dhaafay. Qalabka soo dira oo hela macluumaadka aad buu u dheereeyaa oo fiilooyinka gudaha ayaa si weyn u kala duwan. 

Hase yeeshee, qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah USB-ga^(USB) waa xoogaa "caalami ah". Ficil ahaan tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in haddii fiilada USB-ga^(USB) ay ku habboonaato dekedda, way shaqeyn doontaa. Waxa ugu xun ee dhici kara waa in ay u gudubto heerka ugu da'da weyn, ugu hooseeya ee labada qalabba ay fahmi karaan. Taas oo^(Which) la macno ah in qalabka qaar ka mid ah si fudud uma shaqayn doonaan si sax ah sababtoo ah ma riixi karaan xogta dhex cable si degdeg ah oo ku filan. 

Marka aad soo iibsato xayndaabka USB , waxay qeexi doontaa heerka ugu sarreeya ee ay taageerto iyo - mararka qaarkood - waxay u baahan tahay. Taas macnaheedu waa kombayutarka, fiilada iyo qalabku waa inay dhammaantood u hoggaansamaan heerkaas USB-ga^(USB) ah si uu ugu shaqeeyo sida ugu macquulsan.

Hadda waxaa jira saddex jiil oo USB ah oo duurka ku jira, oo leh afaraad oo aan weli la sii deyn, laakiin shaqada. Tani waa waxa ugu yar ee aad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato:

• USB 1 waxa uu leeyahay xawaraha aragtiyeed ee ugu badan oo ah 12Mbps (megabits per second). Qalabkan hore waxay la shaqayn doonaan USB-ga^(USB) casriga ah ee hadda jira , laakiin wax ka badan xawaarahaas iyo inta badan mid hoose. Waxa kale oo loo yaqaan "xawaaraha buuxa" USB , kaas oo noqon kara jahawareer.
• USB 2 aad buu u^{(way )} dheereeyaa, iyadoo xawaraha aragtiyeed ee ugu badan uu yahay 480Mbps. Magaca suuqgeynta ee USB 2 waa "Xawaare Sare".
• USB 3 waa halbeegii ugu dambeeyay waqtiga qorista wuxuuna leeyahay xawaarihiisa aragtiyeed ee 5 Gbps (gigabits per second). Magac suuqgeyneedkeedu waa "SuperSpeed ​​​​".

USB 1.1 dhab ahaantii waa heerka ugu ballaaran ee la qaatay USB 1 , iyada oo aan ku dhawaad ​​​​aan jirin aaladaha USB 1.0 ee u dhigaya gacmaha isticmaaleyaasha. USB 2.0 wuxuu helay hal dib u eegis, laakiin USB 3 ayaa shaqada dib u eegista ugu badan ku leh USB 3.1 iyo 3.2. 

Kuwaas oo loo sii^{(further )} kala qaybiyay jiilal. USB 3.1 wuxuu leeyahay Gen 1 iyo Gen 2 qayb hoosaad. USB 3.2 wuxuu leeyahay Gen 1,2^{(Gen 1)} iyo 2×2.

Noocyada jiilku dhab ahaantii aad bay ugu kala duwan yihiin waxqabadka. USB 3.1 Gen 1 wuxuu ku shaqeeyaa 5 Gbps , laakiin Gen 2 wuu labanlaabmaa taas! Jiilasha USB 3.2 waxay ku shaqeeyaan 5,10 iyo 20 Gbps siday u kala horreeyaan.

Phow!

Xusuusin ku yaal Thunderbolt 3 oo ka sarreeya USB-C^{(A Note On Thunderbolt 3 Over USB-C)}

Thunderbolt 3 waa heerka gudbinta xogta oo dhan gaar ah USB . Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxay isticmaashaa isla deked USB-C ah! Tani maaha sida ay u dhawaaqdo jahawareer, markaa aynu kala qaybinno waxaad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato:

• Qalab kasta oo USB-C ah ayaa ka shaqayn doona deked kasta oo Thunderbolt 3 ah.
• Qalabka Thunderbolt kama shaqayn doono dekedda USB-C ee cad oo aan lahayn Thunderbolt .
• Dekadaha Thunderbolt USB-C^{(Thunderbolt USB-C)} inta badan waxay leeyihiin garaaf yar oo hillaac ah oo agtooda ah.
• Xadhkaha USB-C waxay u shaqeeyaan sidii fiilooyinka Thunderbolt , laakiin kuwa raqiis ah ayaa laga yaabaa inaanay xawaaraha si sax ah u ilaalin.
• Xargaha Thunderbolt^{(Thunderbolt)} waxay sidoo kale u shaqeeyaan sidii fiilooyinka USB-C.

Thunderbolt waa tignoolajiyada nadiifka ah, laakiin maqaalkani wuxuu ku saabsan yahay USB , markaa waan kaga tagi doonaa taas.

Noocyada Dekedda USB^{(USB Port Types)}

Hadda oo aan daboolnay jiilalka kala duwan ee USB , aan ka hadalno dekedaha dhabta ah ee dhabta ah. Kahor intaanan taas samayn, si kastaba ha ahaatee, halkan waxaa ah tilmaan degdeg ah - dekedaha USB 3^{(– USB 3)} caadi ahaan waa buluug gudaha! Taasi waxay fududaynaysaa in iyaga loo sheego marka laga reebo noocyada dekedaha USB ee hore.^(USB)

Dekadda USB-ga^(USB) asalka ah waxaa loo yaqaannaa nooca^{(Type A)} A. Kani waa nooca dekeda aynu wada naqaano oo aynu jecelnahay, kaas oo laga heli karo wax kasta laga bilaabo TV-yada^(TVs) flat-panel ilaa idaacadaha saacadaha. USB 1 iyo USB 2 nooca-A^(Type-A) ee dekedaha waxay leeyihiin afar biin gudaha gudaha ah. Laba xog iyo laba awood. USB 3 Type-A dekedaha waxay leeyihiin sagaal biin wadar ahaan, laakiin gabi ahaanba waa kuwo dib-u-dhac ah.

Marka xigta waxaan haysanaa nooca B^{(Type B)} ee aan caadiga ahayn . Kuwaas waxaa badanaa lagu arkaa aaladaha sida daabacayaasha ama kuwa adag ee dibadda ah. Waa deked dumar ah oo loogu talagalay aaladaha aan ahayn “qalabka martida loo yahay” sida kombuyuutarku waa. Nooca B USB 1 iyo 2 dekedood ayaan^{(not )} jir ahaan ku haboonayn USB 3 nooca-B^(Type-B) .

Ugu dambayntii, waxaanu haynaa dekeddii u dambaysay ee nooca-C. Dekaddan yar, ee cufan-ku-xidhan waa dib loo rogi karaa. Taas oo macnaheedu yahay in ka duwan noocyada A^{(Types A)} ama dekedaha B, waxaad gelin kartaa si kasta oo ku wareegsan. Adapter-ka, tani waxay ku habboon tahay dhammaan USB marka laga reebo USB 1 . Waxay beddeshaa noocyada kale ee isku xirka sida USB 3.2 wixii ka dambeeya.

Taasi waa waxa loogu yeero dekedaha "standard", laakiin waxaa jira nooca "mini" iyo "micro" kuwaas oo loogu talagalay aaladaha aadka u yaryar si ay u qabtaan dekedaha USB-A oo dhan. Koontaroolayaasha ciyaarta^(Game) , taleefannada casriga ah iyo aaladaha kale ee yar yar waxay ka koobnaan karaan noocyada Mini^(Micro-) - iyo Micro-^(Mini-) ee nooca-A^(Type-A) iyo dekedaha nooca-B . ^(Type-B)Waxa kale oo jira dekedaha Type-AB ee aaladaha u shaqeeya sida kuwa martida loo yahay iyo kuwa ku hareeraysan labadaba. 

Kahor dekedaha USB-C , taleefannada casriga ah waxay inta badan muujin jireen dekedaha Micro-B . Dekadaha Mini-B waxaa laga heli karaa aaladaha sida kantaroolaha PlayStation 3 .

In kasta oo dekedaha Micro-B ay wali si weyn u isticmaalaan taleefannada casriga ah, bangiyada korantada iyo inta badan aaladaha elektiroonigga yar yar ee casriga ah, USB-C waxay si dhakhso ah u noqotaa heerka cusub ee aalad kasta^{(every )} oo adeegsata USB , iyadoon loo eegin cabbirka.

Heerarka Awoodda USB^{(USB Power Standards)}

USB waa ka badan oo kaliya si ay u gudbiyaan xogta u dhexeeya qalabka. Sidoo kale waa hab lagu kala wareejiyo awoodda. Marka laga reebo aaladaha mobilada ee Apple, kaliya ku dhawaad ​​​​casriga casriga ah wuxuu isticmaalaa deked USB ah oo nooc ama mid kale ah labadaba dallacaadda iyo xogta. 

Dhab ahaantii, qalab badan oo aan wax xog ah wareejin haba yaraatee weli waxay isticmaalaan USB si ay u dallacaan. Mid ka mid ah tusaale ahaan waa bangiyada korantada ee diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee yar yar. Xadhkaha USB-ga^(USB) qaarkood waxa ay wataan koronto, iyaga oo aan lahayn fiilooyinka gudbinta xogta. Xadhkaha korantada^(Power) ee la socda bangiyada korontada ayaa mararka qaarkood ah noocaan oo kale. 

Runtii aad bay faa'iido u leedahay in la isticmaalo fiilada awoodda kaliya leh si looga hortago infekshannada fayraska ee aaladaha mobilada. Tusaale ahaan, gegida dayuuradaha ee laga yaabo in lagu bixiyo dabaysha, hackers -ku waxa ay ku beddelan karaan qalabyada uu cudurku ku dhacay. Waxa loogu yeero " xakameeyaha xogta^{(data blocker)} " fiilada USB waxay ka hortagtaa ka faa'iidaysigaas gaarka ah.

Marka la eego awoodda dhabta ah ee ku timaadda fiilada USB , waxaa jira kala duwanaansho badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hal shay oo ay tahay inaad ogaato ayaa ah in haddii aad ku xirto aaladda USB -ga dekedda ^(USB)USB-ga^(USB) ah, waxay soo jiidan doontaa oo kaliya inta awoodeed ee ay u baahan tahay ama inta badan ee dekeddu ay bixin karto, hadba kan ugu hooseeya.

Markaa uma baahnid inaad ka walwasho inaad talefankaaga ku xidho charger leh qiime sare oo ka badan kii uu la yimid. Ilaa inta qalabka iyo fiilada labadaba ay ka yimaaddaan soosaarayaasha sumcadda leh, ma aha wax aad u baahan tahay inaad ka fikirto.

Waxa muhiimka ah in la ogaado ayaa ah in ilaha korantada USB qaarkood aysan si fiican u dallaci doonin ama aysan si fiican u dallacin qalabkaaga. USB wuxuu bixiyaa awood iyadoo loo eegayo jiilka qalabka. USB 1.0 iyo 2.0 waxay bixiyaan 500mAh ee hadda. USB 3.0 wuxuu siin karaa ilaa 900 mAh oo casiir ah. USB 3.1 wuxuu ku siin karaa ilaa 3000 mAh (3A)! 

Kuwani waa lambarrada ay tahay in soo-saareyaashu u hoggaansamaan si uu u buuxiyo ugu yar ee caddaynta. Waxay u badan tahay inaad dareentay in dabaylaha baabuurta iyo dabaylaha Apple iPad ay inta badan ku qiimeeyaan 2.1A, taas oo aan qayb ka ahayn qeexida USB kasta . Si loo isticmaalo awoodda dheeriga ah ee la heli karo, qalabku wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu la hadlo dabeylaha si uu ugala xaajoodo inta awood uu rabo. 

Haddii aysan awoodin, waxay si fudud u noqon doontaa ugu yaraan, taas oo badanaa ah 500 mAh. Waxa kaliya ee aad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato ayaa ah in dallaayaha iyo aaladda labaduba ay tahay inay taageeraan isla heerka awoodda “dallacaadda degdegga ah” ee lagu wareejinayo ka sarreeya tilmaamaha USB .

Marka laga reebo koronto-siinta sare ee noocyadii ugu dambeeyay ee USB 3, dhammaan heerarka kale ee dallacaadda degdegga ah maahan heerka warshadaha. Markaa ma jirto wax dammaanad qaad ah in taleefankaaga casriga ah ee “dhakhso u dallacaya” uu ku kici doono heerka ugu sarreeya ee xajiyeyaasha dhinac saddexaad. 

Taleefannada Android^(Android) - ka, tusaale ahaan, waxa badanaa jiri doona wargelin kuu sheegaysa in qalabku si tartiib ah ama degdeg ah u dallacayo, oo ay la socoto qiyaasta wakhtiga.

Isticmaalka USB-ga Macs-ka^{(Using USB On Macs)}

USB wuxuu ahaa sifo ka mid ah kombiyuutarada Apple ku dhawaad ​​ilaa iyo inta USB laftiisa ayaa jiray. 1998-kii ugu horreeyay iMac wuxuu baabi'iyay dhammaan marka laga reebo laba dekedood oo USB ah iyo laba dekedood oo FireWire ^(Ports)ah^(FireWire) . Ma ahan buun buunin weyn in la yiraahdo Apple waxay door weyn ku lahayd qaadashada USB -ga.^(USB)

Macs-yada casriga ah^{(Modern Macs)} waxay sidoo kale sameeyeen wax xagjir ah marka ay timaado tignoolajiyada USB waxayna meesha ka saareen ^(USB)DHAMMAAN^(ALL) dekedaha iyagoo ku beddelaya hal ama laba dekedood oo USB-C^(USB-C) ah. Tani waxay la macno tahay in haddii aad rabto in aad isticmaasho qalab kasta oo aan asal ahaan u isticmaalin USB-C , xalka kaliya ayaa ah xuddunta USB-C^(USB-C) . 

Akhbaarta wanaagsan ayaa ah in USB-C uu leeyahay xajmi iyo awood aad u badan, in lagu daro aalad hub ah oo jaban ayaa ku siin karta xiriir kasta oo aad rabto. U hubso inaad raadiso mid si gaar ah loogu tijaabiyay la jaanqaadida Mac . Buugaagta Mac ee leh laba dekedood oo ^(Mac)USB-C ah waxay la shaqayn karaan waxa loogu yeero “dual-hub” aaladaha, kuwaas oo dhex gala labada dekedood ee USB-C^(USB-C) oo isku dara si loogu isticmaalo xuddunta.

Xusuusin kama dambays ah oo ku saabsan USB 4^{(A Final Note On USB 4)}

Kahor intaanan xidhin buugga USB-ga^(USB) , waxaan u baahanahay inaan si kooban uga hadalno mustaqbalka. USB 4 waa horraantii, markaa waa fikrad wanaagsan in xoogaa loo sii diyaargaroobo. Heerarkan cusub waxa uu taageerayaa ilaa 40 Gbps oo xajmigoodu yahay, laakiin waa gadaal-ku- socod kaliya USB 3.2 iyo USB 2.0 . 

Ficil ahaan tani uma badna inay dhibto qof kasta, maadaama dhammaan qalabka USB 1^{(USB 1)} uu yahay mid duugoobay. Dekadda USB- C ee hadda jirta waxay noqon doontaa tiirarka ugu weyn ee USB 4 sidaa darteed dhammaan USB waa la mideynayaa, iyadoo laga walaacsan yahay in dekedo kala duwan ay wada shaqeyn doonaan wax hore. Markaa dhawr sano gudahood, ma xasuusan doontid wax kasta oo aad maqaalkan ku akhriday.

USB Cable Types Explained – Versions, Ports, Speeds, and Power

No one in their right mind could argue that the аdvent of USB was a bad thing. Before we first gоt the now-іconic USB port, the world was filled with clunky, dispаrate cоnnection standards. 

The typical PC from the early 90s sported LPT, Serial, PS2, SCSI and MIDI ports. To name but a few! Now we have the Universal Serial Bus, but it’s not quite as “universal” as one might hope!

USB Versions & Speeds

It’s important to understand that although two USB ports and cables might look identical, it doesn’t mean they have the same capabilities. That’s because USB standards have improved over the years. The hardware that sends and receives information is faster and the internal wiring differs significantly. 

Yet, a key part of USB is the “universal” bit. In practice this means that if a USB cable fits into a port, it will work. The worst that can happen is that it defaults to the oldest, slowest standard that both devices can understand. Which means that some devices simply won’t work properly because they can’t push data through the cable quickly enough. 

When you buy a USB peripheral, it will specify which the highest standard is that it supports and – sometimes – requires. That means the computer, the cable and the device must all comply with that particular USB standard for it to run as well as possible.

Right now there are three generations of USB out in the wild, with a fourth as yet unreleased, but in the works. This is the least you need to know:

• USB 1 has a maximum theoretical speed of 12Mbps (megabits per second). These old devices will work with current modern USB, but at no more than that speed and usually a lower one. It’s also referred to as “Full Speed” USB, which can be confusing.
• USB 2 is way faster, with a maximum theoretical speed of 480Mbps. The marketing name for USB 2 is “High Speed”.
• USB 3 is the most recent standard at the time of writing and has a theoretical speed of an astonishing 5 Gbps (gigabits per second). Its marketing name is “SuperSpeed”.

USB 1.1 is actually the most widely-adopted USB 1 standard, with virtually no USB 1.0 devices making it into the hands of users. USB 2.0 received a single revision, but USB 3 has had the most revision work with USB 3.1 and 3.2. 

These are further divided into generations. USB 3.1 has a Gen 1 and Gen 2 subdivision. USB 3.2 has Gen 1,2 and 2×2.

The generational versions are actually significantly different in performance. USB 3.1 Gen 1 runs at 5 Gbps, but Gen 2 doubles that! The USB 3.2 generations run at 5,10 and 20 Gbps respectively.

Phew!

A Note On Thunderbolt 3 Over USB-C

Thunderbolt 3 is an entirely separate data transmission standard to USB. However, it uses the same USB-C port! This isn’t as confusing as it sounds, so let’s break down what you need to know:

• Any USB-C device will work in any Thunderbolt 3 port.
• A Thunderbolt device will not work in a plain USB-C port without Thunderbolt.
• Thunderbolt USB-C ports often have a small lightning bolt graphic next to them.
• USB-C cables work as Thunderbolt cables, but cheap ones might not sustain the speed properly.
• Thunderbolt cables work as USB-C cables too.

Thunderbolt is a neat technology, but this article is about USB, so we’ll leave it at that.

USB Port Types

Now that we’ve covered the different USB generations, let’s talk about the actual physical ports. Before we do that however, here’s a quick tip – USB 3 ports are conventionally blue inside! That makes it easy to tell them apart from older USB port types.

The original USB port is known as the Type A port. This is the port type we all know and love, which can be found on everything from flat-panel TVs to clock radios. USB 1 and USB 2 Type-A ports have just four pins internally. Two for data and two for power. USB 3 Type-A ports have nine pins in total, but are completely backwards-compatible.

Next we have the less common Type B port. These are usually seen on devices like printers or external hard drives. It’s a female port for devices that aren’t “host devices” like a computer is. Type B USB 1 and 2 ports are not physically compatible with USB 3 Type-B ports.

Lastly, we have the latest Type-C port. This tiny, densely-wired port is reversible. Which means that unlike Types A or B ports, you can insert it any way around. With an adapter, this is compatible with all USB except for USB 1. It replaces other connection types as of USB 3.2 onwards.

That’s it for the so-called “standard” ports, but there are “mini” and “micro” version of these for devices that are too small to handle full-sized USB-A ports. Game controllers, smartphones and other small devices can feature Mini- and Micro- versions of Type-A and Type-B ports. There are also Type-AB ports for devices that act as both a host and a peripheral. 

Before USB-C ports, smartphones most commonly featured Micro-B ports. Mini-B ports can be found on devices like the PlayStation 3 controller.

While Micro-B ports are still widely in use for smartphones, power banks and most modern small electronics devices, USB-C is quickly becoming the new standard for every device that uses USB, regardless of size.

USB Power Standards

USB is more than just a way to transfer data between devices. It’s also a way to transfer power. With the exception of Apple’s mobile devices, just about every modern smartphone uses a USB port of one type or another for both charging and data. 

In fact, plenty of devices that transfer no data at all still use USB for charging. One example is power banks to small toy drones. Some USB cables only carry power, lacking the wiring for data transmission. Power cables that comes with power banks are sometimes of this type. 

It’s actually pretty useful to use a power-only cable to prevent virus infections of mobile devices. For example, at airports where chargers may be provided, hackers can swap them out with malware-infected devices. A so-called “data blocker” USB cable prevents that particular exploit.

In terms of the actual power that comes through a USB cable, there’s a lot of variability. However, one thing you should know is that it if you plug a USB device into a USB-compliant port, it will only draw as much power as it needs or as much power as the port can supply, whichever is lowest.

So you don’t have to worry about plugging your phone into a charger with a higher power rating than the one it came with. As long as both devices and the cable are from reputable manufacturers, it’s not something you need to think about.

What is important to know is that some USB power sources aren’t going to charge or power your device well. USB provides power according to the generation of the hardware. USB 1.0 and 2.0 provide 500mAh of current. USB 3.0 can give up to 900 mAh of juice. USB 3.1 can provide as much as 3000 mAh (3A)! 

These are simply the numbers a manufacturer must comply with in order to meet the certification minimums. You’ve probably noticed that car chargers and Apple iPad chargers are often rated for 2.1A, which is not part of any USB specification. In order to make use of the extra power available, the device needs to talk to the charger to negotiate how much power it wants. 

If it can’t, it will simply default to the minimum, which is usually 500 mAh. All you need to know is that the charger and device both have to support the same “quick charging” standard of power that’s to be transferred above the USB specifications.

Apart from the high power delivery of the latest USB 3 versions, all other quick charging standards are not industry-standard. So there is no guarantee that your “fast-charging” smartphone will power up at its best rate on a third-party charger. 

On Android phones, for example, there will usually be a notification letting you know if the device is charging slowly or quickly, along with a time estimate.

Using USB On Macs

USB has been a feature of Apple computers for almost as long as USB itself has existed. The first 1998 iMac did away with all but two USB ports and two FireWire Ports. It’s no great exaggeration to say that Apple had a big role to play in USB adoption.

Modern Macs have also done something radical when it comes to USB technology and have done away with ALL ports in exchange for one or two USB-C ports. This means that if you want to use any device that doesn’t natively use USB-C, the only solution is a USB-C hub. 

The good news is that USB-C has so much bandwidth and power, that adding an inexpensive hub device can give you any connection you’d like. Be sure to look for one that has specifically been tested for Mac compatibility. MacBooks with two USB-C ports can work with so-called “dual-hub” devices, which slot into both USB-C ports and combines them for use with the hub.

A Final Note On USB 4

Before we close the book on USB, we need to talk briefly about the future. USB 4 is on the horizon and so it’s a good idea to be somewhat prepared for it. This new standard supports up to 40 Gbps of bandwidth, but is only backwards-compatible with USB 3.2 and USB 2.0. 

In practice this is unlikely to bother anyone, since all USB 1 hardware is already essentially obsolete. The Current USB-C port will be the mainstay of USB 4 and so all USB is being unified, making worries about whether different ports will work together a thing of the past. So in just a few years, you won’t have to remember anything you read in this article.

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