Haddii aad tahay isticmaale Linux cusub^{(new Linux user)} , waxay u badan tahay inaad la kulantay amarka Chmod goor hore. Waxaa laga yaabaa in qof kuu sheego "chmod 777" si aad ugu rarto fayl gal gaar ah, wuuna shaqeeyay! Haddaba muxuu qabtaa amarka chmod maxaase tirooyinka ka dhigan yihiin?

Maqaalkani wuxuu ka hadli doonaa wax kasta oo aad u baahan tahay inaad ka ogaato oggolaanshaha faylka Linux . Waa muhiim in tan la ogaado si loo fahmo amarka chmod iyo tirooyinka u dhigma heerarka gelitaanka qaarkood. Haddii aad isticmaasho Ubuntu , Fedora, ama Linux distro ka sii qalaad waa inaad fahantaa marka ay caadi tahay inaad ogolansho u dejiso 777 adoo isticmaalaya amarka CHMOD iyo goorta ay tahay inaad isticmaasho goob kale.

Sida Faylka Linux u Shaqeeyo Ogolaanshaha

Linux , nidaamka qalliinka ayaa go'aamiya cidda geli karta fayl gaar ah iyadoo lagu saleynayo oggolaanshaha faylka, lahaanshaha, iyo sifooyinka. Nidaamku wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa, mulkiilaha ama maamulaha, inaad awood u yeelatid xaddidaadaha gelitaanka faylasha iyo hagayaasha kala duwan. Waxaad hagaajin kartaa amniga nidaamkaaga adiga oo siinaya marin u helka isticmaalayaasha iyo barnaamijyada aad ku kalsoon tahay oo keliya.

Fahamka Fasalada Isticmaalaha^{(Understanding User Classes)}

Isticmaale gaar ah iyo koox ayaa iska leh fayl kasta iyo hagaha. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay inay jiraan saddex qaybood oo isticmaalayaasha^{(three categories of users)} kuwaas oo aad ku meelayn karto heer gaar ah oo gelitaan ah. Isticmaalayaashan waxaa loo kala saaray sidan soo socota:

• Milkiilaha
• Koox
• Kuwo kale

Waxaad ku arki kartaa kooxahan muuqaal ahaan gudaha Ubuntu adoo gujinaya midigta ku dhufo hage kasta, dooro Properties , oo aad tagtid tab ogolaanshaha .^{(Permissions)}

Mulkiiluhu waa qofka awooda oo dhan leh . ^(Owner)Caadi ahaan, waxay si buuxda u heli karaan fayl kasta iyo hagaha waxayna bedeli karaan oggolaanshaha faylka isticmaalayaasha kale sidoo kale.

Kooxdu waxay^(Group) ka kooban tahay tiro isticmaaleyaal ah oo leh heer gaar ah oo gelitaanka faylka ama hagaha uu bixiyay mulkiiluhu^(Owner) . Tusaale ahaan, koox ka mid ah isticmaalayaasha waa laga saari karaa inay wax ka beddelaan faylka marka loo ogolaado inay arkaan faylkaas.

Fasalka Kale^(Others) wuxuu si fudud u matalaa isticmaalayaasha martida ee aan ku dhicin labada qaybood ee kale. Sida caadiga ah, heerka gelitaankooda inta badan waa xaddidan yahay. Waxay ku xiran tahay Mulkiilaha^(Owner) inuu go'aamiyo waxa isticmaalayaasha martida ahi ay samayn karaan ama aanay samayn karin.

Fahamka Heerarka Ogolaanshaha Faylka^{(Understanding File Permission Levels)}

Mulkiilaha^(Owner) ahaan , waxaad ku meelayn kartaa saddex heer oo gelitaanka faylashaada iyo hagahaaga:

1. Akhri^(Read) : Waxay ku siinaysaa fursad xaddidan oo aad ku gasho faylka ama hagaha. Waxa kaliya ee aad samayn karto waa inaad akhrido faylka ama aad aragto waxa ku jira buugga. Ma bedeli kartid faylasha, mana ka saari kartid ama ku darin kartaa wax faylal ah oo cusub hagaha.
2. Qor^(Write) : Waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad akhrido oo aad wax ka beddesho faylasha. Haddii aad u xilsaarto heerkan gelitaanka hagaha, waxaad sidoo kale ka saari kartaa ama ku dari kartaa faylasha.
3. Execute : Waxa kaliya oo muhiim ah marka la ordo ama la fulinayo faylasha. Tusaale ahaan, ma wadi kartid qoraal ama barnaamij fasax la'aan si aad ufuliso^(Execute) .

Marka la isku daro Fasalada iyo Ogolaanshaha, waxaad xakameyn kartaa inta galaangal u leh isticmaale gaar ah faylka ama tusaha.

Calaamadaha^(Symbols) Ogolaanshaha iyo Tirooyinka^(Numbers) La Sharaxay

Oggolaanshaha faylka waxaa lagu matalaa tiro ahaan ama calaamad ahaan. Waxaad isticmaali kartaa labada calaamadood iyo nambarada si aad u bedesho ogolaanshaha faylka iyo hagaha. Habka ugu fudud waa tirooyinka, laakiin sidoo kale waa inaad fahamtaa calaamadaha. Haddaba aan eegno calaamadaha ka dambeeya oggolaanshaha faylka marka hore.

Calaamadaha Ogolaanshaha Faylka^{(File Permission Symbols)}

Waxaad ka arki kartaa oggolaanshahaaga dhammaan macluumaadka ku jira hage gaar ah haddii aad ku qorto amarka soo socda terminalka:

ls -l

Waxaad u socon kartaa hage kasta adiga oo isticmaalaya amarka cd . Haddii aad tahay bilow dhammaystiran, fiiri maqaalkeena amarrada aasaasiga ah ee Linux^{(basic Linux commands)} .

Tusaalahayaga, buuggu waxa uu ka kooban yahay laba hagele oo kale iyo hal fayl. Oggolaanshaha waxaa lagu qoray iyadoo la adeegsanayo (1+) 9 calaamadood oo loo kala qaybin karo saddex-geesood si loo fahmo fudud. Aynu eegno qaybta kowaad ee oggolaanshaha ee hagaha buugaagta :^(Books)

drwxrwxr-x

Aan u kala qaadno si loo akhriyo:

d rwx rwx rx

Calaamadda hore waa d, waxayna u taagan tahay hagaha. Waxa kale oo ay noqon kartaa calaamad dash haddii ay tahay fayl, sida aad ku arki karto qaybta saddexaad ee oggolaanshaha ee faylka Outline.docx .

Marka xigta, waxaan haynaa saddex kooxood oo calaamado ah. Kooxda koowaad waxay matashaa heerarka oggolaanshaha mulkiilaha, kooxda labaadna waxay u taagan tahay fasalka kooxda^(Group) , tan saddexaadna waxay matashaa kuwa kale.

Qayb kasta oo ka kooban 3 calaamad macnaheedu waa akhri, qor, fuli - siday u kala horreeyaan. Markaa mulkiiluhu^(Owner) waxa uu fasax u haystaa inuu akhriyo, qoro, oo fuliyo dhammaan faylalka iyo hagayaasha laga dhex helay tusaha Imtixaanka^(Test) . Waa kan muuqaal muuqaal ah:

Marka aad aragto calaamada dhididka halkii aad ka isticmaali lahayd r, w, ama x, waxay la macno tahay in ogolaansho aanu jirin.

Nambarada Ogolaanshaha Faylka^{(File Permission Numbers)}

Qaabka tirada ee ogolaanshaha faylka waa mid fudud. Nuxur ahaan, furaha ogolaanshaha faylka ayaa leh saddex lambar:

• Midka ugu horreeya waxaa leh milkiilaha faylka.
• Midka labaad wuxuu matalaa kooxda faylka.
• Lambarka ugu dambeeya waa qof kasta oo kale.

Tirooyinka ayaa u dhexeeya 0 ilaa 7 halka:

• 4 = akhri.
• 2 = qor.
• 1 = fulin.
• 0 = ogolaansho la'aan.

Lambarka oggolaanshaha ee fasal kasta waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa iyadoo la soo koobayo qiimayaasha oggolaanshaha. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, nambar kasta ee fasal kasta wuxuu noqon karaa wadarta 4, 2, 1, iyo 0. Halkan waxaa ah liis buuxa oo oggolaansho:

• 0 (0 + 0 + 0) = Heerka isticmaaluhu ma haysto wax oggolaansho ah.
• 1 (0 + 0 + 1) = Fulin^(Execute) ogolaanshaha kaliya.
• 2 (0 + 2 + 0) = Ogolaansho qor oo keliya.^(Write)
• 3 (0 + 2 + 1) = Qor^(Write) oo fuliya oggolaanshaha.
• 4 (4 + 0 + 0) = Ogolaansho akhri oo keliya.^(Read)
• 5 (4 + 0 + 1) = Akhri^(Read) oo fuliya oggolaanshaha.
• 6 (4 + 2 + 0) = Akhri^(Read) oo qor oggolaanshaha.
• 7 (4 + 2 + 1) = Dhammaan oggolaanshaha.

Tusaale ahaan, ogolaanshaha 644 macnihiisu waa in mulkiilaha faylka uu akhriyay oo qoray ogolaanshaha, halka labada fasal ee kale ay haystaan ​​kaliya ogolaanshaha. Dejinta ogolaanshaha adoo isticmaalaya qaabka lambarka waxay u baahan tahay kaliya xisaabta aasaasiga ah.

Ogolaanshaha 777

Sidaad u badan tahay inaad horeba u qiyaastay, ogolaanshaha 777 waxa uu ku siinayaa akhrin, qorid, iyo fulinta rukhsad dhammaan saddexda fasal ee isticmaalaha. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, qof kasta oo marin u leh nidaamkaaga wuu akhriyi karaa, wax ka beddeli karaa, oo wuu fulin karaa faylasha. Isticmaal kaliya marka aad ku kalsoon tahay dhammaan isticmaalayaashaada oo aadan u baahnayn inaad ka walwasho jebinta amniga.

Ogolaanshaha 777 ayaa badanaa la isticmaalaa sababtoo ah way ku habboon tahay, laakiin waa inaad u isticmaashaa si yar. Dhab ahaantii, waxaan kugula talineynaa inaadan waligaa isticmaalin sababtoo ah khataraha amnigu aad bay u weyn yihiin. Isticmaale aan la ogolayn ayaa wax u dhimi kara nidaamkaaga ama, tusaale ahaan, bedeli kara mareegahaaga si uu u qaybiyo malware.

Waa inaad bixisa ogolaansho 755 beddelkeeda. Habkaas, adiga oo ah mulkiilaha faylka waxaad si buuxda u geli kartaa fayl gaar ah ama hagaha, halka qof kasta oo kale uu akhriyi karo oo uu fulin karo, laakiin aadan samaynin wax isbeddel ah la'aanteed ogolaanshahaaga.

Wax ka beddelka Ogolaanshaha Faylka ^(File)Chmod

Waxaad bedeli kartaa ogolaanshaha faylka adoo kaashanaya taliska chmod. Habka aasaasiga ah ee isticmaalka amarkan iyada oo aan wax doorsoomayaal kale ah lahayn waa sida soo socota:

chmod 777 filename

Ku beddel^{(Replace “)} magaca faylka iyo wadadiisa.

Maskaxda ku hay in isticmaaleyaasha kaliya ee leh awoodda ay ku beddelaan oggolaanshaha faylka ay yihiin kuwa leh marinka xididka, milkiilayaasha faylka, iyo qof kasta oo kale oo leh awood sudo .

Linux File Permissions – What Is Chmod 777 and How to Use It

If you’rе a new Linux user, you probably encountered the Chmod command at some point early on. Perhaps someone told you to “chmod 777” to move a file to a certain folder, and it worked! So what does the chmod command do and what do the numbers mean?

This article will discuss everything you need to know about Linux file permissions. It’s important to know this to understand the chmod command and the numbers that correspond to certain access levels. Whether you use Ubuntu, Fedora, or a more exotic Linux distro you should understand when it’s okay to set permissions to 777 using the CHMOD command and when you should use a different setting.

How Linux File Permissions Work

In Linux, the operating system determines who can access a certain file based on file permission, ownership, and attributes. The system allows you, the owner or admin, to enable access restrictions to various files and directories. You can improve the security of your system by giving access only to users and programs you trust.

Understanding User Classes

A specific user and a group own every single file and directory. This means there are three categories of users to which you can assign a certain level of access. These users are classified as follows:

• Owner
• Group
• Others

You can see these groups visually in Ubuntu by right-clicking on any directory, selecting Properties, and going to the Permissions tab.

The Owner is the person with all the power. Usually, they have full access to every file and directory and can change the file permissions of other users as well.

The Group consists of a number of users that have a certain level of access to a file or directory given by the Owner. For example, a group of users can be excluded from modifying a file while being granted access to view that file.

The Others class simply represents guest users that don’t fall into the other two categories. By default, their level of access is usually restricted. It’s up to the Owner to determine what guests users can or can’t do.

Understanding File Permission Levels

As the Owner you can assign three levels of access to your files and directories:

1. Read: It gives you limited access to a file or directory. All you can do is read the file or view the directory’s contents. You can’t edit files, and you can’t remove or add any new files to the directory.
2. Write: It lets you read and edit files. If you assign this level of access to a directory, you can also remove or add files.
3. Execute: It’s only important when running or executing files. For example, you can’t run a script or a program without permission to Execute.

By combining Classes and Permissions, you can control how much access a specific user has to a file or directory.

Permission Symbols and Numbers Explained

File permissions are represented numerically or symbolically. You can use both symbols and numbers to change file and directory permissions. The easiest method is with numbers, but you should also understand the symbols. So let’s take a look at the symbols behind file permissions first.

File Permission Symbols

You can view your permissions for all content in a certain directory if you type the following command in the terminal:

ls -l

You can navigate to any directory by using the cd command. If you’re a complete beginner, check out our article on basic Linux commands.

In our example, the directory contains two other directories and one file. The permissions are written using (1+) 9 symbols that can be split into triplets for an easier understanding. Let’s examine the first set of permissions for the Books directory:

drwxrwxr-x

Let’s split it for readability:

d rwx rwx r-x

The first symbol is d, and it stands for directory. It can also be a dash symbol if it’s a file, as you can see in the third set of permissions for the Outline.docx file.

Next, we have three groups of symbols. The first group represents the Owner’s permission levels, the second group is for the Group class, and the third represents Others.

Each set of 3 symbols means read, write, execute – in that order. So the Owner has permission to read, write, and execute all files and directories found inside the Test directory. Here’s a visual representation:

When you see a dash symbol instead of r, w, or x, it means that permission doesn’t exist.

File Permission Numbers

The numeric format for file permissions is simple. In essence, the file permission codes have three digits:

• The first one is for the file owner.
• The second one represents the file’s group.
• The last digit is for everyone else.

The digits range from 0 to 7 where:

• 4 = read.
• 2 = write.
• 1 = execute.
• 0 = no permission.

The permission digit of each class is determined by summing up the values of the permissions. In other words, each digit for each class can be the sum of 4, 2, 1, and 0. Here’s a full list of permissions:

• 0 (0 + 0 + 0) = The user class doesn’t have any permissions.
• 1 (0 + 0 + 1) = Execute permission only.
• 2 (0 + 2 + 0) = Write permission only.
• 3 (0 + 2 + 1) = Write and execute permissions.
• 4 (4 + 0 + 0) = Read permission only.
• 5 (4 + 0 + 1) = Read and execute permissions.
• 6 (4 + 2 + 0) = Read and write permissions.
• 7 (4 + 2 + 1) = All permissions.

For example, a 644 permission means that the file owner has read and write permissions, while the other two classes have only read permission. Setting permissions by using the number format requires only basic math.

Permission 777

As you’ve probably already guessed, a 777 permission gives read, write, and execute permissions to all three user classes. In other words, anyone who has access to your system can read, modify, and execute files. Use it only when you trust all your users and don’t need to worry about security breaches.

Permission 777 is used often because it’s convenient, but you should use it sparingly. In fact, we recommend never using it because the security risks are too great. An unauthorized user could compromise your system or, for example, change your website to distribute malware.

You should give permission 755 instead. That way, you as the file owner have full access to a certain file or directory, while everyone else can read and execute, but not make any modifications without your approval.

Modifying File Permissions with Chmod

You can change file permission with the help of the chmod command. The most basic way of using this command without any other variables is as follows:

chmod 777 filename

Replace “filename” with the name of the file and its path.

Keep in mind that the only users with the power to change file permissions are those with root access, the file owners, and anyone else with sudo powers.

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