Fiidiyowga dhijitaalka^(Digital) ah ayaa nagu wareegsan. Haddi ay tahay saxan, adeeg streaming, ama fayl ku jira kombayutarka, muuqaal kastaa waxa uu leeyahay qaab gaar ah. Fahamka qaababka fiidyaha ee caadiga ah waxay lama huraan u tahay dadka sameeya muuqaalada iyo dadka si fudud u raba inay daawato fiidiyowga.

Haddii kale waxa laga yaabaa inaad soo saarto wax ku jira tayada liidata ama ma ogaan doontid sababta fiidyaha la bixiyay aanu kuugu ciyaari doonin. Maqaalkan waxaan ku sharixi doonaa waxa ay yihiin qaababka fiidiyooga iyo sidoo kale kuwa ugu caansan ee qof kastaa ogaado.

Qaabka^(Format) , Konteenarka^(Container) iyo Codec : Fikradaha Muhiimka ah ee la Sharaxay

Erayga "qaab" marka lagu dabaqo fiidiyowyada wuxuu u baahan yahay xoogaa furfurid ah. Dhexdhexaad kasta, qaabku waa qaabkeeda la habeeyey. VHS iyo Betamax waxay ahaayeen qaabab loogu talagalay cajalad fiidiyoow ah oo guriga ah. Iyadoo labadooduba ay isticmaaleen teknoolojiyad isku mid ah (calaamadaha TV-ga ee lagu duubay cajalad birlab ah), habka saxda ah iyo naqshadeynta ayaa ku kala duwanaa labadaba.

Natiijada kama dambaysta ah ayaa ah in cajalad VHS ah aysan shaqayn doonin (ama xitaa ku habboonayn) mashiinka Betamax iyo beddelkeeda. Fiidiyowga dhijitaalka^(Digital) ah kama duwana. Waxaa jira siyaabo badan oo kala duwan oo loo codeeyo muuqaalka iyo maqalka sida xogta dhijitaalka ah. Markaa ciyaartoygu ma fahmi karo ama dib uma ciyaari karo qaab aan loogu talagelin.

Fiidiyowga dhijitaalka ah, qaabku waxa uu tilmaamayaa wadarta guud ee dhammaan qaybaha iyo qaybo ka mid ah oo isu keena faylka fiidyaha ee u dambeeya. Waxa ugu horreeya ee aad arki doonto waa weelka. Taasi waa, haddii faylka uu yahay .AVI. .MOV, .MP4 iyo wixii la mid ah. Weelku wuxuu ku duubaa dhammaan qaybaha kala duwan ee fiidyowga oo dhan hal fayl. 

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah laba faylal fiidiyoow ah ayaa leh weel isku mid ah, taasi macnaheedu maaha in qaababkoodu ay isku mid yihiin! Weelka dhexdiisa, waxaa jira xogta muuqaalka dhabta ah, xogta maqalka ah iyo mararka qaarkood macluumaad dheeraad ah sida qoraal hoosaadyo.

Mid kasta oo kuwan ka mid ah wuxuu leeyahay qaabab u gaar ah. Fiidiyowga iyo qulqulka maqalka mid kastaa wuxuu yeelan doonaa qaabab u gaar ah, oo loo yaqaan " codecs-yadooda^(codecs) ".

Erayga codec waxa uu u soo gaabnaa "codeer/decoder". Waxay qeexaysaa sida saxda ah ee fiidiyowga ama maqalka loogu beddelay qaab cayriin ah, oo aan la isku dhejin oo loo beddelo shay ka sii dhadhan fiican leh.

Habka fiidyaha ee caadiga ah MP3 waa tusaale codec maqal ah. Waa waxa u oggolaanaya maqal CD tayo sare leh in la tuujiyo in ka yar toban meelood meel cabbirkii asalka ahaa, iyada oo aan la lumin wax badan haddii ay jirto tayada shakhsi ahaaneed. Isagoo ka hadlaya khasaaraha, hadda waa wakhti ku habboon in la sharaxo codecs "khasaare"

Qaababka "Lossy" Vs "Lossless" Formats

Fiidiyowgu^(Video) wuxuu ka kooban yahay xog badan. Kaydka filimada Analogue^(Analogue) , sida filimada lagu sameeyay filimada inta badan taariikhdooda, waxay ka kooban yihiin xaddi cajiib ah oo faahfaahsan. Tani waa sababta ay suurtogal u tahay in la sii daayo HD, 4K iyo 8K dib-u-maareeyayaasha filimadii hore. Waxa kaliya ee ay tahay inaad sameyso waa inaad dib u noqotid oo aad sawirto xayndaabyada filimka adigoo xalin sare leh. Faahfaahinta ayaa jirta, oo xaddidan oo kaliya xallinta qalabka sawirada iyo tayada filimka laftiisa.

Xallinta sawirka la siiyay, waxaa jira xog badan. Hal jir oo fiidiyoow 4K ah ayaa la mid ah sawir 3840×2160 ah! Tiknoolajiyada cadaadisku^{(Compression)} waxay isticmaashaa habab xisaabeed oo qurux badan si ay u yarayso tirada macluumaadka aad u baahan tahay si aad dib ugu dhisto sawirka shaashadda.

Inta badan farsamooyinkan cadaadisku waa "khasaare". Taas oo ah in la yiraahdo waxay tuurayaan qaar ka mid ah macluumaadka muuqaalka si loo yareeyo xajmiga xogta muuqaalka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khasaaraha inta badan waa mid aad u yar oo aad u qalma hoos u dhigista weyn ee cabbirka. Fiidiyow kasta oo qulqulaya, DVD ama BluRay ka kooban oo aad daawato waxay isticmaashaa cadaadis khasaare leh.

^(Lossless)Isku -buufinta fiidyaha ee aan khasaaraha lahayn ayaa badanaa laga helaa kaliya duubista dhijitaalka ah ee Master-ka ee mashaariicda filimada miisaaniyad-weyn ama kaydka filimada .

Codec-yada Guud ee Muhiimka ah

Waxaa jira boqolaal codecs oo kala duwan oo waagii hore waxay ahayd riyo aad u xun in la rakibo dhammaan codecyada kala duwan ee laga yaabo inaad u baahato inaad dib ugu ciyaarto fiidiyowga.

Xitaa waxaa ka sii daran, ciyaartoyda ugu sareysa sida caadiga ah waxay taageeraan oo keliya tiro yar oo codecs ah, marka waxaad u baahan doontaa kombuyuutar si loogu beddelo fiidiyowga wax mashiinnadaas fahmi karaan. Maalmahan, ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan fiidiyowyada waxaa lagu dhejiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo mid ka mid ah tiro yar oo codecs ah.

H.264 - Codaynta Fiidiyowga Sare

H.264 ilaa hadda waa codec-ga fiidyaha ee ugu caansan wakhtiga qorista. Iyada oo in ka badan 90% dhammaan fiidyaha lagu bixiyo qaabkan fiidyaha caadiga ah. Sababtoo ah H.264 waa mid caan ah, inta badan aaladaha (sida casriga ah iyo TV-yada^(TVs) smart ) waxay leeyihiin qalab gaar ah oo lagu dhisay si loo dejiyo H.264 video iyada oo aan wax cadaadis ah saarin processor-ka ugu weyn ee qalabka. Taasi^(Which) waa sababta xitaa taleefannada casriga ah^{(smartphones)} ee dhamaadka-hoose ay u ciyaari karaan muuqaal HD iyagoon dhididka jabin.

H.265 – Codaynta Fiidiyowga oo Hufan^{(Efficiency Video Coding)}

Habka Codaynta Fiidiyowga ee Waxtarka Sare^{(High Efficiency Video Coding)} ( HEVC ) ee isku dhafka fiidiyaha ayaa isbedelay qulqulka fiidiyowga, maadaama ay si weyn u yareeyn karto inta bandwidth aad u baahan tahay. Waxaa loogu talagalay in ay noqoto ku- beddelka H.264^(H.264) iyo guud ahaan waxay isticmaashaa 25% ilaa 50% bandwidth ka yar si ay u bixiso tayada isku midka ah ama tayada ka fiican ee isla heerarka bandwidth isku mid ah.

H.264 waxay guul weyn ka helaysaa adduunka qulqulka, laakiin si ka duwan H.264 ma jiraan aalado badan oo leh qaybo gaar ah oo dejinta qalabka codec-kan. Sidaas halka ay badbaadin doonto badan oo bandwidth iyo meel drive adag, waxa ay siin doontaa qalab bartilmaameedka ah jimicsi dhab ah. Sida H.264 , tani waxay u badan tahay inay isbedelaan wakhti ka dib, laakiin hadda waa inaad maskaxda ku haysaa taageeradeeda xaddidan ka hor intaadan dooran inaad isticmaasho.

MPEG-4

MPEG-4 heli kartaa wax yar adag. Sidoo kale waa codec video aad u caadi ah, laakiin MPEG 4 Part 10 dhab ahaantii la mid ah sida H.264 . Noocyada hore ee MPEG-4 (tusaale Qaybta 2^{(Part 2)} ) waxay isticmaalaan algorithms-yadii hore kuwaas oo aad uga hooseeya waxtarka marka loo eego booska heerka tayada isku midka ah. H.264 waxa ay asal ahaan ku bedeshay MPEG-4 heshiis magacaabid cusub.

MP3 – MPEG Audio Layer-3

Kaliya qof kastaa wuu ogyahay waxa MP3 yahay, maadaama tani ay ahayd qaabka muusiga ee kor u qaaday warshadaha rikoodhada iyo, ugu dambeyntii, horseeday muusigga qulqulka dhijitaalka ah iyo qaabka soo dejinta ee aynu wada ognahay maanta. Waxa laga yaabo inaadan ogeyn ayaa ah in codka MP3 uu sidoo kale aad ugu badan yahay fiidiyowyada.

Mar haddii qaabkani uu tuujin karo maqal -tayada CD-ga^(CD-quality) ilaa qiyaas ahaan toban meelood meel cabbirkiisa iyada oo aan la lumin kalsoonida badan, waxay ahayd tiir-dhexaadka maqalka dhijitaalka ah muddo sanado ah. Iyadoo aan loo eegin^(Regardless) kaas oo codec video ah weel video la siiyey isticmaalo, waxaa jira fursad wanaagsan audio laftiisa waa in qaab MP3 . Kaas oo^(Which) sidoo kale leh heerar kala duwan oo tayo leh, oo leh dhexdhexaadiyaha faraxsan inta badan wuxuu ku dhacayaa agagaarka 128 ilaa 196 Kbps .

WAV - Qaabka Codka Waveform

Qaabka "mawjada" waxa uu jiray da'da waana (guud ahaan) faylal maqal ah oo dhijitaal ah oo aan la adkeynin kaas oo si sax ah u metelaya qaabka duubista asalka ah. Markaa, sida aad filan karto, waxay qaadanaysaa meel aad u badan. Marka la eego tayada tayada CD-ga, faylka WAV waa inuu qaataa meel adag sida CD-ga. Inkastoo aysan si gaar ah caadi ahayn, fiidyowgu wuxuu ka koobnaan karaa maqalka WAV sidoo kale.

Qaababka Konteenarka Fiidyaha ee Caadiga ah

Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee halxiraalaha waa qaabab weel caadi ah. Tani waa waxa aad dhab ahaantii u arki doonto qaabka faylalka fiidyaha. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, faylka kordhinta ee aad aragto waxaa iska leh weelka. Aynu eegno kuwa ugu badan.

MP4

Habka weelka MP4 waxaa taageeraya kaliya oo ku saabsan qalab kasta. Waxay ka koobnaan kartaa nooc kasta oo MPEG-4 ah iyo H.264 . Fiidiyowyada YouTube^(YouTube) waxay badanaa ku jiraan qaabkan fiidyaha ee caadiga ah.

AVI - Audio Video Interleave

Tani waa mid ka mid ah weelasha fiidiyooga ee ugu da'da weyn oo aan la isticmaalin marar badan, laakiin weli si ballaaran ayaa loo taageeraa oo waxyaabo badan oo jira ayaa ku jira AVI . Tirada codecs ee loo isticmaali karo weelka AVI waa mid aad u weyn, taas oo ah sabab kale oo aad u geli lahayd dhididka qabow ee isku dayaya in aad hesho faylka AVI si uu dib ugu ciyaaro maalmihii hore ee duurjoogta ah ee fiidiyoowga dhijitaalka ah.

MOV

weelka MOV^(MOV) waxa uu la xidhiidhaa Apple QuickTime Player iyo waa ay qaab guriga. Gudaha faylka MOV waxaad u badan tahay inaad hesho xogta fiidiyowga MPEG-4. Taas oo^(Which) ah sababta, inta badan, waxaad dib u magacaabi kartaa file MOV ah in file ^(MOV)MP4 ah oo ay u shaqayn doonaa oo kaliya isku mid ah.

Farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya MOV iyo MP4 files waa in MOV files mararka qaarkood leeyihiin ilaalinta nuqul. Tani waxay ka hortagtaa wadaaga iyo ciyaarista isticmaalayaasha aan la oggolayn.

Hoos u Qaabka Video Hole Bakaylaha

Qaababkan fiidyaha ah ee caadiga ah iyo weelasha waa laakiin caarada barafka. Tusaale ahaan, DVD^(DVDs) -yadu waxay isticmaalaan MPEG-2 , laakiin taasi hadda waa dhif in loo isticmaalo meel ka baxsan saxanadaha DVD-ga^(DVD) ee aad ka iibsan lahayd dukaanka. Waxa kale oo jira qaabab muuqaal ah oo xirfad leh (tusaale ProRes RAW ) iyo qaabab caadi ah oo lagu kala iibsado internetka (tusaale MKV ).

Waxay u baahan doontaa, macno ahaan, buug dhan si uu u daboolo dhammaantood. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dunidu waxay u jaan- qaadaysaa H.264^(H.264) iyo H.265 . Markaa haddii aad sameyso fiidiyowyo waqti kasta, mid ka mid ah kuwaa waxay u badan tahay inuu noqdo khamaar badbaado leh. Iyadoo H.264 hadda ay yihiin kuwa ugu ammaansan dhammaantood!

The Most Common Video Formats and Codecs Explained

Digital νideo is all around us. Whether it’s a disc, a streaming service, or a file on your computer, every video haѕ a specific format. Understanding common vіdeo formats is essential both for people who make video and people who simply wаnt to wаtch video.

Otherwise you might put out content with poor quality or just won’t know why a given video won’t play for you. In this article we’ll explain what video formats are as well as the most common ones everyone should know.

Format, Container And Codec: Key Concepts Explained

The word “format” when applied to videos needs a bit of unpacking. In any medium, the format is its standardized form. VHS and Betamax were formats for home video tape. While both used the same basic technology (TV signals recorded on magnetic tape), the exact method and design differed between the two.

The end result is that a VHS tape will not work (or even fit) into a Betamax machine and vice versa. Digital video is no different. There are many different ways of encoding video and audio as digital data. So a player cannot understand or play back a format it was not designed to.

For a digital video, the format refers to the sum total of all the bits and pieces that come together into the final video file. The first thing you’ll see is the container. That is, whether the file is an .AVI. .MOV, .MP4 and so on. A container wraps all the different elements of the video into a single file. 

However, just because two video files have the same container, that doesn’t mean their formats are exactly the same! Within the container, there’s the actual video data, audio data and sometimes additional information such as subtitles.

Each of these have their own individual formats. The video and audio streams will each have their own unique formats, referred to as their “codecs”.

The term codec is short for “coder/decoder”. It describes exactly how video or audio is converted from its raw, uncompressed form into something of a more palatable size.

The common video format MP3 is an example of an audio codec. It’s what allows high quality CD audio to be squeezed down to less than a tenth of the original size, without losing much if any subjective quality. Speaking of loss, now’s a good time to explain “lossy” codecs.

“Lossy” Vs “Lossless” Formats

Video contains a ton of data. Analogue film stock, such as movies that have been made on film for the majority of their history, contain an incredible amount of detail. This is why it’s possible to release HD, 4K and 8K remasters of old movies. All you have to do is go back and scan the film frames at a higher resolution. The detail is there, limited only by the resolution of the scanning equipment and the quality of the film grain itself.

For a given image resolution, there’s a ton of information. A single frame of 4K video is equal to a 3840×2160 photo! Compression technology uses various fancy mathematical ways to reduce the amount of information you need to reconstruct an image on screen.

Most of these compression techniques are “lossy”. Which is to say that they throw away some visual information to reduce the size of the video data. However, the loss is usually very minor and well worth the massive reduction in size. Any streaming video, DVD or BluRay content you watch uses lossy compression.

Lossless compression for video is usually only found in the master digital recordings for big-budget film projects or in film archives.

Important Common Codecs

There are hundreds of different codecs and in the past it was an utter nightmare to install all the different codecs you might need to play back video.

Even worse, set-top players usually only supported a small number of codecs, so you would need a computer to convert video into something those machines could understand. These days, almost all video is encoded using one of a small number of codecs.

H.264 – Advanced Video Coding

H.264 is by far the most popular video codec at the time of writing. With just over 90% of all video offered in this common video format. Because H.264 is so popular, most devices (such as smartphones and smart TVs) have special hardware built in to decode H.264 video without putting any strain on the device’s main processor. Which is why even bottom-end smartphones can play HD video without breaking a sweat.

H.265 – The High Efficiency Video Coding

The High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) format of video compression has revolutionized video streaming, since it can significantly reduce how much bandwidth you need. It’s designed to be the successor to H.264 and in general uses 25% to 50% less bandwidth to provide the same quality or better quality at the same bandwidth levels.

H.264 is finding great success in the world of streaming, but unlike H.264 there aren’t many devices that have special hardware decoding components for this codec. So while it will save plenty of bandwidth and hard drive space, it will give the target device a real workout. As with H.264, this is likely to change over time, but for now you should keep its limited support in mind before choosing to use it.

MPEG-4

MPEG-4 can get a little complicated. It’s also a very common video codec, but MPEG 4 Part 10 is actually the same as H.264. Early versions of MPEG-4 (e.g. Part 2) use older algorithms that are much less efficient in terms of space for the same level of quality. H.264 has essentially replaced MPEG-4 with a new naming convention.

MP3 – MPEG Audio Layer-3

Just about everyone knows what an MP3 is, since this was the music format that upended the record industry and, eventually, led to the digital streaming music and download model we all know today. What you might not know is that MP3 audio is also pretty common in videos.

Since this format can squeeze CD-quality audio to roughly a tenth of its size without losing too much fidelity, it’s been a mainstay of digital audio for years. Regardless of which video codec a given video container uses, there’s a good chance the audio itself is in MP3 format. Which also has various levels of quality, with the happy medium usually falling around the 128 to 196 Kbps level.

WAV – Waveform Audio Format

The “wave” format has been around for ages and is (in general) an uncompressed digital audio file that represents the original recording waveform precisely. So, as you might expect, it takes up a huge amount of space. At the same quality settings as CD audio, a WAV file should take up roughty as much space as a CD. While it’s not particularly common, a video can contain WAV audio as well.

Common Video Container Formats

The last piece of the puzzle are common container formats. This is what you’ll actually see as the file format of the video. In other words, the file extension you see belongs to the container. Let’s look at the most common ones.

MP4

The MP4 container format is supported by just about every device. It can contain any MPEG-4 format version and H.264. YouTube videos are usually in this common video format.

AVI – Audio Video Interleave

This is one of the oldest video containers and it isn’t used very often anymore, but it’s still widely supported and a lot of existing content is in AVI. The number of codecs that can be used in the AVI container is massive, which is another reason you’d get into cold sweats trying to get an AVI file to play back in the good old wild west days of digital video.

MOV

The MOV container is associated with the Apple QuickTime Player and is its in-house format. Inside a MOV file you are most likely to find MPEG-4 video data. Which is why, in most cases, you can rename a MOV file to an MP4 file and it will work just the same.

The main difference between MOV and MP4 files is that MOV files sometimes have copy protection. This prevents sharing and playing by unauthorized users.

Down The Video Format Rabbit Hole

These common video formats and containers are but the tip of the iceberg. For example, DVDs use MPEG-2, but that’s now rarely used outside of actual DVD discs you’d buy at a store. There are also professional video formats (e.g. ProRes RAW) and common formats traded on the internet (e.g. MKV).

It would require, literally, an entire book to cover them all. However, the world is standardizing towards H.264 and H.265. So if you make videos at any point, either of those are likely to be a safe bet. With H.264 currently the safest bet of them all!

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