Dhammaan aaladaha casriga ah ee maanta jira, erey-bixinaha qaarkood waxay noqon karaan kuwo jahawareer leh. Aad u qurux badan qof kastaa wuu maqlay ereyga router, laakiin maxay macnaheedu tahay? Router-kaagu ma yahay router kaliya mise waxa uu noqon karaa bedel, meel laga galo iyo albaab laga galo?

Waagii hore, erey kasta oo kor ku xusan wuxuu badanaa tixraacaa hal qalab oo sameeyay hal shaqo. Taasi run maaha maalmahan. "Modem-kaaga" ee ISP- gaagu waxay u badan tahay inuu yahay modem, router, beddelka iyo barta gelitaanka dhammaan-hal. Ma rabtid qalab loo dhan yahay sidaan gadaal ka sharixi doono, in kastoo ISP^(ISPs) -yada qaarkood ay sidaas kugu riixaan.

Maqaalkan, waxaan isku dayi doonaa inaan sharaxo fikradda ka dambeysa mid kasta oo ka mid ah ereyadan aniga oo aan helin farsamo badan. Marka hore^(First) , waxaan ka hadli doonaa farqiga u dhexeeya furayaasha iyo hub-yada, maadaama labada qalabba ay ku jiraan isku nooc. Marka xigta, waxaan ka hadli doonaa router-yada iyo sababta ay uga duwan yihiin furayaasha iyo hub-yada. Ugu dambeyntii, waxaan ka hadli doonaa modem-ka iyo shuruudaha kale ee isku xirka sida goobaha gelitaanka iyo albaabbada.

Bedelayaasha vs Hubs

Hubku waa qalab duugoobay oo aadan waligaa rabin inaad iibsato maalmahan. Waxay u egtahay sida beddelka, laakiin waxay si kala duwan uga shaqeysaa gudaha. Waxaad ku xidhid qalabyada xudunta adoo isticmaalaya fiilada Ethernet , calaamad kasta oo laga soo diro aaladda xudunta waxa si fudud loogu soo celinayaa dhammaan dekedaha kale ee ku xidhan xuddunta.

Hubs waxa loo tixgaliyaa aaladaha Lakabka 1^{(Layer 1)} ( Fismiga^(Physical) ) halka furayaasha la geliyo Lakabka 2^{(Layer 2)} ( Data Linkiga^{(Data Link)} ). Tani waa meesha hub-yada iyo furayaasha ku kala duwan yihiin. Lakabka Data Link ee moodeelka OSI waxa uu la macaamilaa ciwaannada MAC , furayaashana waxa ay eegaan ciwaannada MAC marka ay farsameeyaan qaab-dhismeedka dekedda.

Frame waa nooc xog ah oo loo isticmaalo in lagu qaado xogta dhammaan aaladaha isku xidhka. Ha ka werwerin tafaasiisha farsamada, kaliya ogow inay ka kooban tahay isha iyo ciwaanada MAC ee meesha loo socdo iyo ciwaanada IP-ga ee meesha loo socdo. ^(MAC)Qaybta qaab-dhismeedka ee ka kooban ciwaanka IP-ga isha/ meesha loo aadayo waxa loo yaqaan baakidh.

Halkii ay si indho la'aan ah ugu gudbin lahaayeen dhammaan fareemada ay ka hesho hal deked dhammaan dekedaha kale ee aaladda, beddelka ayaa abuuri doona miiska isha cinwaanka MAC ka dibna u sii gudbinta jir ee dekedda leh ciwaanka saxda ah ee MAC . Tani waxay si weyn u yaraynaysaa tirada taraafig ee shabakada sababtoo ah waxaa jira xiriir toos ah oo u dhexeeya labada qalab halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd mid-mid-dhammaan nooca isgaarsiinta.

Hubsiyada, marka qalab badan oo aad ku xidho xuddunta, inta badan shilalka ayaa ku jiri doona shabakada. Isku dhaca macnihiisu waa marka laba kombiyuutar ama qalab isku mar soo diraan xogta iyo calaamaduhu ay jidh ahaan isku dhacaan ka hor inta aan la gaarin meeshii loo socday. Tani waxay ku dhacdaa meelo badan sababtoo ah dhammaan taraafikada ka soo galaya deked kasta waxaa lagu soo celiyaa dhammaan dekedaha kale.

Shilalka shisheeyaha, waxaa jira shilal eber ah sababtoo ah kaliya labada qalab ee wada hadlaya ayaa dib iyo dib u soo diri doona xogta. Xadhkaha xajmigu lama wadaago dekedaha kale.

Tani waa sidoo kale sababta xudunta u tahay aaladda laba-duplex-ka ah halka beddeluhu uu yahay qalab-duplex-ka buuxa. Qalab badan oo ku yaal xuddunta, ayaa sii badanaya xawaaraha xawaaraha ee ay tahay in la wadaago sidaas darteed shabakadu way sii yaraanaysaa. Furayaasha furaha, ma aha in la wadaago xawliga xawliga ah ee dhammaan dekedu waxay ku shaqeeyaan xawaare buuxa.

Router vs modem

Routers waxay ka shaqeeyaan lakabka 3^{(Layer 3)} ( Network ) ee qaabka OSI , kaas oo ka shaqeeya cinwaannada IP. Halka^{(Whereas MAC)} ciwaanka MAC loo isticmaalo in laga wareejiyo aaladaha loo wareejiyo aalad kale oo si toos ah ugu xidhan, ciwaanada IP-ga waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu dhex maro xidhmooyinka internetka^(Internet) .

Router-ku waa aalad isku xirta shabakadaha isla markaana marinaya taraafikada dhexdooda. Guriga dhexdiisa, tani waxay caadi ahaan ka dhigan tahay in router-ku uu ku xidho shabakadaada gudaha ee shabakadaada ISP . Tan waxaa loo samayn karaa dhowr siyaabood. Router-ka waxa lagu xidhi karaa modem-kaaga hal daraf ( ISP ) iyo badele dhinaca kale ah (shabakadda maxaliga ah). Haddii aad leedahay qalab modem / router combo ah, ka dib hal dhamaadka ayaa ku xiri doona ISP- gaaga kan kalena wuxuu noqon doonaa beddelka haddii la isticmaalayo Ethernet ama wuxuu noqon doonaa WiFi , haddii qalabku sidoo kale taageerayo.

Korku^(Above) waa aaladda caadiga ah ee router kaliya (farsamo ahaan, waa router-ka wireless-ka ee kore). Dekadda intarneedku^(Internet) waxay ku xidhmi doontaa modem-kaaga inta kale ee dekedaha ah waa dekedaha beddelka. Router-ku si qurux badan had iyo jeer wuxuu leeyahay beddelka ku dhex jira. Modem-ku wuxuu ku xidhi doonaa ISP- gaaga isagoo isticmaalaya khadka taleefanka ( DSL ), isku xirka fiilada ama fiber ( ONT ).

Xagga sare^(Above) waxa ku yaal modem fiilada caadiga ah. Waxay leedahay hal deked oo coaxial ah oo loogu talagalay isku xirka fiilada ee ka imanaya ISP- gaaga iyo hal deked oo Ethernet ah oo aad ku xidhi karto dekedda internetka^(Internet) ee router kaaga. Haddi ay suurtagal tahay, had iyo jeer way fiican tahay inaad haysato laba qalab oo kala duwan modem kaaga iyo routerkaaga.

Router-ka wireless-ku wuxuu si fudud kuu oggolaanayaa inaad la wadaagto xidhiidhka fiilooyinka aaladaha wireless-ka ee aad haysato. Inta badan router-yada maalmahan waa kuwa wireless-ka ah oo ay ku jiraan dhowr dekedood oo silig ah sidoo kale.

Wireless Router vs Wireless Access Point

Hadda aan ka hadalno router-yada wireless-ka vs meelaha marin-u-helidda wireless-ka. Barta marinka bilaa-waayirka ah waa aalad u ogalaata in ay ku xidhmaan shabakadaha fiilo ee jira iyaga oo isku xidhaya taraafikada labada shabakadood. Sababta labadan erey ay u jahawareersan yihiin ayaa ah in router-ka wireless-ku uu asal ahaan yahay router iyo barta gelitaanka wireless-ka oo la isku daray.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, barta gelitaanka bilaa-waayirka ahi ma noqon karto router-ka bilaa-waayirka ah. Barta gelitaanka bilaa-waayirka-ka-la-taagga ah waxay yeelan doontaa fiilada Ethernet -ka ee ku socota router-ka oo u beddela signalka fiilada mid wireless ah. Uma soo marin doono baakadaha shabakada maxaliga ah ee shabakada anther ama internetka^(Internet) sida router caadiga ah.

Baraha Galitaanka Wireless-^{(Wireless Access)} ka waxaa sida caadiga ah isticmaala ganacsiyada ama goobaha waaweyn ee dadweynaha halkaas oo ay u baahan yihiin xarumo badan oo wireless ah oo dhammaantood ku xiran si ay u sameeyaan hal shabakad. Jidadka bilaa- wireless -ka ah ayaa waliba sidoo kale ku dhex jira dab-damisyo, halka ^(Wireless)AP^(APs) -yada wireless- ku aanay lahayn.

Shuruudaha Xiriirinta Kale

Mid ka mid ah ereyada kale ee aadka loo isticmaalo ee aad maqli doonto waa Default Gateway . Haddaba waa maxay albaabka caadiga ah? Asal ahaan waa aaladda isku xirta shabakadaada maxalliga ah iyo adduunka ka baxsan. Caadi ahaan, kani waa router-kii ugu dambeeyay ee shabakada deegaankaaga.

Shabakadda guriga, albaabka caadiga ah wuxuu u badan yahay inuu noqdo router-gaaga wireless-ka sababtoo ah mar kasta oo aad u baahan tahay inaad la xiriirto qalab ka baxsan shabakaddaada, router-ku waa aaladda ku xiran modemkaaga. Ogsoonow si aad ula xiriirto aaladaha kale ee shabakadaada maxalliga ah, uma baahnid albaabka hore. Albaabada caadiga^(Default) ah waxaa la isticmaalaa oo kaliya marka lala xiriirinayo shabakadaha fog, tusaale ahaan internetka^(Internet) .

Waxaan rajeyneynaa, tani waxay nadiifineysaa qaar ka mid ah siraha ka dambeeya dhammaan shuruudaha isku xirka. Waa dulmar fudud, laakiin kugu filan inaad qof kale u sharaxdo. Ku raaxayso!

Router vs Switch vs Hub vs Modem vs Access Point vs Gateway

With all of today’s modern devices, some of the terminology can be quite confusing. Pretty much еvеryone has heard of the term router, but what does it actually mean? Is your router just a router or can it alsо be a switch, an access point and a gateway?

Back in the days, each term above usually referred to a single device that performed a single function. That is no longer true these days. Your “modem” from your ISP is probably a modem, router, switch and access point all-in-one. You don’t necessarily want an all-in-one device as I’ll explain later, though some ISPs push you that way.

In this article, I’ll try to explain the concept behind each of these terms without getting too technical. First, I’ll talk about the difference between switches and hubs, as both of those devices are in the same category. Next, we’ll talk about routers and why they are different than switches and hubs. Finally, we’ll talk about modems and other networking terms like access points and gateways.

Switches vs Hubs

A hub is an obsolete device that you would never want to buy these days. It looks just like a switch, but works differently on the inside. You connect devices to a hub using Ethernet cable and any signal sent from a device to the hub is simply repeated out on all other ports connected to the hub.

Hubs are considered Layer 1 (Physical) devices whereas switches are put into Layer 2 (Data Link). This is where hubs and switches differ. The Data Link layer of the OSI model deals with MAC addresses and switches look at MAC addresses when they process an incoming frame on a port.

A frame is a data type that is used to carry data on all networking devices. Don’t worry about the technical details, just know that it contains source and destination MAC addresses and source and destination IP addresses inside the frame. The part of the frame that contains the source/destination IP addresses is called a packet.

Instead of blindly forwarding all the frames it receives on one port to all the other ports on the device, a switch will create a MAC address source table and then forward the frame to the port with the correct destination MAC address. This significantly reduces the amount of traffic on the network because there is direct communication between the two devices rather than a one-to-all type of communication.

With hubs, the more devices you connect to the hub, the more collisions there will be on the network. Collisions means when two computers or devices send data at the same time and the signals physically collide before reaching the destination. This happens on hubs a lot because all the traffic coming in on each port is repeated out to all the other ports.

With switches, there are zero collisions because only the two devices that are communicating will be sending data back and forth. The bandwidth is not shared with other ports.

This is also why a hub is a half-duplex device whereas a switch is a full-duplex device. The more devices on a hub, the more bandwidth that has to be shared and therefore the network gets slower. With switches, the bandwidth does not have to be shared and all ports operate at full speed.

Router vs Modem

Routers work at Layer 3 (Network) of the OSI model, which deals with IP addresses. Whereas MAC addresses are used to move frames from one device to another directly connected device, IP addresses are used to route packets across the Internet.

A router is a device that joins networks together and routes traffic between them. At home, this typically means you router connect your internal local network to your ISP’s network. This can be done in several ways. A router can be connected to your modem on one end (ISP) and to a switch on the other end (local network). If you have a combo modem/router device, then one end will connect to your ISP and the other will be either to a switch if using Ethernet or will simply be WiFi, if the device supports that too.

Above is a typical router only device (technically, it’s a wireless router above). The Internet port will connect to your modem and the rest of the ports are switch ports. A router pretty much always has a switch built-in. A modem will connect to your ISP using phone line (for DSL), cable connection or fiber (ONT).

Above is a typical cable modem. It has a single coaxial port for the cable connection coming in from your ISP and a single Ethernet port that you could plug into the Internet port on your router. If possible, it’s always best to have two different devices for your modem and router.

A wireless router simply allows you to share the wired connection with any wireless devices you may have. Most routers these days are wireless routers that include several wired ports also.

Wireless Router vs Wireless Access Point

Now let’s talk about wireless routers vs wireless access points. A wireless access point is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to an existing wired network by bridging traffic between the two networks. The reason why these two terms are so confusing is that a wireless router is basically a router and a wireless access point combined.

However, a wireless access point cannot be a wireless router. A stand-alone wireless access point will have an Ethernet cable running to the router and convert the wired signal into a wireless one. It will not route packets from the local network to anther network or the Internet like a typical router.

Wireless Access Points are typically used by businesses or in big public spaces where they need many wireless stations all connected together to form one network. Wireless routers typically have firewalls built-in too, while wireless APs do not.

Other Networking Terms

One of the other very common terms you will hear is Default Gateway. So what is the default gateway? It’s basically the device that connects your local network to the outside world. Typically, this is the last router on your local network.

On a home network, the default gateway will most likely be your wireless router because anytime you need to communicate with a device outside your network, the router is the device that is connected to your modem. Note that to communicate with other devices on your local network, you do not need a default gateway. Default gateways are only used when communicating with remote networks, i.e. the Internet.

Hopefully, this clears up some of the mystery behind all of these networking terms. It’s a simplistic overview, but enough that you can explain it to someone else. Enjoy!

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