Caadi ahaan, uma baahnid inaad ka walwasho ogolaanshaha gudaha Windows sababtoo ah taasi waxaa horeyba u daryeelay nidaamka qalliinka. Isticmaale kastaa wuxuu leeyahay muuqaal u gaar ah iyo ogolaansho u gaar ah, taas oo ka hortagaysa gelitaanka aan la oggolayn ee faylasha iyo faylalka.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira waqtiyo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka laga yaabo inaad rabto inaad gacanta ku habayso oggolaanshaha ku jira faylal ama faylal si aad uga ilaaliso isticmaalayaasha kale inay galaan xogta. Maqaalkani waxa uu u malaynayaa in "dad" kale ay sidoo kale heli karaan kombuyuutar la mid ah oo aad isticmaalayso.

Haddaysan ahayn, waxa laga yaabaa inaad sidoo kale sirayso darawalkaaga adag^{(encrypt your hard drive)}  waana taas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka dadka kale ay geli karaan kombuyuutarka, sida qoyska ama saaxiibada, markaas ogolaanshaha ayaa ku iman kara anfacaya.

Dabcan, waxaa jira siyaabo kale oo kale sida qarinta faylasha iyo faylalka iyadoo la adeegsanayo sifooyinka faylka^{(hiding files and folders using file attributes)} ama adoo isticmaalaya amarka degdegga ah si loo qariyo xogta^{(command prompt to hide data)} . Xitaa waxaad ku qarin kartaa darawal dhan Windows^{(hide an entire drive in Windows)} haddii aad rabto.

Haddii aad raadinayso inaad dejiso rukhsad si aad faylasha ula wadaagto dadka kale, eeg qoraalkayga ku saabsan abuurista shabakad qarsoon ama sida loo wadaago faylasha kombiyuutarada, tablet-yada iyo telefoonnada^{(creating a hidden network share or how to share files across computers, tablets and phones)} .

Badbaadada Xogta

Munaasabadda kale ee kaliya ee aad u baahan doonto inaad ku qasto galka ama oggolaanshaha faylka waa marka aad hesho qaladka Oggolaanshaha la diiday^{(Permission Denied error)} markaad isku dayeyso inaad gasho xogta. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in aad lahaanshaha karto faylasha aan ku jirin akoonkaaga isticmaale ee hadda oo aad wali geli karto.

Tani waa muhiim sababtoo ah waxay la macno tahay dejinta ogolaanshaha faylka ama galku ma dammaanad qaadayo amniga faylkaas ama galkaas. Gudaha Daaqadaha^(Windows) , maamulaha kombuyuutar kasta oo Windows ah waxa uu burin karaa oggolaanshaha ku jira faylal iyo faylalyo isaga oo lahaanshaha lahaanshaha ah Markaad yeelato lahaanshaha, waxaad dejisan kartaa ogolaanshahaaga.

Haddaba maxay tani ka dhigan tahay Ingiriis^(English) ? Asal ahaan^(Basically) , haddii aad haysatid xog aadan rabin inay dadka kale arkaan, markaa waa inaadan ku kaydin kombayutarkaas gabi ahaanba ama waa inaad isticmaashaa qalab sir ah sida TrueCrypt .

Akhristayaasha aqoonta u leh teknoolajiyada, waxay u badan tahay inaad odhanayso " Haye^(Hey) sug, TrueCrypt waa la joojiyay sababtoo ah dayacanka amniga oo waa inaan la isticmaalin!" Hagaag, taasi waa sax, si kastaba ha ahaatee, TrueCrypt waxaa baadhay^{(TrueCrypt has been audited)} hay'ad madax banaan waxaana la dhamaystiray Wajiga^(Phase) I iyo Wajiga II .^{(Phase II)}

Nooca kaliya ee ay tahay inaad soo dejiso waa TrueCrypt 7.1a , kan lagu dhejiyay muraayad la xaqiijiyay oo ku taal GitHub . Haddii aadan ku qanacsanayn gabi ahaanba isticmaalka TrueCrypt , soo jeedinta kaliya ee kale ee aan haysto waa VeraCrypt , taas oo ahayd ku- beddelka TrueCrypt^(TrueCrypt) , laakiin hagaajiyay qaar badan oo ka mid ah cilladaha.

Faylka iyo Faylka Ogolaanshaha

Hadda oo aan intaas oo dhan ka helnay jidka, aan ka hadalno ogolaanshaha Windows . Fayl kasta^(Every) iyo gal kasta oo ku jira Windows wuxuu leeyahay ogolaansho u gaar ah. Ogolaanshaha waxa loo qaybin karaa Liisaska Xakamaynta Helitaanka ee^{(Access Control Lists)} isticmaalayaasha iyo xuquuqdooda u dhiganta. Waa kan tusaale leh liiska isticmaale ee sare iyo xuquuqaha xagga hoose:

Ogolaanshaha sidoo kale waa la dhaxlayaa ama lama dhaxlo. Sida caadiga ah gudaha Windows , fayl kasta ama gal kasta waxa uu fasax ka helaa galka waalidka. Kala sareyntani waxay ku socotaa ilaa iyo xididka darawalka adag. Oggolaanshaha ugu fudud ayaa leh ugu yaraan saddex isticmaale: NIDAAMKA^(SYSTEM) , oo hadda galay akoonka isticmaalaha iyo kooxda maamulka^{(Administrators)} .

Oggolaanshahan badanaa waxay ka yimaadaan C:\Users\Username folder ee ku yaal darawalkaaga adag. Waxaad ku geli kartaa oggolaanshahan adiga oo gujinaya midigta fayl ama gal, dooranaya Guryaha^(Properties) ka dibna dhagsiinaya tab Amniga . ^(Security)Si aad wax uga beddesho oggolaanshaha isticmaale gaar ah, guji isticmaalaha ka dibna dhagsii badhanka Waxka^(Edit) beddelka.

Ogsoonow in haddii ogolaanshaha la daaray, sida tusaalaha sare, ogolaanshaha waxaa laga dhaxlayaa galka ku jira. Hoos ayaan uga hadli doonaa sida aad uga saari karto oggolaanshaha la dhaxlo, laakiin marka hore aan fahanno noocyada oggolaanshaha ee kala duwan.

Noocyada Ogolaanshaha

Asal ahaan waxa jira lix nooc oo ogolaansho ah oo ku jira Windows: Xakamaynta buuxda^{(Full Control)} , wax ka beddelka , akhrinta^{(Read & Execute)} oo fuliya , Liiska Folderka Liiska ^{(List Folder Contents)},^(Modify) Akhriska ,^(Read) iyo Qor^(Write) . Tusmada Faylka Liisku^{(List Folder Contents)} waa ogolaanshaha kaliya ee u gaar ah faylalka. Waxaa jira sifooyin horumarsan, laakiin waligaa uma baahnid inaad ka walwasho kuwaas.

Haddaba waa maxay macnaha mid kasta oo ka mid ah oggolaanshahan? Hagaag, halkan waa jaantus fiican oo ka socda shabakada Microsoft kaas oo jebiya micnaha rukhsad kastaa faylalka iyo faylalka:

Hadda oo aad fahantay waxa oggolaansho kastaa gacanta ku hayo, aynu eegno wax ka beddelka qaar ka mid ah oggolaanshaha iyo hubinta natiijooyinka.

Ogolaanshaha Tafatirka

Kahor intaadan tafatirin wax ogolaansho ah, waa inaad lahaataa lahaanshaha faylka ama faylka. Haddii mulkiiluhu uu yahay akoon kale oo isticmaale ama koontada nidaamka sida Local System ama TrustedInstaller , ma awoodi doontid inaad wax ka beddesho oggolaanshaha.

Akhri qoraalkaygii hore ee ku saabsanaa sida aad u yeelan karto lahaanshaha faylalka iyo faylalka Windows^{(how to take ownership of files and folders in Windows)} haddii aadan hadda ahayn mulkiilaha. Hadda oo aad tahay mulkiilaha, aynu dhawr waxyaalood oo kale ka saarno jidka:

1. Haddii aad u dejiso oggolaanshaha Kontaroolka Buuxa( Full Control) ee galka isticmaalaha, isticmaaluhu waxa uu awoodi doonaa in uu tirtiro fayl kasta ama gal-hoosaad kasta iyada oo aan loo eegin waxa oggolaanshaha loo dejiyay faylalkaas ama faylalkaas hoose.

2. Ogolaanshiyaha caadiga ah waa la dhaxlayaa, markaa haddii aad rabto rukhsad gaar ah faylka ama gal, waa inaad marka hore joojisaa dhaxalka.

3. Diid rukhsadyadu waxay burinaysaa Oggolaansho oggolaanshaha, markaa u isticmaal si taxaddar leh oo doorbidaya kaliya isticmaalayaasha gaarka ah, ha isticmaalin kooxaha

Haddii aad midig-gujiso fayl ama gal, dooro Guryaha^(Properties) oo dhagsii tabka Amniga^(Security) , waxaan hadda isku dayi karnaa inaan wax ka beddelno oggolaanshaha qaarkood. Hore u soco oo dhagsii badhanka Edit si aad u bilowdo.

Halkaa marka ay marayso, waxa jira dhawr waxyaalood oo aad samayn karto. Marka hore, waxaad ogaan doontaa in tiirka Allow uu u badan yahay inuu cawray oo aan la tafatirin karin. Taas waxaa sabab u ah dhaxalkii aan hore uga hadlay.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaad ka hubin kartaa shayada tiirka diidmada . ^(Deny)Markaa haddii aad kaliya rabto inaad xannibto gelitaanka galitaanka isticmaale ama koox gaar ah, dhagsii badhanka ku dar^(Add) marka hore marka lagu daro, waxaad hubin kartaa badhanka Diidmada^(Deny) ee ku xiga Xakamaynta buuxda^{( Full Control)} .

Markaad gujiso batoonka ku dar^(Add) , waa inaad ku qortaa magaca isticmaalaha ama magaca kooxda sanduuqa kadibna guji Check Names si aad u hubiso inay sax tahay. Haddii aadan xasuusan isticmaale ama magaca kooxda, dhagsii badhanka Sare^(Advanced) ka dibna kaliya guji Find Now . Waxay ku tusi doontaa dhammaan isticmaalayaasha iyo kooxaha.

Guji OK^{(Click OK)} oo isticmaaleha ama kooxda ayaa lagu dari doonaa liiska xakamaynta gelitaanka. Hadda waxaad hubin kartaa tiirka Allow ama Diid^(Deny) tiirka. Sida aan soo sheegnay, isku day in aad u isticmaasho Deny kaliya isticmaalayaasha halkii aad ka isticmaali lahayd kooxaha.

Hadda maxaa dhacaya haddii aan isku dayno inaan ka saarno isticmaale ama koox liiska. Hagaag, waxaad si fudud uga saari kartaa isticmaalaha aad hadda ku dartay, laakiin haddii aad isku daydo inaad ka saarto mid ka mid ah alaabtii hore u jirtay, waxaad heli doontaa fariin khalad ah.

Si aad u baabi'iso dhaxalka, waa in aad dib ugu noqotaa tab ugu weyn ee Security^(Security) tab ee faylka ama gal oo guji badhanka Advanced ee hoose.

Windows 7 , waxaad heli doontaa hal tab oo dheeraad ah Mulkiilaha^(Owner) . Gudaha Windows 10 , waxay u soo guureen xagga sare oo waa inaad gujisaa Beddel^(Change) . Si kastaba ha noqotee, gudaha Windows 7, dhagsii Beddel Ogolaanshaha^{( Change Permissions)} xagga hoose ee tabka koowaad.

Wadahadalka Settings Security Advanced^{(Advanced Security Settings)} , ka saar ku dar oggolaanshaha la dhaxli karo ee sanduuqa waalidka ee shaygan .^{(Include inheritable permissions from this object’s parent)}

Markaad taas sameyso, sanduuq kale ayaa soo bixi doona oo ku weydiin doona inaad rabto inaad u beddelato rukhsadaha la dhaxlo rukhsad cad ama inaad rabto inaad ka saarto dhammaan oggolaanshaha la dhaxlo.

Ilaa aad si dhab ah u garanayso rukhsadaha aad rabto, waxaan soo jeedinayaa inaad doorato Kudar^(Add) (ogolaansho cad) ka dibna ka saar wax kasta oo aadan rabin ka dib. Asal ahaan^(Basically) , gujinta ku dar^(Add) waxay ilaalin doontaa dhammaan oggolaanshaha isku midka ah, laakiin hadda ma damci doonaan oo waxaad riixi kartaa saar^(Remove) si aad u tirtirto isticmaale kasta ama koox kasta. Gujista ka saar^(Remove) , waxay kugu bilaabi doontaa qoraal nadiif ah.

Gudaha Windows 10 , waxay u egtahay mid ka duwan. Kadib markaad gujiso badhanka Sare^(Advanced) , waa inaad gujisaa Disable dhaxalka^{(Disable Inheritance)} .

Markaad gujiso badhankaas, waxaad heli doontaa doorashooyin la mid ah kan Windows 7 , laakiin kaliya qaab ka duwan. Ikhtiyaarka Beddelku^(Convert) waxa uu la mid yahay Ku - dar^(Add) iyo doorashada labaadna waxa ay la mid tahay ka saar^(Remove) .

Waxa kaliya ee ay tahay inaad fahanto hadda waa ogolaanshaha wax^{(Effective Permissions)} ku oolka ah ama tab Helitaanka Waxtarka leh . ^{(Effective Access)}Haddaba waa maxay oggolaanshaha waxtarka leh? Hagaag, aan aragno tusaalaha kore. Waxaan haystaa faylal qoraal ah iyo akoonkayga, Aseem , ayaa leh Xakameyn buuxda^{(Full Control)} . Hadda ka warran haddii aan shay kale ku daro liiska si kooxda Isticmaalayaasha^(Users) loo diido Xakamaynta Buuxa^{( Full Control)} .

Dhibaatada kaliya ee halkan ku jirta ayaa ah in xisaabta Aseem sidoo kale ay qayb ka tahay kooxda Isticmaalayaasha^(Users) . Markaa^(Control) hal ogolaansho ayaan si buuxda u haystaa mid kalena waa ku diiday^(Deny) , kee baa guulaysta? Waa hagaag, sidaan kor ku soo sheegay, Diiddu^(Deny) had iyo jeer waxay ka gudubtaa Allow , sidaas darteed Diiddu^(Deny) way guulaysan doontaa, laakiin sidoo kale waxaan ku xaqiijin karnaa tan gacanta.

Guji Advanced oo tag Ruqsadaha Waxtarka leh^{(Effective Permissions)} ama tab Helitaanka Waxtarka leh . ^{(or Effective Access)}Gudaha Windows 7 , dhagsii badhanka Xulo^(Select) oo ku qor magaca isticmaalaha ama kooxda. Gudaha Windows 10 , guji Xulo^{(Select a user)} isku xirka isticmaalaha.

Gudaha Windows 7 , marka aad doorato isticmaalaha, waxay isla markiiba muujin doontaa ogolaanshaha sanduuqa liiska hoose. Sida aad arki karto, dhammaan oggolaanshaha lama hubin, taas oo macno samaynaysa.

Gudaha Windows 10 , waa inaad gujisaa View^{( View effective access)} badhanka galaangalka waxtarka leh ka dib markaad doorato isticmaalaha. Waxa kale oo aad heli doontaa X guduudan oo wanaagsan oo aan la geli karin iyo calaamad jeeg cagaaran oo gelitaanka la oggol yahay, taas oo xoogaa sahlan in la akhriyo.

Markaa hadda waxaad si aad ah u garanaysaa dhammaan waxa jira inaad ka ogaato faylka Windows iyo oggolaanshaha gal. ^(Windows)Waxay qaadanaysaa xoogaa ku ciyaarista agagaarkaaga si aad u hesho wax walba.

Qodobbada ugu muhiimsan ee la fahmi karo waa inaad u baahan tahay inaad noqoto mulkiilaha si aad wax uga beddesho oggolaanshaha iyo in maamule kasta uu la wareegi karo lahaanshaha faylalka iyo faylalka iyada oo aan loo eegin oggolaanshaha walxahaas. Haddii aad wax su'aalo ah qabtid, xor ayaad u tahay inaad faallo ka bixiso. Ku raaxayso!

How to Set File and Folder Permissions in Windows

Normallу, you don’t have to worry about permissions in Windowѕ bеcause that’s already taken care of by the opеrating system. Each user has their own profile and their own set of permissions, which prevents unauthorized access to files and folders.

There are times, however, when you might want to manually configure the permissions on a set of files or folders in order to prevent other users from accessing the data. This post is assuming the other “people” also have access to the same computer you are using.

If not, you may as well just encrypt your hard drive and that’s it. However, when others can access the computer, like family or friends, then permissions can come in handy.

Of course, there are other alternatives like hiding files and folders using file attributes or by using the command prompt to hide data. You can even hide an entire drive in Windows if you like.

If you are looking to set permissions in order to share files with others, check out my post on creating a hidden network share or how to share files across computers, tablets and phones.

Data Security

The only other occasion where you will need to mess around with folder or file permissions is when you get a Permission Denied error when trying to access data. This means you can take ownership of files that don’t belong to your current user account and still access them.

This is important because it means that setting permissions on a file or folder does not guarantee the security of that file or folder. In Windows, an administrator on any Windows PC can override the permissions on a set of files and folders by taking ownership of them. Once you have ownership, you can set your own permissions.

So what does this mean in English? Basically, if you have data you don’t want others to see, then you should either not store it on that computer at all or you should use an encryption tool like TrueCrypt.

For those tech-savvy readers, you’ll probably be saying “Hey wait, TrueCrypt has been discontinued due to security vulnerabilities and shouldn’t be used!” Well, that is correct, however, TrueCrypt has been audited by an independent organization and Phase I and Phase II have been completed.

The only version you should download is TrueCrypt 7.1a, the one that has been uploaded to a verified mirror on GitHub. If you are not comfortable at all using TrueCrypt, the only other suggestion I have is VeraCrypt, which was the successor to TrueCrypt, but fixed many of the flaws.

File and Folder Permissions

Now that we got all of that out of the way, let’s talk about permissions in Windows. Every file and every folder in Windows has its own set of permissions. Permissions can be broken down into Access Control Lists with users and their corresponding rights. Here is an example with the user list at the top and the rights at the bottom:

Permissions are also either inherited or not. Normally in Windows, every file or folder gets their permissions from the parent folder. This hierarchy keeps going all the way up to the root of the hard drive. The simplest permissions have at least three users: SYSTEM, currently logged in user account and the Administrators group.

These permissions usually come from the C:\Users\Username folder on your hard drive. You can access these permissions by right-clicking on a file or folder, choosing Properties and then clicking on the Security tab. To edit permissions for a particular user, click on that user and then click the Edit button.

Note that if the permissions are greyed out, like in the example above, the permissions are being inherited from the containing folder. I’ll talk about how you can remove inherited permissions further below, but first let’s understand the different types of permissions.

Permission Types

There are basically six types of permissions in Windows: Full Control, Modify, Read & Execute, List Folder Contents, Read, and Write. List Folder Contents is the only permission that is exclusive to folders. There are more advanced attributes, but you’ll never need to worry about those.

So what do each of these permissions mean? Well, here is a nice chart from Microsoft’s website that breaks on what each permissions means for files and for folders:

Now that you understand what each permission controls, let’s take a look at modifying some permissions and checking out the results.

Editing Permissions

Before you can edit any permissions, you have to have ownership of the file or folder. If the owner is another user account or a system account like Local System or TrustedInstaller, you won’t be able to edit the permissions.

Read my previous post on how to take ownership of files and folders in Windows if you are currently not the owner. Now that you are the owner, let’s get a few more things out of the way:

1. If you set Full Control permissions on a folder for a user, the user will be able to delete any file or subfolder regardless of what permissions are set for those files or subfolders.

2. By default permissions are inherited, so if you want custom permissions for a file or folder, you have to first disable inheritance.

3. Deny permissions override Allow permissions, so use them sparingly and preferably only on specific users, not groups

If you right-click on a file or folder, choose Properties and click on the Security tab, we can now try to edit some permissions. Go ahead and click the Edit button to get started.

At this point, there are a couple of things you can do. Firstly, you’ll notice that the Allow column is probably greyed out and can’t be edited. This is because of the inheritance I was talking about earlier.

However, you can check items on the Deny column. So if you just want to block access to a folder for a specific user or group, click the Add button first and once added, you can check the Deny button next to Full Control.

When you click the Add button, you have to type in the user name or group name into the box and then click on Check Names to make sure it’s correct. If you don’t remember the user or group name, click on the Advanced button and then just click Find Now. It will show you all the users and groups.

Click OK and the user or group will be added to the access control list. Now you can check the Allow column or Deny column. As mentioned, try to use Deny only for users instead of groups.

Now what happens if we try to remove a user or group from the list. Well, you can easily remove the user you just added, but if you try to remove any of the items that were already there, you’ll get an error message.

In order to disable inheritance, you have to go back to the main Security tab for the file or folder and click on the Advanced button at the bottom.

On Windows 7, you’ll one extra tab for Owner. In Windows 10, they just moved that to the top and you have to click Change. Anyway, in Windows 7, click on Change Permissions at the bottom of the first tab.

On the Advanced Security Settings dialog, uncheck the Include inheritable permissions from this object’s parent box.

When you do that, another dialog box will popup and it will ask you whether you want to convert the inherited permissions to explicit permissions or whether you just want to remove all the inherited permissions.

Unless you really know exactly what permissions you want, I suggest choosing Add (explicit permissions) and then just removing whatever you don’t want afterwards. Basically, clicking on Add will keep all the same permissions, but now they won’t be greyed out and you can click Remove to delete any user or group. Clicking Remove, will start you off with a clean slate.

In Windows 10, it looks slightly different. After clicking on the Advanced button, you have to click on Disable Inheritance.

When you click on that button, you’ll get the same options as in Windows 7, but just in a different form. The Convert option is the same as Add and the second option is the same as Remove.

The only thing you have to understand now is the Effective Permissions or Effective Access tab. So what is effective permissions? Well, let’s see the example above. I have a text file and my account, Aseem, has Full Control. Now what if I add another item to the list so that the group Users is denied Full Control.

The only problem here is that the Aseem account is also part of the Users group. So I have Full Control in one permission and Deny in another, which one wins? Well, as I mentioned above, Deny always overrides Allow, so Deny will win, but we can also confirm this manually.

Click on Advanced and go to the Effective Permissions or Effective Access tab. In Windows 7, click the Select button and type in the user or group name. In Windows 10, click the Select a user link.

In Windows 7, once you select the the user, it will instantly show the permissions in the list box below. As you can see, all of the permissions are unchecked, which makes sense.

In Windows 10, you have to click the View effective access button after selecting the user. You’ll also get a nice red X for no access and a green check mark for allowed access, which is a bit easier to read.

So now you pretty much know all there is to know about Windows file and folder permissions. It does take some playing around yourself in order to get the hang of it all.

The main points to understand are that you need to be the owner in order to edit permissions and that any administrator can take ownership of files and folders regardless of the permissions on those objects. If you have any questions, feel free to post a comment. Enjoy!

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