Hard Drive-yada^{(Hard drives)} waxaa loo qaabayn karaa heerar kala duwan, mid walbana wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin iyo khasaare u gaar ah. Qaababka qaar waxaa fahmi kara nidaamyo hawleedyo badan, halka kuwa kalena ay la shaqeeyaan oo keliya kuwo la doortay. Ha ka werwerin haddii xulashooyinku ay adag yihiin. Waxaan ku socon doonaa sida loo qaabeeyo darawalka adag si uu ugu badnaan waafaqo.

Kahor intaadan u gudbin qaababka kala duwan, halkan waxaa ah dulmar guud oo ku saabsan sida loo qaabeeyo saxanka.

Sida loo qaabeeyo Disk-ga

Hard Drive-yada waxaa loo qaabeeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo utility formatting^{(formatting utility)} ama utility management diskka. Dhammaan nidaamyada hawlgalka waxa lagu dhisay software-ka noocaas ah. Haddii aad ku rakibayso nidaam cusub oo hawlgalka, rakibayuhu waxa uu ku siin doonaa ikhtiyaarka aad ku qaabayn karto nidaamka diskka.

Haddii aad qaabaynayso disk-ga aan nidaamka ahayn, waxaad isticmaali doontaa utility qaabka nidaam kasta oo hawleed oo kala duwan:

• Daaqadaha waa utility^(Windows) qaabka diskka ama Maamulka Disk^{(Disk Management)} .
• On macOS, waa Utility Disk^{(Disk Utility)} -ga .
• Isticmaalayaasha Linux^(Linux) waxay leeyihiin doorashooyin badan, badiyaa waxay ku xiran yihiin interface interface ee la doortay. Fdisk waa adeeg toos ah oo caan ah oo laga helo dhammaan Linux distros.

Haddii aad rabto inaad si fiican u qaabayso saxan, ka dibna ha dooran nooc kasta oo ah ikhtiyaarka qaab degdeg ah. Qaab buuxa ayaa laga yaabaa inuu qaato waqti dheer, laakiin wuxuu si fiican u tirtiraa xogta saxanka. Had iyo jeer laba jeer hubi inaad dooratay saxanka saxda ah iyo mugga qaabaynta, maadaama xogta luminta aan dib loo celin karin inta badan.

Marka laga reebo doorashada nooca qaabka diskka ee aad jeclaan lahayd, isticmaaleyaasha badankoodu waxay si fudud uga tagi karaan xulashooyin kale (sida cabbirka kooxda^{(cluster size)} ) qiyamkooda caadiga ah. Dareen^(Feel) xornimo inaad magaca mugga u beddesho wax adiga kugu habboon. Marka xigta waxaan eegi doonaa qaababka ugu muhiimsan ee diskooga iyo nidaamyada hawlgalka ay akhriyi karaan.

NTFS

• Waxa ugu fiican saxannada nidaamka Windows.
• Waxqabad weyn oo ku saabsan darawallada waaweyn, ma aha tiro yar.
• U isticmaal^(Use) kaliya hadaf-muhiimka ah, wadisyada dibadda ee Windows-keliya.
• Guud ahaan kuma habboona darawallada suulka USB ama kaararka SD.
• Waxa kaliya oo lagu akhriyi karaa (looma qorin) nidaamyada macOS iyada oo aan la helin software dheeraad ah.
• La jaan qaada Linux iyadoo la isticmaalayo NTFS Open Source darawalka NTFS-3G
• Cabbirrada faylalka gaarka ah ilaa 16TB.
• Cabbirka^(Maximum) wadwaynta ugu badan ee la qaabayn karo waa 256TB.

NTFS ( Nidaamka Faylka Tignoolajiyada Cusub^{(New Technology File System)} ) waa nidaamka faylka ee Microsoft kaas oo nolosha ka bilaabay Windows NT 3.1 . Waa nidaamka faylalka la door biday ee kombuyuutarrada casriga ah ee Windows , kuwaas oo ku salaysan nadaamka Windows NT . Waa ammaan, adag, degdeg ah oo xamili karta fayl aad u weyn iyo cabbirrada wadista.

Cilladda ugu weyn ee NTFS waa in aysan si caalami ah ula socon nidaamyada kale ee hawlgalka. Taas oo ka dhigaysa mid aan ku habboonayn darawallada dibadda iyo kuwa la wadaago.

FAT32

• Sida ugu fiican waafaqidka ugu ballaadhan ee suurtogalka ah.
• Waxa uu la shaqeeyaa dhammaan hababka hawlgalka.
• Cabbirka faylka shaqsiga ah ilaa 4GB.
• Cabbirka ugu badan^(Maximum) ee wadista la qaabayn karo ee 32GB ama 2TB taas oo ku xidhan OS-ka.

FAT32 waa nooca ugu dambeeyay ee nidaamka faylka FAT ( Shaxda Qoondaynta Faylka^{(File Allocation Table)} ). FAT32 waxay la shaqeysaa DOS 7.0 iyo noocyada cusub ee nidaamyada hawlgalka Microsoft . Hadda ma aha nidaam faylal ah oo aad rabto inaad ku socodsiiso nidaamka qalliinka.

Wali waxay faa'iido u leedahay aaladaha ay ka midka yihiin TV-yada^(TVs) smart , kamaradaha amniga IP-ga iyo aaladaha kale duwan ee ku-xidhan. Waxaad hubaal ahaan kartaa in wax walba ay akhriyi doonaan saxanka FAT32^(FAT32) . Ciladda ugu weyn ee doorashadan ayaa ah in faylalku aysan ka badnaan karin 4GB. Taasi^(Which) waa sababta aaladaha ay ka midka yihiin kamaradaha muuqaalku u qaybiyaan duubitaankooda 4GB qaybo marka la isticmaalayo kaarka SD loo qaabeeyey FAT32 .

exFAT

• exFAT waa mid si ballaaran u wada socon kara iyo doorashada ugu fiican ee wareega dhan ee darawallada dibadda.
• Waxaa akhrin kara oo loo qori karaa Windows , macOS iyo Linux .
• Waxqabadka guud ee weyn.
• Ammaanka xaddidan.
• Uma adkeysan sida NTFS.
• Cabbirrada ugu badan ee shakhsi ahaaneed ee 16EB ( Exabytes ).
• Cabbirka ugu badan^(Maximum) ee wadista la qaabayn karo ee 128PB ( Petabytes ).

Sida NTFS , exFAT waa qaab Microsoft ah. Sanadka 2019 exFAT wuxuu galay il furan. exFAT waa in lagu daraa Linux Kernel 5.7 iyo wixii ka sareeya. exFAT si ballaaran ayaa loo taageeraa, waxay leedahay waxqabad weyn oo cabbir kasta oo aan lahayn xadka cabbirka faylka FAT32 .

exFAT hadda waa qaabka caadiga ah ee kaararka SD iyo suulka ka weyn 32GB, taas oo ah xadka mugga ee FAT32 . Nidaamyada Linux^(Linux) iyo Mac way akhriyi karaan waxna u qori karaan qaabkan. Aalado gaar ah oo ku xidhan oo kaliya (kamerooyin, Smart TVs . iwm) oo aan ku shaqaynayn qaabka.

HFS+

• HFS+ waxay ugu fiican tahay aaladaha macOS ee ka horreeyay macOS High Sierra .
• Faylka ugu badan^(Maximum) iyo cabbirka mugga ayaa ku kala duwan nooca macOS: 2TB-8EB.
• Linux waxay ku rakibi kartaa oo isticmaali kartaa HFS+.
• Daaqadaha kuma shaqayn karaan HFS+ Drives la'aanteed software dheeraad ah.

HFS+ waa fayl Apple iska leh oo beddelaya HFS oo bixiya waxqabad wanaagsan, astaamo iyo taageerada cabbirka faylka. Hadda waxaa bedelay APFS^(APFS) oo waa in loo istcimaalaa dib u dhaca Macs^(Macs) ee aan ku socon karin macOS High Sierra .

APFS

• Waxa ugu fiican darawalada nidaamka Mac casriga ah iyo kuwa dibadda Mac-kaliya .^(Mac-only)
• Nabadgelyo gaar ah, dulqaadka khaladka iyo waxqabadka SSD^(SSDs) -yada casriga ah .
• Daaqadaha iyo Linux ma akhriyi karaan darawallada APFS la'aanteed software dheeraad ah.

APFS ( Nidaamka Faylka Apple^{(Apple File System)} ) waa nidaamka faylka Apple ee ugu dambeeyay ee ka shaqeeya aaladaha macOS ee ku shaqeyn kara macOS High Sierra iyo wixii ka dambeeya. Waxaa loo habeeyay SSDs^(SSDs) oo sidaas darteed waxay leedahay faa'iido waxqabad oo la taaban karo oo ka sarreysa HFS+ ee darawallada SSD . Dariiqyada adag ee dhaqameed farqiga waxqabadku waa mid aan muuqan. 

APFS waa doorashada saxda ah ee nidaamka casriga ah ee macOS. Waa doorasho weyn oo loogu talagalay darawallada dibadda ee loo isticmaali doono oo keliya nidaamyada macOS ee ku habboon. Haddii isla darawalladaas loo baahan yahay in lagu isticmaalo nidaamyada WIndows ama Linux , qaab kale ayaa ku habboonaan doona.

Waafaqsanaanta ugu badan Dooro^{(Maximum Compatibility Choose)} exFAT

Iyada oo ku saleysan macluumaadkan, way caddahay in exFAT ay tahay doorashada ugu fiican ee wareega oo dhan haddii aad rabto in disk la siiyo uu akhriyo kombiyuutarada ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah. exFAT waxaa ka maqan wax badan oo ka mid ah waxtarka, amniga iyo faa'iidooyinka waxqabadka NTFS ama APFS .

Si kastaba ha ahaatee ma dhibayso xadka cabbirka adag ee baruurta 32^{(FAT 32)} . Waxaan kugula talineynaa FAT32 kaliya aaladaha gaarka ah (sida kamaradaha qaarkood) ee aan isticmaali karin exFAT. 

How to Format a Drive or Disk for Maximum Compatibility

Hard drives can be formatted to various standards, each with their own pros and cons. Some formats can be understood by many operating systems, while others only work with a select few. Don’t worry if the options are daunting. We’ll walk you through how to format a hard drive for maximum compatibility.

Before getting to the different formats, here’s a general overview of how to format a disk.

How to Format a Disk

Hard drives are formatted by using a formatting utility or a disk management utility. All operating systems have such software built in. If you’re installing a new operating system, the installer will give you the option to format the system disk.

If you’re formatting a non-system disk, you’ll use the format utility for each respective operating system:

• For Windows it’s either the disk format utility or Disk Management.
• On macOS, it’s the Disk Utility.
• Linux users have multiple choices, usually dependent on the chosen desktop interface. Fdisk is a popular command line utility found in virtually all Linux distros.

If you want to format a disk thoroughly, then do not choose any type of quick format option. A full format may take much longer, but it better erases data from the disk. Always double-check that you have chosen the correct disk and volume for formatting, since the data loss isn’t reversible in most cases.

Other than choosing the type of disk format you’d like, most users can simply leave other options (such as cluster size) on their default values. Feel free to change the volume name to something that suits you. Next we’ll look at the most important disk formats and which operating systems can read them.

NTFS

• Best for Windows system disks.
• Great performance on large drives, not smaller volumes.
• Use only for mission-critical, Windows-only external drives.
• Not generally suitable for USB thumb drives or SD cards.
• Can only be read (not written to) on macOS systems without additional software.
• Compatible with Linux using the NTFS Open Source driver NTFS-3G
• Individual files sizes of up to 16TB.
• Maximum formattable drive size of 256TB.

NTFS (New Technology File System) is Microsoft’s own file system that started life with Windows NT 3.1. It is the preferred file system for modern Windows computers, which are based on a Windows NT lineage. It’s secure, robust, fast and can handle very large file and drive sizes.

The main drawback of NTFS is that it isn’t universally compatible with other operating systems. Which makes it less suitable for external or shared drives.

FAT32

• Best for the widest possible compatibility.
• Works with virtually all operating systems.
• Individual file sizes up to 4GB.
• Maximum formattable drive size of 32GB or 2TB depending on the OS.

FAT32 is the latest version of the FAT (File Allocation Table) file system. FAT32 works with DOS 7.0 and newer versions of Microsoft operating systems. It’s no longer a file system that you would want to run an operating system on.

It’s still useful for devices such as smart TVs, IP security cameras and various other embedded devices. You can be almost certain that anything will read a FAT32 disk. The main drawback of this option is that files cannot be larger than 4GB. Which is why devices such as video cameras split their recordings into 4GB chunks when using an SD card formatted to FAT32.

exFAT

• exFAT is widely compatible and the best all-round choice for external drives.
• It can be read and written to by Windows, macOS and Linux.
• Great overall performance.
• Limited security.
• Not as resilient as NTFS.
• Maximum individual file sizes of 16EB (Exabytes).
• Maximum formattable drive size of 128PB (Petabytes).

Like NTFS, exFAT is a Microsoft format. In 2019 exFAT went open source. exFAT is to be included in Linux Kernel 5.7 and up. exFAT is widely supported, it has great performance on any size volume and doesn’t have the file size limits of FAT32.

exFAT is now the standard format for SD cards and thumb drives larger than 32GB, which is the volume limit for FAT32. Linux and Mac systems can read and write to this format. With only certain embedded devices (cameras, Smart TVs. etc) not working with the format.

HFS+

• HFS+ is best for macOS devices that predate macOS High Sierra.
• Maximum file and volume size vary by macOS version: 2TB-8EB.
• Linux can mount and use HFS+.
• Windows cannot work with HFS+ drives without extra software.

HFS+ is a proprietary Apple file that replaces HFS and offers better performance, features and file size support. It has now been supplanted by APFS and should only be used for backwards compatibility with Macs that cannot run macOS High Sierra.

APFS

• Best for modern Mac system drives and Mac-only external drives.
• Exceptional security, fault tolerance and performance on modern SSDs.
• Windows and Linux cannot read APFS drives without additional software.

APFS (Apple File System) is the latest Apple file system that works on macOS devices that can run macOS High Sierra and later. It’s optimized for SSDs and so has a significant performance advantage over HFS+ on SSD drives. On traditional hard drives the performance difference is negligible. 

APFS is the right choice for modern macOS system drives. It’s a great choice for external drives that will only be used with compatible macOS systems. If those same drives need to be used with WIndows or Linux systems, another format would be better suited.

For Maximum Compatibility Choose exFAT

Based on this information, it’s clear that exFAT is the best all-round choice if you want a given disk to be readable by as many computers as possible. exFAT lacks many of the efficiency, security and performance benefits of NTFS or APFS.

However it doesn’t suffer from the harsh size limits of FAT 32. We recommend FAT32 only for those specific devices (such as certain cameras) that cannot use exFAT. 

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