Nidaamyada hagaha Linux^(Linux) way ka duwan yihiin Windows waxaana laga yaabaa inay jahawareeriyaan isticmaalayaasha cusub. Markaa ka fikir qaab dhismeedka tusaha Linux sidii geed. Xididka geedku waa halka uu ka soo baxo iyo Linux , waa halka ay ka baxaan buug-gacmeedyada.

Kala-soocida hagaha waa hor-u-dhigid (/), oo loo soo gaabiyo sida slash . Tusaale ahaan, dariiqa loo maro tusaha xididka waxaa badanaa loo tixraacaa slash ( / ).

Waa maxay Qaab-dhismeedka Hagaha Linux?^{(What Is the Linux Directory Structure?)}

Kuwa aqoonta u leh Linux , waxaad maqashay ereyo ay ka mid yihiin xidid, lib^{(root, lib)} , iyo boot . Kuwani waa tusaaleyaal hagayaasha qaybinta Linux .

Nidaamyada Linux waxay isticmaalaan Heerarka Heerarka Nidaamka^{(Filesystem Hierarchy Standard)} Faylka ( FHS ). Waxay qeexaysaa waxa ku jira iyo qaab dhismeedka hagaha dhammaan qaybinta Linux .

Navigation aasaasiga ah^{(Basic Navigation)}

Sida kor ku xusan, qaab-dhismeedka Tusaha Linux^{(Linux Directory)} waxa loola jeedaa galka darawalka adag ee Linux lagu rakibay.

Ku bilow adiga oo socodsiiya amarka ls (list storage) oo tabo Gelida^(Enter) . Amarkan ayaa ku tusi doona liiska faylalka ku jira hagahaaga shaqo ee hadda. 

Maskaxda ku hay in qaybin kastaa ay la timaaddo faylal kala duwan oo ku jira hagaha guriga.

Amarka liisku wuxuu u taagan yahay kaydinta liiska, laakiin nidaamka faylalka waxa uu ku bilaabmaa hal hore-u-dhac (/) markaa geli amarkan soo socda:

ls /

Tani waxay ku tusi doontaa qaab dhismeedka tusaha nidaamka faylka Linux , habaynta dariiqa adag, ama qaab dhismeedka galka caadiga ah.

Gal kasta waxa uu leeyahay ujeedo gaar ah. Hagaha gurigu waa halka isticmaalayaashu joogaan, markaa isticmaal amarka soo socda si aad u aragto waxa ku jira tusaha guriga isticmaalaha.

ls /home

Si aad u nadiifiso shaashadda, ku qor cad^(clear) ama isticmaal ctrl^{(ctrl L)} L. Maskaxda ku hay in ctrl L laga yaabo inuusan ka shaqeynin dhammaan qaybinta Linux , laakiin amarka cad^(clear) ayaa shaqeyn doona.

Aan ku laabano amarka ls . Waa amarka ugu muhiimsan in la ogaado oo la fahmo. Waxa aad doonaysaa in aad alaabta ku taxdo hagaha aad ku taal.

Laakiin waxaad sidoo kale ku dari kartaa amarro dheeraad ah ls . Tusaale ahaan, qorista ls -l / waxay soo bandhigaysaa wax soo saar ka duwan kaliya / . Isku day adiga oo isticmaalaya amarka soo socda:

ls -l /

Waxaad ka arki kartaa macluumaad badan oo dheeraad ah shaashadda. Wax walba asal ahaan waxay ku yaalaan khad u gaar ah. Amarka -l micnaheedu waa in la raadiyo liiska dheer. 

Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay inaad rabto inaad aragto faahfaahin dheeraad ah iyo sidoo kale shay kasta si aad ugu jirto khad gaar ah si ay u sahlanaato in la akhriyo. Qaybinta qaar ayaa ll u isticmaali doona alias for -l amarka liiska dheer.

Faylal muhiim ah oo ay tahay inaad ka ogaato^{(Important Folders You Should Know About)}

Waxa jira faylal badan oo ku jira nidaamka Linux . Waxaan ka hadli doonaa kuwa ugu muhiimsan hoos.

Tusaha Guriga^{(The Home Directory)}

Tusaha gurigu waa si caadi ah halkaas oo dhammaan isticmaalayaashu ay ku leeyihiin boos shaqo oo u gaar ah. Isticmaale kastaa wuxuu lahaan doonaa gal u gaar ah oo ku jira tusaha   /home

Haddii aad rabto inaad aragto liiska dhammaan faylalka ku jira hagaha gurigaaga, isticmaal amarka soo socda:

ls -l /home

Sababtoo ah waxaad horey ugu jirtay hagaha gurigaaga, waxaad sidoo kale isticmaali kartaa ls si aad u soo saarto liiska waxa ku jira adiga oo aan isticmaalin waddo.

Hage kasta oo ku jira qaab dhismeedka hagaha Linux waa la kala saaraa oo waxa uu ku bilaabmaa horudhac ( / ). Si kale haddii loo dhigo, ls bilaa waddo ayaa tusi doonta waxa ku jira hagahaaga hadda.

Haddii aad rabto inaad bedesho hagaha aad ku shaqaynayso oo aad dib ugu noqotid xididka nidaamka faylka, adeegso amarka soo socda:

cd /

Haddii aad rabto inaad aragto hagayaasha xididka, isticmaal:

ls

Sababtoo ah waxaad ku soo noqotay tusaha xididka ee ma aha tusaha gurigaaga, waxaad arki doontaa liiska dhammaan faylalka xididka.

Si aad u aragto liiska dheer ee tusaha xididka, isticmaal:

ls -l

The Root Directory (/root)

Dhammaan hagayaasha iyo faylalka nidaamkaaga waxay ku jiraan faylka xididka^(root) ee ay matalayso astaanta /.  Dhammaan faylasha ama hagayaasha waxay ka bilaabmaan xididka. Jidka fayl kasta ama hagaha waxa loo soo bandhigi doonaa si la mid ah kuwan soo socda: 

Root/home/user/videos

Tusaha xididka waxaa loogu talagalay hal isticmaale waana kan ugu awooda badan isticmaaleha nidaamka Linux .

Lib Directory Shared libraries (/lib)

Hagaha /lib waa halka ay yaaliin faylal ka kooban kood kood (maktabado) Faylashani waxay hoy u yihiin godadka koodka ee loo isticmaalo in loogu diro faylasha dariiqaaga adag, lagu sawiro daaqadaha miiskaaga, ama kontoroolka meelaha ku hareeraysan.

Media Directory (/media)

Hagaha warbaahintu waa meesha aad ka arki karto faylasha xogta ee ku rakiban darawallada adag ee dibadda, suulka, DVD^(DVDs) -yada , ama saxannada Blu-ray-ga. 

Boot Directory (/boot)

Faylasha iyo faylalka nidaamkaagu u baahan yahay inuu bilaabo waxay ku jiraan buugga /bootka. Isticmaalkeeda waxa lagu jaangooyay Heerka Sare ee Nidaamka Faylka^{(Filesystem Hierarchy Standard)} .

Qaabaynta loo baahan yahay in lagu xidho mishiinkaaga waxa uu ku nool yahay tusaha boot-ka. Ma doonaysid inaad ka takhalusto hagahan.

Qaar ka mid ah hagayaasha caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:

• /dev waa meesha ay ku nool yihiin dhammaan faylalka aaladaha, sida USB-ga^(USB) dibadda ah ama kamaradaha webka.
• /var waa u gaaban doorsoome. Waa halka ay barnaamijyadu ku kaydiyaan macluumaadka runtime sida daba-galka isticmaalaha, nidaamka gaynta, kaydinta, iyo faylalka kale ee ay barnaamijyadu maamulaan oo ay abuuraan.
• Hagaha gaarka ah ee isticmaalayaashu waxay ku yaalaan /home .  
• /proc ka kooban yahay macluumaadka ku saabsan nidaamkaaga sida CPU iyo kernel^(Linux) nidaamka Linux. Waa nidaam muuqaal ah.
• /bin waa halka ay ku nool yihiin dhammaan barnaamijyada lama huraanka ah ee la ordi karo (user binaries).
• /etc folder waxa ku jira faylalka habaynta.

U akhri soo koobida Wikipedia^{(Read Wikipedia’s summary)} si aad si buuxda u faahfaahiso waxa hage kastaa yahay iyo sida loo isticmaalo.

Eeg Hagahaaga Hadda^{(See Your Current Directory)}

Haddi aanad garanayn hagaha aad ka shaqaynayso, isticmaal taliska pwd (daabacaada tusaha shaqada).

Natiijadu waxay u ekaan doontaa sidan:

/home/username

Haddii aad markaas ordo ls , goobta caadiga ah ayaa ku tusi doonta waxa ku jira galka aad hadda ku jirto, sida kor lagu sharaxay.

Waa maxay macnaha midabadu?^{(What Do The Colors Mean?)}

Aynu nidhaahno waxaad ku jirtaa faylka /etc oo socodsii amarkan:

ls -l /etc

Waxaad arki doontaa macluumaad badan iyo sidoo kale midabyo badan oo kala duwan.

Xeerka guud ee suulka ayaa ah:

• Buluug waa gal
• Caddaan waa fayl
• Cagaarku waa barnaamij ama binary 

Midabadu way ku kala duwanaan karaan qaybinta. Inta badan, laakiin maaha dhammaan, distros waxay la yimaadaan midabyo horay loo dejiyay. 

Waa maxay Xargaha Ogolaanshaha?^{(What Are Permission Strings?)}

Fayl kastaa wuxuu leeyahay qulqul xarfo ah dhanka bidix ee liiska. Waxa loo yaqaan xadhig ogolaansho.

Fiiri jilaha ugu horreeya ee xadhigga. d macnaheedu waa hagaha. Marka, xitaa haddii distro-gaaga Linux uusan isticmaalin midabo kala duwan, waxaad weli ogaan doontaa in xarafka xarafka ka bilaabma d uu yahay hage.

Faylasha iyo barnaamijyadu waxay ku bilowdaan xaraf-jiif (-).

l waxa loola jeedaa isku xidhka ku xidha fayl kale.

Dulmarka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Degdegga ah^{(Quick Navigation Overview)}

Kaydinta liiska amarka ls ayaa ku tusinaysa waxa ku jira hagahaaga shaqo ee hadda. Haddii aadan aqoon waxa hagahaagu hadda yahay, isticmaal amarka pwd .

Bilawga nidaamka faylalka waxa loo qoondeeyay hal hore-u-dhac (/). Isticmaal amarka cd si aad u kala beddesho hagaha. Si aad u aragto waxa ku jira hagaha aad hadda u wareegtay, isticmaal amarka ls . Kadib, si aad ugu noqoto tusaha gurigaaga, ku qor /home/username .

Amarka cd wuxuu kaa caawinayaa inaad dhex socoto nidaamka faylka. ls ayaa ku tusi doona waxa ku jira hagaha hadda aad ka shaqaynayso. ls -1 ayaa ku tusinaysa liiska dheer

Inkasta oo qaybinta Linux ee kala duwan ay leeyihiin farqi yar, qaababka nidaamka faylka ayaa aad isku mid ah. Sida ugu wanaagsan ee lagu fahmi karo qaab dhismeedka hagaha Linux waa inaad raacdo qaar ka mid ah talooyinka kor ku xusan oo aad barato sida ay u shaqeyso.

Kaliya iska hubi inaadan^(NOT) taaban tusaha/bootka. Ku^(Practice) tababbarto dhex mara nidaamkaaga adigoo isticmaalaya terminalka. Ku dheji ^(Stick)cd , ls , iyo amarrada pwd si aadan waxba u jabin. Ma qaadan doonto waqti dheer inaad si dareen leh u ogaato meesha aad ka heli karto dukumeentiyada, apps iyo agabyada kale ee aad u baahan tahay inaad isticmaasho.

How To Navigate & Use the Linux Directory Structure

Linux directory systems are different from Windоws and mаy confusе new users. So think of the Linux dirеctory structure as a tree. Thе root of the tree is where it grows from and in Linux, it is where the directories branch out.

The directory separator is the forward-slash (/), abbreviated as slash. For example, the path to the root directory is often referred to as slash ( /).

What Is the Linux Directory Structure?

For those who are familiar with Linux, you have heard terms such as root, lib, and boot. These are examples of Linux distribution directories.

Linux systems use a Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS). It defines the content and directory structure of all Linux distributions.

Basic Navigation

As mentioned above, the Linux Directory structure refers to the folder of the hard drive where Linux was installed.

Start by running the ls (list storage) command and press Enter. This command will show you a list of folders in your current working directory. 

Keep in mind that each distribution comes with different folders in the home directory.

The list command stands for list storage, but the file system starts with a single forward-slash (/) so enter the following command:

ls /

This will show you the directory structure of the Linux file system, the setup of the hard drive, or the default folder structure.

Each folder has a designated purpose. The home directory is where the users are, so use the following command to see what’s in your user home directory.

ls /home

To clear the screen, type clear or use ctrl L. Keep in mind that ctrl L might not work on all Linux distributions, but the clear command will.

Let’s go back to the ls command. It is the most important command to know and understand. You want to list the items in a directory where you are located.

But you can also add additional commands to ls. For example, typing ls -l / displays a different output than just /.  Try it by using the following command:

ls -l /

You can see a lot more information on the screen. Everything is basically on its own line. The -l command means to look for the long listing. 

This means you want to see more details as well as every item to be on a separate line to make it easier to read. Some distributions will use ll as an alias for -l for the long list command.

Important Folders You Should Know About

There are a lot of folders in your Linux system. We will discuss the most important ones below.

The Home Directory

The home directory is by default where all users have their own personal working space. Each user will have their own folder in the /home directory.  

If you want to see a listing of all the folders in your home directory, use the following command:

ls -l /home

Because you are already in your home directory, you can also just use ls to pull up a list of what’s inside without using a path.

Every directory in the Linux directory structure is separated by and starts with a forward slash (/). In other words, ls without a path will show the contents of your current directory.

If you want to change the directory you are working in and go back to the root of the file system, use the following command:

cd /

If you want to see the directories in the root, use:

ls

Because you are back in the root directory and not your home directory, you will see a list of all the folders in the root.

To see the long list in the root directory, use:

ls -l

The Root Directory (/root)

All directories and files on your system reside in the root file represented by the symbol /.  All files or directories start at the root. The path of any file or directory will be displayed similar to the following: 

Root/home/user/videos

The root directory is for a single user and is the most powerful user on a Linux system.

Lib Directory Shared libraries (/lib)

The /lib directory is where files containing code (the libraries) are located. These files house the code snippets used to send files to your hard drive, draw windows on your desktop, or control peripherals.

Media Directory (/media)

The media directory is where you can see the data files of mounted external hard drives, thumb drives, DVDs, or Blu-ray disks. 

Boot Directory (/boot)

The files and folders your system needs to start are in the /boot directory. Its usage is standardized in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.

The configuration needed to boot your machine lives in the boot directory. You don’t want to get rid of this directory.

Some other standard directories include:

• /dev is where all device files live, such as an external USB or a webcam.
• /var is short for variable. It is where programs store runtime information such as user tracking, system logging, caches, and other files that system programs manage and create.
• Users’ personal directories are in /home.  
• /proc contains information about your system such as CPU and your Linux system kernel. It is a virtual system.
• /bin is where all the essential runnable programs (user binaries) live.
• /etc folder contains the configuration files.

Read Wikipedia’s summary for a full breakdown of what each directory is and how it is used.

See Your Current Directory

If you don’t know which directory you are working in, use the command pwd (print working directory).

The results will look like this:

/home/username

If you then run ls, the default setting will show you the contents of the folder you are currently in, as described above.

What Do The Colors Mean?

Let’s say you are in the /etc folder and run this command:

ls -l /etc

You will see a lot of information as well as many different colors.

The general rule of thumb is that the:

• Blue is a folder
• White is a file
• Green is a program or a binary 

The colors may vary by distribution. Most, but not all, distros come with pre-set colors. 

What Are Permission Strings?

Every file has a stream of letters to the left of the listing. It is called a permission string.

Look at the first character in the string. The d means directory. So, even if your Linux distro doesn’t use different colors, you will still know that a character string that begins with d is a directory.

Files and programs start with a hyphen (-).

An l refers to a link that links to another file.

Quick Navigation Overview

The ls command list storage shows you what is in your current working directory. If you don’t know what your current directory is, use the pwd command.

The beginning of the file system is designated by a single forward-slash (/). Use the cd command to switch between directories. To see what’s in the directory you just switched to, use the ls command. Then, to go back to your home directory, type /home/username.

The cd command helps you navigate the file system. ls shows you what is in the current directory where you are working. ls -1 shows you the long listing.

Even though various Linux distributions have minor differences, the file system layouts are very similar.  The best way to understand the Linux directory structure is to follow some of the above suggestions and familiarize yourself with how it works.

Just be sure NOT to touch the /boot directory. Practice navigating through your system using the terminal. Stick to the cd, ls, and pwd commands so that you don’t break anything. It won’t take long for you to intuitively know where to find documentation, apps and other resources you need to use.

Related posts

• Ku xooji hagaha Linux iyadoo la adeegsanayo qoraalka Shell

• Isticmaal FFmpeg si aad si sahal ah maqal uga soo saarto faylalka FLV

• U adeegso MSStyles si aad u dul dhigto Codsiyada Khamriga ee Linux

• Linux Hel Taliska Tusaalooyinka

• 5 Sababood oo Wanaagsan oo loogu talagalay Daaqadaha Linux

• Ogolaanshaha Faylka Linux - Waa maxay Chmod 777 iyo sida loo isticmaalo

• 10ka Apps ee ugu Wanaagsan Linux ee Isticmaalayaasha Ubuntu

• Ku dar Jid-gaabyada menu-ka-midig ee macnaha guud ee Ubuntu

• 9-ka ugu Wanaagsan Linux Distros ee loogu talagalay jabsiga

• Waa maxay Inodes ee Linux iyo sidee loo isticmaalaa?

• Khiyaamooyinka Gawaarida: Isticmaal Terminalka sida saacada digniinta

• Sida loo tirtiro faylka ama hagaha Linux

• Isticmaal taliska Linux 'dd' oo wata GUI fudud

• Sida Dib Loogu Soo Celiyo Mint Linux Adoon lumin Xogtaada & Dejinta

• 10 Jid-gaabyada Keyboard-ka Ubuntu si loo dardargeliyo socodka shaqadaada

• Sida loogu rakibo Linux Distro Buugaaga Chrome-ka

• Sida loo rakibo oo loogu socodsiiyo abka Linux Buugga Chrome-ka

• BSD vs Linux: Farqiga Aasaasiga ah

• 5-ta ugu sareysa Linux Distros waa inaad isticmaashaa

• 6 Siyaabood Oo Fudud Oo Lagu Kordhiyo Ku rakibkaaga Ubuntu