In kasta oo buugaagta Chromebooks^{(Chromebooks)} ay la socdaan Chrome OS , oo ah nidaamka hawlgalka Linux ku salaysan, oo ka baxsan sanduuqa, waxay sidoo kale socodsiin karaan qaybinta Linux^{(unadulterated Linux distributions)} iyada oo aan la taaban. Dhab ahaantii, waxaad isku mar ku wadi kartaa Chrome OS iyo Linux distro kale isla buugga Chrome^(Chromebook) -ka .

Casharradan, waxaan ku tusi doonaa sida loo rakibo Linux Buugga^(Chromebook) Chrome- ka adigoon saameyn ku yeelan Chrome OS- ka . Waxa kale oo aad baran doontaa sida loo rakibo deegaanka tijaabada ah ee Linux ee lagu dhex dhisay Chrome OS iyo ^{(Chrome OS)}Linux distro dhinac saddexaad ah ( Ubuntu ).

Ku rakib Linux Beta^{(Install Linux Beta)} ( Crostini ) ee Chromebook

Crostini waxa uu qeexayaa mashruuca rasmiga ah ee Google kaas oo u ogolaanaya isticmaalayaasha Chromebook in ay maamulaan Linux iyaga oo aan galin Chrome OS Developer Mode . Faa'iidada ugu weyn ee qaabkani waa inaad ku raaxaysato barnaamijyada Linux -ku-salaysan iyo agabka jawi sugan. Ka fakar in uu yahay mashiinka farsamada gacanta ee Linux ugu shaqeeya Chrome OS adiga oo aan la macaamilin koodhadhka Linux iyo amarada.

Deegaanka Linux wuxuu taageero rasmi ah ka haystaa Google wuxuuna leeyahay fursad aad u yar oo uu ku jebiyo Chromebook kaaga ama uu buriyo dammaanadkiisa. Deegaanka waxa kale oo laga ilaaliyaa abka iyo faylalka xaasidnimada leh iyada oo loo marayo Sandboxing-mid^{(Sandboxing—one)} ka mid ah sifooyinka amniga ee lagu dhisay buugaagta^{(security features built into Chromebooks)} Chrome-ka .

Ku rakibida deegaanka Linux ee buuggaaga ^(Linux)Chrome^(Chromebook) -ka waxay ku xidhan tahay qalabkaaga qalabkiisa iyo habaynta software-ka. Dhammaan moodooyinka Chromebook -ka ee da'da ah ma taageeraan habka Linux Beta ( Crostini ) ee ka baxsan sanduuqa. 

Intaa waxaa dheer, ku rakibida deegaanka Linux ee ^(Linux)Chromebook waxay u baahan tahay Chrome OS 69 ama ka dib. Madaxa Settings > Wax ku saabsan Chrome OS^{(About Chrome OS)} si aad u hubiso nooca Chrome OS ama aad u cusboonaysiiso nidaamka hawlgalka Chromebook kaaga. Ku rakib cusboonaysii kasta oo la heli karo ama dib u billow qalabkaaga si aad u dhammayso cusboonaysiinta la sugayo.

Deegaanku waa tijaabo oo si caadi ah ayuu u qufulay. Markaa, khadka ugu horreeya ee ficilku waa in la dhaqaajiyo deegaanka horumarinta Linux . Ku xidh Chromebook kaaga intarneedka oo raac talaabooyinkan:

1. Bilaw abka Settings , balaadhi qaybta sare^(Advanced) , u gudub qaybta horumariyayaasha^(Developers) , oo dooro badhanka daar ee^{(Turn on)} safka “Linux development environment ( Beta )”.

1. Dooro Xiga^(Next) si aad u sii wadato.

1. Samee isticmaale magac, dooro meesha diskooga lagu taliyay, oo dooro Ku rakib^(Install) .

Hadda aan ku tusinno sida loo rakibo distro Linux -ka saddexaad ee buuggaaga ^(Linux)Chrome^(Chromebook) -ka .

Waxyaabaha Ugu Horeeya Marka Hore^{(First Things First)} : Samee Drive Recovery

In kasta oo ku rakibida distro Linux -ka saddexaad ee Chromebook ay tahay mid toos ah, arrimuhu waxay mararka qaarkood aadi karaan koonfurta inta lagu jiro hawsha. Sidaa darteed, waxaanu si adag kula talinaynaa abuurista kaydka qalabkaaga adoo isticmaalaya Utility soo kabashada Chromebook^{(Chromebook Recovery Utility)} . Tani waxay u baahan tahay saxan kaydinta dibadda ah oo leh ugu yaraan 8GB ee meel kaydinta bilaashka ah.

1. Bilaw Chrome, madaxa bogga Utility Soo kabashada Chromebook^{(Chromebook Recovery Utility page)} ee dukaanka shabakada Chrome , oo dooro Ku dar Chrome^{(Add to Chrome)} .

1. Dooro ku dar abka^{(Add app)} deg degga xaqiijinta.

Waa inaad ku aragtaa horumarka soo dejinta ee geeska hoose ee bidix ee shaashadda Chromebook kaaga. Ku xidh^(Plug) wadista kaydinta dibadda oo leh 8GB ama kayd ka weyn Buugaaga Chrome-ka marka aad hesho digniinta guusha rakibida ee aagga wargelinta.

Ogsoonow in utility dib u soo kabashada masixi doonaa dhammaan xogta iyo partitions on drive. Markaa, iska hubi inaad ku kaydiso xog kasta oo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan waditaanka qalab kale ka hor inta aanad u isticmaalin sida diskka soo kabashada ee Chromebook gaaga.

1. Ku billow Utility-ka Soo-kabashada Chrome-^{(Chrome Recovery Utility)} ka soo-saareha abka.

1. Sug^(Wait) abka si uu u diyaariyo qalabkaaga soo kabashada oo dooro Bilow^{(Get started)} .

1. Farta alfanumeric ee shaashadda ku taal waa nambarka moodeelka ee Chromebook kaaga. Geli^(Enter) lambarrada sanduuqa wada-hadalka ee la bixiyay oo dooro Sii wad^(Continue) si aad u sii waddo.

1. Dooro qalabka warbaahinta ee aad rabto inaad isticmaasho si aad u abuurto sawirka soo kabashada oo dooro Continue .

1. Dooro badhanka hadda samee .^{(Create now)}

Sug^(Wait) utility si ay u soo dejiso oo u qor faylasha lagama maarmaanka ah warbaahinta soo kabashada. Tani waxay qaadan kartaa dhowr daqiiqo ama saacado iyadoo ku xiran arrimo ay ka mid yihiin qaabka Chromebook kaaga iyo nooca Chrome OS . Ka saarida darawalka soo kabashada waxay joojin doontaa habka soo dejinta, markaa hubi in darawalku si adag ugu habboon yahay dekedda USB Chromebook kaaga .

Waxa kale oo aad u baahan doontaa xidhiidh internet oo degdeg ah si aad u soo dejiso faylalka ka koobnaan doona warbaahinta soo kabashada. Markaa, hubi in Chromebook-kaagu ku xidhan yahay Wi-Fi ama shabakad Ethernet . 

Haddi ay wax khaldamaan inta lagu rakibayo Linux , xidh Chromebook kaaga, kabo qaabka soo kabashada (riix Esc + Refresh + button Power ), geli warbaahinta soo kabashada, oo raac tilmaamaha shaashadda.

Daar qaabka horumariyaha gudaha Chromebook

Waxaad u baahan tahay inaad ku haysato Buugaaga Chrome^(Chromebook) -ka Qaabka Horumariyaha^{(Developer Mode)} si aad ugu rakibto qaybinta Linux kasta . Taasi waxay tirtiri doontaa dhammaan xogta ku kaydsan kaydinta Chromebook gaaga , markaa hubi inaad ku kaydiso faylashaada daruuraha ama saxan dibadda ah ka hor inta aanad hawlgelin Habka Horumarineed^{(Developer Mode)} .

Waxa kale oo muhiim ah in la sheego in shaqaysiinta Hab-sameeyaha^{(Developer Mode)} ay curyaami doonto sifooyin badan oo amniga ku dhex jira oo ku dhex jira qalabkaaga. Sidoo kale^(Likewise) , hawlgalku waxa kale oo laga yaabaa inuu buriyo dammaanadda Chromebook kaaga . Dami Buugaaga Chrome^(Chromebook) ka oo raac tillaabooyinka hoose.

1. Riix oo hay furayaasha Esc + Refresh (ama F3 ) oo hay batoonka Power .

1. Sii daa badhamada marka shaashadda soo kabashada ay ku soo baxdo bandhigga Chromebook.
2. Iska daa tilmaanta "Fadlan geli usha USB soo kabashada ama kaarka SD" ee shaashadda. Riix Ctrl + D si aad u dhaqaajiso Habka Horumariyaha.

1. Taabo Gelida^(Enter) si aad u damiso xaqiijinta OS. Taasi waxay "furi doontaa" Chromebook gaaga si uu u furo nidaamyada hawlgalka ee aan Google ahayn.

1. Mar kale taabo Ctrl + D oo sug dhowr daqiiqadood si aad u daboosho Buugaaga Chrome^(Chromebook) -ka adigoo isticmaalaya Qaabka Horumariyaha^{(Developer Mode)} .

Waxaad ka heli doontaa ogaysiis shaashada ah in Chromebook kaaga hadda u wareegayo Habka Horumariyaha^{(Developer Mode)} . Ha damin Buugaaga Chrome^(Chromebook) -ka inta hawsha lagu gudo jiro oo iska hubi inuu haysto batari ku filan (50% ama ka badan).

Ka samee^(Set) Chromebook -^(Chromebook) kaaga meel eber sidii in uu yahay qalab cusub oo u gudub qaybta xigta si aad u barato sida loogu rakibo Ubuntu Linux Buugaaga Chrome^(Chromebook) -ka .

Ku rakib Ubuntu Linux^{(Install Ubuntu Linux)} buugga Chromebook ( Adeegsiga Crouton^{(Using Crouton)} )

Mid ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka ugu weyn ee ku rakibida Linux iyada oo loo marayo Crouton waa inaadan u baahnayn inaad dib u bilowdo Chromebook^(Chromebook) gaaga si aad u kala beddesho Chrome OS iyo Linux . Waxaad taas ku samayn kartaa adiga oo isticmaalaya isku-darka muhiimka ah ama jid-gaabyada. Intaa waxaa dheer, Linux distro wuxuu si toos ah u gelayaa qalabkaaga iyo faylasha Chromebook kaaga. ^(Chromebook)Markaa waxaad u wareegi kartaa Linux oo aad wali geli kartaa faylasha lagu sameeyay Chrome OS .

Crouton wuxuu tan ku gaaraa isagoo abuuraya deegaan "chroot" binary kaas oo ku shaqeeya Chrome OS . Si ka duwan mashruuca “Crostini” ee Google, Crouton waxa uu bixiyaa bey'ad ^(Crouton)Linux ah oo “ saafi ah ” . Xaddidaadda kaliya ayaa ah inay ku xaddidan tahay Ubuntu oo keliya. Crouton (hadda) ma taageerto qaybinta Linux kale . Booqo tusaha Crouton ee GitHub^{(Crouton directory on GitHub)} si aad wax badan uga ogaato deegaanka Chroot iyo sida ay u awoodo Ubuntu Linux distro ee Chromebook .

1. ^{(Download and save the crouton file)}Soo ^(Downloads)deji oo ku keydi faylka crouton faylalkaaga Soodejinta ee Chromebook .

1. Riix Ctrl + Alt + T si aad u bilowdo Crosh-Chrome OS 'Command Shell deegaanka.
2. Ku qor ama ku dheji qolofka^(shell) terminalka oo tabo Gelida^(Enter) .

1. Kadib, sudo install -Dt /usr/local/bin -m 755 ~/Downloads/crouton gudaha terminalka oo tabo Gelida^(Enter) . Amarka ayaa u rogi doona faylka qoraalka crouton ee la soo dejiyay oo u rogi doona fayl la fulin karo.

1. Hadda, ku qor ama ku dheji sudo crouton -t xfce^{(sudo crouton -t xfce)} terminalka oo tabo Gelida^(Enter) . Haddii buugga Chrome- kaagu^(Chromebook) leeyahay shaashad taabasho ah, socodsii amarkan beddelka: sudo crouton -t touch,xfce .

Taasi waxay soo dejisan doontaa oo ku rakibi doontaa xirmada Ubuntu Linux Buugaaga Chrome^(XFCE) -ka adoo isticmaalaya XFCE^(Chromebook) — jawi deg deg ah oo miisaankiisu yar yahay kaasoo cuna ilaha nidaamka hooseeya. Waxaad ku rakibi kartaa Linux Buugaaga ^(Linux)Chrome^(Chromebook) -ka adiga oo isticmaalaya goobaha kale ee miiska sida Midnimada^(Unity) , GNOME , ama LXDE . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, XFCE ayaa lagula talinayaa sababtoo ah aad ayey u dhakhso badan tahay. Ka sokow^(Besides) , Chromebooks waa aaladaha dhamaadka-hoose oo leh ilo nidaam xaddidan. Taasi waxay ka dhigaysaa XFCE ikhtiyaarka ugu habboon.

Haddii aad dareemayso tijaabo, waxaad ku rakibi kartaa Linux deegaan kale oo desktop ah adiga oo ku socodsiinaya amarada soo socda Terminalka Crosh :

• Midnimada Desktop deegaanka: dheji sudo crouton -t midnimada^{(sudo crouton -t unity)} oo taabo Gelida^(Enter) .
• Deegaanka GNOME Desktop: dheji sudo crouton -t gnome^{(sudo crouton -t gnome)} oo tabo Gelida^(Enter) .
• LXDE: ku dheji sudo crouton -t lxde^{(sudo crouton -t lxde)} oo tabo Gelida^(Enter) .

Rakibiyaha ayaa soo dejin doona xirmooyinka Ubuntu lagama maarmaanka ah. ^(Ubuntu)Hubi^(Make) in Chromebook- kaagu uu ku xidhnaan doono intarneedka inta lagu jiro hawsha soo dejinta iyo rakibida Hawlgalka oo dhan wuxuu qaadan doonaa dhowr daqiiqo ama saacado iyadoo ku xiran xawaarahaaga isku xirka.

1. Ku qor magaca isticmaale ee aad door bidayso oo taabo Gelida^(Enter) .

1. Ku qor erayga sirta ah oo taabo Gelida^(Enter) .

1. Dib u geli erayga sirta ah oo taabo Geli^(Enter) si aad u sii wadato.

Waxaad ka bilaabi kartaa isticmaalka Ubuntu Linux Buugaaga Chrome-ka marka aad hesho fariinta "password cusboonaysiiyey si guul leh"

Riix Ctrl + Alt + T si aad u bilowdo Crosh, ku qor qolofka^(shell) terminalka, tabo Gelida, ku qor^(Enter) / ku dheji sudo startxfce4^{(sudo startxfce4)} iyo, tabo Gelida^(Enter) .

Haddii deegaanka Ubuntu Linux uu soo rarayo shaashad bannaan, ku qor magaca isticmaalaha, taabo Gelida^(Enter) , ku qor eraygaaga sirta ah, oo tabo Gelida^(Enter) . Haddii dhibaatadu sii socoto, ku noqo Chrome OS oo ku noqo Ubuntu .

Isticmaal furayaasha kiiboodhka Ctrl + Alt + Shift + Back ama Ctrl + Alt + Shift + Horudhac^(Forward) si aad gadaal iyo gadaal ugu kala beddesho labada nidaam ee hawlgalka.

Ka saar^(Remove) ama ka saar Linux^{(Uninstall Linux)} Buugga Chrome -ka^(Chromebook)

Qaybinta Linux^(Linux) miyuu burburayaa qalabkaaga? Ama ma rabto inaad Linux ku socodsiiso Buugaaga Chrome-^(Chromebook) ka . Waxa kaliya ee^(All) aad u baahan tahay si aad meesha uga saarto distro Linux waa in aad damiso ^(Linux)Habka Horumariyaha^{(Developer Mode)} oo aad dib-u-xoojiso xaqiijinta OS. Dami Buugaaga Chrome^(Chromebook) -ka , taabo Barta Space^{(Space Bar)} ee bogga soo bandhigaysa "xaqiijinta OS waa dansan^(OFF) tahay ," oo tabo Gelida^(Enter) si aad u xaqiijiso tallaabada.

Taasi waxay dib u sahli doontaa xaqiijinta OS oo kabi doonta Chrome OS si caadi ah. Ogow in curyaaminta Habka Horumariyaha^{(Developer Mode)} ay sidoo kale tirtiri doonto xogta Chromebook kaaga.

How to Install a Linux Distro on Your Chromebook

Although Chromebooks ship with Chrоme OS, a Lіnux-based operating system, out-of-the-box, they cаn alsо run unadulterated Linux distributions without issues. In fact, you can run Chrome OS and another Linux distro simultaneously on the same Chromebook.

In this tutorial, we’ll show you how to install Linux on a Chromebook without affecting the Chrome OS. You’ll also learn how to install the experimental Linux environment built into Chrome OS and a third-party Linux distro (Ubuntu).

Install Linux Beta (Crostini) on Chromebook

Crostini describes Google’s official project that allows Chromebook users to run Linux without entering the Chrome OS Developer Mode. The major advantage of this feature is that you get to enjoy Linux-based apps and tools in a secured environment. Think of it as a contained virtual machine for running Linux in Chrome OS without having to deal with Linux codes and commands.

This Linux environment has official support from Google and has very little chance of breaking your Chromebook or voiding its warranty. The environment is also protected from malicious apps and files through Sandboxing—one of the security features built into Chromebooks.

Installing this Linux environment on your Chromebook depends on your device’s hardware and software configurations. Not all older Chromebook models support the Linux Beta (Crostini) feature out-of-the-box. 

Additionally, installing this Linux environment on Chromebook requires Chrome OS 69 or later. Head to Settings > About Chrome OS to check the Chrome OS version or update your Chromebook’s operating system. Install any available update or restart your device to finish pending updates.

The environment is experimental and locked by default. So, the first line of action is to activate the Linux development environment. Connect your Chromebook to the internet and follow these steps:

1. Launch the Settings app, expand the Advanced category, scroll to the Developers section, and select the Turn on button on the “Linux development environment (Beta)” row.

1. Select Next to continue.

1. Create a username, select the recommended disk space, and select Install.

Now let’s show you how to install a third-party Linux distro on your Chromebook.

First Things First: Create a Recovery Drive

Although installing a third-party Linux distro on Chromebook is pretty straightforward, things can sometimes go south during the process. Therefore, we strongly advise creating a backup of your device using the Chromebook Recovery Utility. This requires an external storage disk with at least 8GB of free storage space.

1. Launch Chrome, head to the Chromebook Recovery Utility page on the Chrome web store, and select Add to Chrome.

1. Select Add app on the confirmation prompt.

You should see the download progress at the bottom-left corner of your Chromebook’s screen. Plug an external storage drive with 8GB or larger storage into your Chromebook when you get an installation success alert in the notification area.

Note that the recovery utility will erase all data and partitions on the drive. So, make sure you back up any important data on the drive to another device before using it as your Chromebook’s recovery disk.

1. Launch the Chrome Recovery Utility in the app launcher.

1. Wait for the app to prepare your device for recovery and select Get started.

1. The alphanumeric digit on the screen is your Chromebook’s model number. Enter the digits in the provided dialog box and select Continue to proceed.

1. Select the media device you’d like to use to create the recovery image and select Continue.

1. Select the Create now button.

Wait for the utility to download and write the necessary files to the recovery media. This might take several minutes or hours depending on factors like your Chromebook model and Chrome OS version. Removing the recovery drive will interrupt the download process, so ensure the drive fits tightly in your Chromebook’s USB port.

You’ll also need a fast internet connection to download files that’ll constitute the recovery media. So, make sure your Chromebook is connected to a Wi-Fi or an Ethernet network. 

If something ever goes wrong while installing Linux, shut down your Chromebook, boot into recovery mode (press Esc + Refresh + Power button), insert the recovery media, and follow the on-screen instructions.

Enable Developer Mode in Chromebook

You need to have your Chromebook in Developer Mode to install any Linux distribution. That will erase all data stored on your Chromebook’s storage, so ensure you backup your files to the cloud or an external disk before activating Developer Mode.

It’s also important to state that activating Developer Mode will disable many built-in security features on your device. Likewise, the operation might also void your Chromebook’s warranty. Power off your Chromebook and follow the steps below.

1. Press and hold the Esc + Refresh (or F3) keys and hold the Power button.

1. Release the buttons when a recovery screen comes on the Chromebook’s display.
2. Ignore the “Please insert a recovery USB stick or SD card” instruction on the screen. Press Ctrl + D to activate Developer Mode.

1. Press Enter to turn off OS verification. That will “unlock” your Chromebook to boot non-Google operating systems.

1. Press Ctrl + D again and wait for a couple of minutes to boot your Chromebook with Developer Mode enabled.

You’ll get an on-screen notification that your Chromebook is now transitioning into Developer Mode. Do not turn off your Chromebook during the process and make sure it holds enough battery power (50% or more).

Set up your Chromebook from scratch as though it is a new device and proceed to the next section to learn how to install Ubuntu Linux on your Chromebook.

Install Ubuntu Linux on Chromebook (Using Crouton)

One major advantage of installing Linux via Crouton is that you don’t need to reboot your Chromebook to switch between Chrome OS and Linux. You can do that using key combinations or shortcuts. Additionally, the Linux distro has direct access to your Chromebook’s hardware and files. So you can switch to Linux and still access files created in Chrome OS.

Crouton achieves this by creating a “chroot” binary environment that runs on the Chrome OS. Unlike Google’s “Crostini” project, Crouton provides a “pure” Linux environment. The only limitation is that it is limited to Ubuntu only. Crouton (presently) doesn’t support other Linux distributions. Visit the Crouton directory on GitHub to learn more about the Chroot environment and how it powers the Ubuntu Linux distro on Chromebook.

1. Download and save the crouton file to your Chromebook’s Downloads files.

1. Press Ctrl + Alt + T to launch Crosh—Chrome OS’ Command Shell environment.
2. Type or paste shell in the terminal and press Enter.

1. Afterward, paste sudo install -Dt /usr/local/bin -m 755 ~/Downloads/crouton in the terminal and press Enter. The command will convert the downloaded crouton text file into an executable file.

1. Now, type or paste sudo crouton -t xfce in the terminal and press Enter. If your Chromebook has a touchscreen, run this command instead: sudo crouton -t touch,xfce.

That’ll download and install the Ubuntu Linux package on your Chromebook using the XFCE—a fast and lightweight desktop environment that consumes low system resources. You can install Linux on your Chromebook using other desktop environments like Unity, GNOME, or LXDE. However, XFCE is recommended because it is a lot faster. Besides, Chromebooks are low-end devices with limited system resources. That makes XFCE the best-suited option.

If you’re feeling experimental, you can install Linux with other desktop environments by running the following commands in the Crosh terminal:

• Unity Desktop environment: paste sudo crouton -t unity and press Enter.
• GNOME Desktop environment: paste sudo crouton -t gnome and press Enter.
• LXDE: paste sudo crouton -t lxde and press Enter.

The installer will download the necessary Ubuntu packages. Make sure your Chromebook stays connected to the internet during the download and installation process. The entire operation will take a couple of minutes or hours depending on your connection speed.

1. Type a preferred username and press Enter.

1. Type a password and press Enter.

1. Re-enter the password and press Enter to continue.

You can start using Ubuntu Linux on your Chromebook when you get a “password updated successfully” message.

Press Ctrl + Alt + T to launch Crosh, type shell in the terminal, press Enter, type/paste sudo startxfce4 and, press Enter.

If the Ubuntu Linux environment is loading a blank screen, type your username, press Enter,  type your password, and press Enter. If the problem persists, switch back to Chrome OS and back to Ubuntu.

Use the keyboard shortcuts Ctrl + Alt + Shift + Back or Ctrl + Alt + Shift + Forward to switch back and forth between both operating systems.

Remove or Uninstall Linux On Chromebook

Is the Linux distribution crashing your device? Or you no longer want to run Linux on your Chromebook. All you need to remove the Linux distro is to disable Developer Mode and re-enable OS verification. Power off your Chromebook, press Space Bar on the page that displays “OS verification is OFF,” and press Enter to confirm the action.

That’ll re-enable OS verification and boot Chrome OS normally. Note that disabling Developer Mode will also erase your Chromebook’s data.

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