Ku darida nidaamka Windows^{(Windows Subsystem)} -ka ee Linux gudaha Windows 10 ayaa dad badan la yaab ku noqotay, annaga ayaa ku darnay. In kasta oo ay tahay aalad loogu talagalay in ay inta badan isticmaalaan horumariyeyaashu, isticmaaleyaasha caadiga ah waxay u muuqdaan inay sidoo kale xiiseynayaan sifadan. Waxaan u maleynay inay macno samaynayso haddii aan ku tusinno sida loogu socodsiiyo amarada gudaha Bash on Ubuntu Windows 10^{(Windows 10)} si aad ula shaqeyso faylalka, faylalka, iyo abka. Waxaa jira dhul badan oo la dabooli karo, markaa aan bilowno:

FIIRO GAAR AH:^(NOTE:) Casharradani waxay ku salaysan yihiin Windows 10 oo wata November 10 Update . Haddii aad leedahay nooc ka da' weyn Windows 10^{(older version of Windows 10)} , amarrada qaar ayaa laga yaabaa inay shaqeeyaan, ama arrimuhu waxay u ekaan karaan si ka duwan.

Sida loo helo Ubuntu on Windows

Casharradan, waa inaad ku haysaa Linux Ubuntu Windows ku rakibankaaga Windows 10 kumbuyuutarka ama aaladda. Haddii aadan horey u sameynin, ama haddii aad u baahan tahay hagitaan ku saabsan arrintan, waxaan ku qeexnay habka rakibaadda oo dhan halkan: Sideen ku heli karaa nidaamka-hoosaadka Windows ee Linux?^{(How do I get the Windows Subsystem for Linux?)}

Marka labaad, waxaan u qaadaneynaa inaadan waligaa la shaqeyn Linux , iyo in "waxba ka ogtahay" sida Jon Snow . 🙂

Waa maxay Bash on Ubuntu on Windows

Bilawga dhammaystiran ahaan, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad la yaabto waxa aad ka helayso Bash on Ubuntu ee Windows . Waxaad ka heleysaa dhammaan deegaanka Bash shell ee kumbiyuutarkaaga Windows 10. ^(Windows)Haddii aad hore u isticmaashay Windows , ha ahaato Windows 10, Windows XP , ama wax kasta oo u dhexeeya labadaas, waxa ay u badan tahay in aad baratay Command Prompt iyo deegaanka PowerShell . Bash waa qolof la mid ah, laakiin loo sameeyay nidaamyada hawlgalka Linux .

Sida Command Prompt , Bash waa deegaan amar-bixineed. Waxay ku socotaa korka kernel Linux waxayna ku siinaysaa adeegyo kala duwan oo khadka taliska ah oo aad ku shaqeyso. Waxaad u isticmaali kartaa inaad soo dejiso, ku rakibto, oo aad isticmaasho codsiyada Linux , haddii taasi ay tahay waxa aad rabto. Iyo dhammaan agabyada aad ku dhex waddo gudaha Bash waxay marin u helayaan nidaamka faylkaaga Windows 10. ^(Windows)Taasi waxay la macno tahay inaad geli karto, samayn karto, oo aad tirtiri karto faylasha iyo faylalka mid kasta oo ka mid ah darawalladaada. Waxa kale oo muhiim ah in la ogaado, in kasta oo ay suurtogal tahay, ku socodsiinta codsiyada garaafyada ee Ubuntu ee Windows labaduba waa wax aad u adag in la sameeyo oo u nugul khaladaadka. Taasi waa sababta oo ah Ubuntuon Windows waxaa loo sameeyay si ay u bixiso nidaamka hoose ee Linux iyo marin u helka adeegyadeeda horumariyayaal, ee looma samayn isticmaalayaasha caadiga ah.

Sida loo bilaabo Ubuntu Windows 10

Waxa ugu horreeya ee aad u baahan tahay inaad sameyso ka dib markaad ku rakibto Ubuntu Windows -ka waa inaad furto, dariiqa ugu dhakhsaha badan ee aad taas ku sameyn kartaana waa inaad gujiso ama taabto shortcut ka bilow Menu^{(Start Menu)} .

Tani waa sida interface-ka Ubuntu uu u eg yahay Windows 10 :

Adiga oo ah deegaanka khadka taliska, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad qorto amarrada qoraalka ee aad rabto inaad ku dhex shaqeyso. Haddii aad horay ula soo shaqeysay Command Prompt , markaas waxaad u badan tahay inaad caadaysatay inaad qorto dhammaan dariiqa amarka si aad awood ugu yeelato socodsiinta. Taas iska ilow intaad isticmaalayso qolofta Bash . Halkan, amar kasta, qalab, ama app aad ku rakibto waxaa laga maamuli karaa meel kasta oo kaliya adigoo ku qoraya magaciisa. Looma baahna in jidkeeda lagu daro magaca ka hor. Hadda aan aragno amarrada aasaasiga ah ee aad u baahan tahay inaad barato si aad u bilowdo:

1. Sida loo beddelo tusahaaga Windows 10 PC, oo leh Bash on Ubuntu , adoo isticmaalaya amarka CD-ga

Mid ka mid ah amarada muhiimka ah ee Bash waa kan kuu ogolaanaya inaad beddesho galka aad ku shaqaynayso. Si aad u dhex gasho gal kale oo ka mid ah Windows 10 PC , waxa kaliya ee ay tahay inaad sameyso waa inaad socodsiiso amarka cd [jidka]^{(cd [path])} halkaasoo [dariiqa]^([path]) ku yaal meesha galkaas.

Ogsoonow in dhammaan darawallada ku jira Windows 10 PC ay ku rakiban yihiin /mnt/[the letter of the drive] . Tusaale ahaan, C drive-ka halka inta badan lagu rakibo Windows 10 waxaa laga helaa meeshan: /mnt/c . Wadaadka D , haddii aad mid leedahay, waxaa laga helaa /mnt/d iyo wixii la mid ah. Aan soo qaato tusaale: haddii aad rabto inaad u socoto galka Dijital Citizen^{(Digital Citizen)} ee laga helay darawalkaaga D , waa inaad socodsiisaa amarka Bash : cd "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen" .

MUHIIM:^(IMPORTANT:) Haddii galka aad rabto in aad ku shaqayso uu boosas ku leeyahay magaciisa, sida kiiska muwaadinka Dijital ah^{(Digital Citizen)} , iska hubi inaad dhex geliso dariiqa u dhexeeya calaamadaha xigashada. Sidoo kale, isticmaal calaamado toosan oo keliya, ha isticmaalin qaloocsan ama calaamado xigasho caqli leh, maadaama aysan shaqaynayn.

2. Sida loo arko waxa ku jira faylkaaga Windows 10 PC, oo leh Bash on Ubuntu , adoo isticmaalaya amarka LS

Gudaha Bash , amar kale oo muhiim ah, oo ku tusaya waxa ku jira gal, waa ls . Ku qor , taabo Gelida^(Enter) kumbuyuutarkaaga, oo waa inaad heshaa liiska gal kasta iyo fayl kasta oo laga dhex helay hagaha hadda.

Sida aad ku arki karto sawirkii hore, galalka waa la iftiimiyay si aad u kala soocdo faylasha.

3. Sida loo koobiyeeyo faylasha kaaga Windows 10 PC, oo leh Bash on Ubuntu , adoo isticmaalaya amarka CP

Bash waxa kale oo ka mid ah dhammaan amarrada looga baahan yahay maaraynta faylka aasaasiga ah, sida nuqul, guuri, magac beddel, tirtir. Awaamiirta kuu ogolaanaysa inaad meel ka soo guuriso faylka waa cp [ source ] [destination ^{(cp [source] [destination])}]^{([destination])} . .

Tusaale ahaan, aynu nidhaahno waxaan rabnaa in aan nuqul ka samayno faylka la yiraahdo incognito.xlsx, ee laga helo galkeena Dijital ah ee Muwaadinka^{(Digital Citizen)} , oo loo diro galka Amniga ee Qof kasta^{(Security for Everyone)} . Si taas loo sameeyo, amarka waa in aan wadnaa waa cp "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/incognito.xlsx" "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/Security for Everyone" "

Faylka ayaa markaa lagu koobiyeeyaa galka la cayimay.

4. Sida loo guuro ama dib loogu magacaabo faylasha kaaga Windows 10 PC, iyadoo la adeegsanayo Bash on Ubuntu , adoo isticmaalaya amarka MV

Ku wareejinta ama ku beddelka faylalka Bash waxay la mid tahay koobiyaynta faylasha. Amarka aad u baahan tahay si aad u socodsiiso ujeedadan waxay leedahay syntax soo socda: mv [source] [destination] , halkaasoo [source] ay tahay dariiqa loo maro faylka la raray ama la bedelay iyo [meelaha]^{([destination])} waa jidka meesha uu u socdo. la raro. Haddii [meesha]^{([destination])} ay la mid tahay [source], laakiin magaca faylka aad sheegtay uu ka duwan yahay kan asalka ah, faylka waa la beddelayaa halkii laga guuri lahaa.

Anaga oo adeegsanayna isla tusaalihii hore, aynu ka guurno faylka incognito.xlsx galkeena ^{(incognito.xlsx)}Dijital ah ee Citizen una rogno ^{(Digital Citizen)}Badbaada Qof kastaa^{(Security for Everyone)} gal- hoosaadka, ka dibna aan u magacowno web_incognito.xlsx^{(web_incognito.xlsx)} . Si taas loo sameeyo, waa inaan socodsiinnaa amaradan: mv " / mnt/d mv "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/Security for Everyone/incognito.xlsx" "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/Security for Everyone/web_incognito.xlsx"mv "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/incognito.xlsx" "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/Security for Everyone"Ammaanka qof walba/incognito.xlsx""/mnt/d/Dad Digital ah/Ammaanka Qofkasta/web_incognito.xlsx" .

5. Sida loo tirtiro faylasha kaaga Windows 10 PC, oo leh Bash on Ubuntu , adoo isticmaalaya amarka RM

Ka saarida ama tirtirida faylalka Bash waxaa la sameeyaa iyadoo la kaashanayo amarka rm [faylka]^{(rm [file])} . Si aan meesha uga saarno faylka web_incognito.xlsx ee aan horey u abuurnay, waxaan marka hore u gudubnaa galkeena Amniga ee Qof kasta^{(Security for Everyone)} oo haya, annagoo adeegsanayna amarka cd "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/Security for Everyone" . Kadib, waxaanu wadnaa amarka rm web_incognito.xlsx .

6. Sida loo sameeyo faylalkaaga Windows 10 PC, oo leh Bash on Ubuntu , adoo isticmaalaya amarka MKDIR

Abuuritaanka fayl la Bash waxaa la sameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo mkdir [folder] amarka, halkaas oo [folder] waa magaca folder aad rabto in aad abuurto. Si aan tusaale ugu soo qaadano, aan niraahno waxaan rabnaa inaan sameyno gal la yiraahdo Tests gudaha hagaha muwaadinka Dijital ah^{(Digital Citizen)} . Si taas loo sameeyo, waxaan marka hore u gudubnaa galka Dijital Citizen ^{(Digital Citizen)}(cd "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen") ka dibna ku socodsii amarka mkdir Tests . Way fududahay taas.

7. Sida loo tirtiro faylalkaaga Windows 10 PC, oo leh Bash on Ubuntu , adoo isticmaalaya amarka RM -R^{(RM -R)}

Sidoo kale, ka saarista ama tirtirida galka adoo isticmaalaya Bash waa sidaas oo kale. U gudub^(Navigate) tusaha waalidka ee galka aad rabto in aad ka saarto oo socodsii amarka rm -r [folder] , halkaas oo [folder] uu yahay magaca faylka aad tirtirayso. Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad dareentay in amarkan uu sidoo kale ku jiro doodda -r : waxaad u baahan tahay inaad ku darto si wax kasta oo ku jira faylkaas sidoo kale loo tirtiro, si isdaba-joog ah.

Si aan tusaale ugu soo qaadano, aan tirtirno galka Imtixaanaadka^(Tests) ee aan hore ugu abuurnay galkeena Dijital ah ee Citizen^{(Digital Citizen)} . Taas awgeed, marka hore waa inaan u gudubnaa galka waalidka, kaas oo ah Muwaadin Dijital ah^{(Digital Citizen)} , adoo isticmaalaya amarka: cd "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen" . Kadibna, waa in aan wadnaa amarka rm -r Tests .

8. Sida loo soo dejiyo oo loogu rakibo barnaamijyada Linux Windows 10 , iyadoo Bash ku taal Ubuntu , adoo isticmaalaya amarka SUDO APT-GET^{(SUDO APT-GET INSTALL)} INSTALL

Linux sidoo kale wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa inaad ku socodsiiso amarada sida superuser adoo isticmaalaya amarka SUDO , kaas oo ku siinaya mudnaanta maamulka. Syntax waa mid fudud: sudo [application] , halkaasoo [codsiga]^{([application])} uu noqon karo barnaamij kasta oo lagu rakibay nidaamka hawlgalka. Sababtoo ah amarka sudo wuxuu ku siinayaa awood maamul oo ku saabsan wax kasta oo Linux ah^(Linux) , waxay aad ula mid tahay waxa koontada isticmaalaha maamuluhu ku samayn karo Windows . Haddii aad rabto inaad soo dejiso, rakibto, oo socodsiiso codsiyada Linux , waxaad isticmaali kartaa amarradan soo socda:

Marka hore, socodsii sudo apt-get update . Amarkani wuxuu soo dejinayaa liisaska softiweerka ee ugu dambeeyay Ubuntu .

Kadib, si aad u soo dejiso oo aad ugu rakibto abka Linux ee aad rabto, socodsii sudo apt-get install [application name] . Tusaale ahaan, haddii aan rabno in aan rakibno w3m , kaas oo ah biraawsar qoraal ku salaysan, waa in aan wadnaa sudo apt-get install w3m^{(sudo apt-get install w3m)} . Haddii abka uu u baahan yahay baakado dheeraad ah, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad xaqiijiso inaad rabto inaad sii waddo, markaas oo aad riixdo furaha Y ee kumbuyuutarkaaga.

Marka app-ka la rakibo, waxaad ku socodsiin kartaa adigoo ku qoraya magaciisa Bash , oo ay ku xigto wax kasta oo loo baahan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, haddii aan rabno inaan booqanno mareegahayaga, waa inaan ku qornaa w3m digitalcitizen.life^{(w3m digitalcitizen.life)} .

9. Sida caawimaad loogu helo Bash on Ubuntu on Windows , iyadoo la isticmaalayo dooda HELP

Haddii aad rabto inaad wax badan ka ogaato waxa amar gaar ahi sameeyo, ku qor Bash oo ku dar halbeegga "-help" . Macluumaadka la soo bandhigay waa in ay iftiimiyaan wax badan oo ku saabsan qaabka iyo isticmaalka amarkaas. Qaado, tusaale ahaan, amarka ls, kaas oo taxaya waxa ku jira gal. Waxay u ekaan kartaa amar fudud, laakiin waxay bixisaa fursado badan oo ah sida ay u soo bandhigto macluumaadka. Waa kan qayb ka mid ah caawimada aad u hesho:

Ma^(Did) isku dayday Bash on Ubuntu on Windows ?

Waxaan rajeyneynaa inaan ku guuleysanay inaan ku soo bandhigno adduunka aadka u xiisaha badan ee Linux Bash iyo aasaaska u adeegsiga Windows 10 . Isku day amarrada aan soo bandhignay, oo wax badan ka ogow amar kasta addoo isticmaalaya dooda HEL . ^(HELP)Haddii aad hayso wax su'aalo ah ama talooyin aad la wadaagto, ha ka waaban inaad faallo ka bixiso hoos.

How to work with files, folders and apps in Bash on Ubuntu on Windows 10

The аddition of the Windows Subsystem for Linux in Windows 10 came as a surprise for mаny, us included. Although it is a tool intended to be used mainly by developers, regular uѕers seem to be interested in this featυre too. We thought it would make sense іf we show you how to run commands in Bash on Ubuntυ on Windows 10 to work with files, folders, and apps. There is plenty оf ground to cоver, so let's get started:

NOTE: This tutorial is based on Windows 10 with November 10 Update. If you have an older version of Windows 10, some commands might not work, or things might look differently.

How to get Ubuntu on Windows

For this tutorial, you should have the Linux Ubuntu on Windows installed on your Windows 10 computer or device. If you haven't done it already, or if you need some guidance on this matter, we described the whole installation process here: How do I get the Windows Subsystem for Linux?

Secondly, we assume that you have never ever worked with Linux, and that "you know nothing" about it, just like Jon Snow. 🙂

What is Bash on Ubuntu on Windows

As a complete beginner, you might wonder what you're getting from Bash on Ubuntu on Windows. You get the entire Bash shell environment on your Windows 10 computer. If you used Windows before, be it Windows 10, Windows XP, or anything between those two, you are probably acquainted with the Command Prompt and the PowerShell environments. Bash is a similar shell, but created for Linux operating systems.

Just like Command Prompt, Bash is a command-line environment. It runs on top of a Linux kernel and offers you a whole range of command-line utilities to run. You can use it to download, install, and use Linux applications, if that's what you want. And all the utilities you run inside Bash get access to your Windows 10 file system. That means you can access, create, and delete files and folders on any of your drives. It is also important to note that, even though it's possible, running graphical applications in Ubuntu on Windows is both a fairly complex thing to do and prone to errors. That's because Ubuntu on Windows was created to provide a Linux subsystem and access to its utilities for developers, not for regular users.

How to start Ubuntu on Windows 10

The first thing you have to do after you've installed Ubuntu on Windows is to launch it, and a quick way to do that is to click or tap on its shortcut from the Start Menu.

This is what Ubuntu's interface looks like in Windows 10:

Being a command-line environment, you need to write the text commands that you want to run in it. If you've worked with Command Prompt before, then you're probably accustomed to writing the whole path of a command to be able to run it. Forget about that while you're using the Bash shell. Here, any command, tool, or app you install can be run from anywhere just by typing its name. There's no need to add its path before its name. Now let's see the basic commands that you need to learn to get started:

1. How to change the directory on your Windows 10 PC, with Bash on Ubuntu, using the CD command

One of the essential commands in Bash is the one that lets you change the folder in which you're working. To navigate to another folder from your Windows 10 PC, all you have to do is run the command cd [path] where [path] is the location of that folder.

Note that all the drives on your Windows 10 PC are mounted in /mnt/[the letter of the drive]. For example, the C drive where Windows 10 is usually installed is found at this location: /mnt/c. The D drive, if you have one, is found at /mnt/d and so on. Let's take an example: if you'd want to navigate to the Digital Citizen folder found on your D drive, you'd have to run this Bash command: cd "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen".

IMPORTANT: If the folder you want to work in has spaces in its name, such as is the case for the Digital Citizen, make sure to put the path between quotation marks. Also, use only straight marks, not curly or smart quotation marks, as they don't work.

2. How to see the contents of a folder on your Windows 10 PC, with Bash on Ubuntu, using the LS command

In Bash, another vital command, that shows you the contents of a folder, is ls. Type it in, press Enter on your keyboard, and you should get a list of every folder and file found inside the current directory.

As you can see in the previous screenshot, the folders are highlighted so that you can differentiate them from files.

3. How to copy files on your Windows 10 PC, with Bash on Ubuntu, using the CP command

Bash also includes all the commands required for basic file management, such as copy, move, rename, delete. The command that lets you copy a file from one place to another is cp [source] [destination], where [source] is the path to the file that's copied and [destination] is the path to the place where it's going to be copied.

For example, let's say that we want to copy the file called incognito.xlsx, found in our Digital Citizen folder, to the Security for Everyone subfolder. To do so, the command we'd have to run is cp "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/incognito.xlsx" "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/Security for Everyone".

The file is then copied to the specified folder.

4. How to move or rename files on your Windows 10 PC, with Bash on Ubuntu, using the MV command

Moving or renaming files with Bash is similar to copying files. The command you need to run for this purpose has the following syntax: mv [source] [destination], where [source] is the path to the file that's moved or renamed and [destination] is the path to the place where it's going to be moved. If the [destination] is the same as the [source], but the file name you specify is different from the original, the file is renamed instead of moved.

Using the same example as before, let's move the incognito.xlsx file from our Digital Citizen folder to the Security for Everyone subfolder, and then rename it to web_incognito.xlsx. To do so, we have to run these commands: mv "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/incognito.xlsx" "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/Security for Everyone" and then mv "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/Security for Everyone/incognito.xlsx" "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/Security for Everyone/web_incognito.xlsx".

5. How to delete files from your Windows 10 PC, with Bash on Ubuntu, using the RM command

Removing or deleting files in Bash is done with the help of the rm [file] command. To remove the web_incognito.xlsx file that we created earlier, we first navigate to our Security for Everyone folder that holds it, using the command cd "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen/Security for Everyone". Then, we run the command rm web_incognito.xlsx.

6. How to create folders on your Windows 10 PC, with Bash on Ubuntu, using the MKDIR command

Creating a folder with Bash is done using the mkdir [folder] command, where [folder] is the name of the folder you want to create. To exemplify, let's say that we want to create a folder called Tests inside our Digital Citizen directory. To do so, we first navigate to the Digital Citizen folder (cd "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen") and then run the command mkdir Tests. It's as simple as that.

7. How to delete folders from your Windows 10 PC, with Bash on Ubuntu, using the RM -R command

Similarly, removing or deleting a folder using Bash is just as easy. Navigate to the parent directory of the folder that you want to remove and run the command rm -r [folder], where [folder] is the name of the folder to delete. You might have noticed that this command also includes the -r argument: you need to add it so that everything inside that folder is also deleted, recursively.

To exemplify, let's delete the Tests folder that we previously created inside our Digital Citizen folder. For that, we first have to navigate to the parent folder, which is Digital Citizen, using the command: cd "/mnt/d/Digital Citizen". Then, we must run the command rm -r Tests.

8. How to download and install Linux apps on Windows 10, with Bash on Ubuntu, using the SUDO APT-GET INSTALL command

Linux also lets you run commands as a superuser using the SUDO command, which gives you administrative privileges. The syntax is simple: sudo [application], where [application] can be any program installed on the operating system. Because the sudo command gives you administrative powers over everything in Linux, it is very similar to what an administrator user account can do in Windows. If you want to download, install, and run Linux applications, you can use the following commands:

First, run sudo apt-get update. This command downloads the latest software lists from Ubuntu.

Then, to download and install the Linux app that you want, run sudo apt-get install [application name]. For example, if we'd want to install w3m, which is a text-based web browser, we'd have to run sudo apt-get install w3m. If the app requires additional packages, you might have to confirm that you want to continue, in which case press the Y key on your keyboard.

Once the app is installed, you can run it by typing its name in Bash, followed by any parameters necessary. For example, if we wanted to visit our website, we'd have to type w3m digitalcitizen.life.

9. How to get help in Bash on Ubuntu on Windows, using the HELP argument

If you want to find out more about what a certain command does, write it in Bash and add the parameter "--help". The information displayed should shed more light on the structure and usage of that command. Take, for instance, the command ls, which lists the contents of a folder. It might seem like a simple command, but it offers quite a lot of options for how it displays the information. Here's a part of the help you get for it:

Did you try Bash on Ubuntu on Windows?

We hope that we've managed to introduce you to the very interesting world of the Linux Bash and the basics of using it in Windows 10. Try the commands that we showcased, and find out more about each command using the HELP argument. If you have any questions or tips to share, don't hesitate to comment below.

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