Da'da muujinta CRT (cathode ray tube) si fiican ayey u dhammaatay. In kasta oo dadka qaar ay dib u ogaanayaan sida ay CRT- yadu^(CRTs) u weynaan karaan, inta badan bandhigyada maanta waa muraayado fidsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah muraayadaha casriga ahi waxay leeyihiin muuqaal la mid ah ama ka yar, macnaheedu maaha inay isku mid yihiin daboolka hoostiisa. 

Waxaa jira tignoolajiyada bandhiga fidsan ee badan oo laga heli karo hareerahaaga. Nooca tignoolajiyada gaarka ah ee shaashaddaada fidsan waxay saamaysaa wax walba laga bilaabo sida sawirka loo soo saaro ilaa inta uu yahay kharashka bandhiggu. 

Waxaan eegi doonaa tignoolajiyada guddi ee hadda jira iyo kuwa soo socda ee ugu muhimsan iyo faa'iidooyinka iyo khasaarooyinka mid walba. Adigoo ku hubaysan macluumaadkan, waxaad samayn kartaa go'aan xog ogaal ah marka xigta ee aad iibsanayso telefishin ama kormeere.

Qalloocan Nematic (TN) LCDs

Dabaqyada TN waa qaabka aasaasiga ah ee LCD ( Dareere Crystal Display^{(Liquid Crystal Display)} ). Magaca waxaa loola jeedaa mabda'a aasaasiga ah ee sida dhammaan LCD-yada^(LCDs) u shaqeeyaan. Walxaha dareeraha ah ee gaarka ah ayaa isu roga isku toosinta ama ka baxaysa isku-dheelitirka iyadoo lagu saleynayo socodka korantada. Sidan bandhigyadani waxay soo saari karaan sawirro midab buuxa leh iyagoo kala duwanaya cadadka casaanka, cagaarka ama buluugga ah ee dhex mara pixel kasta.

Qalabka casriga ah ee TN^{(Modern TN)} ayaa aad uga fiican moodooyinka hore ee runtii kaa dhigay inaad ka qoomameyso ka beddelashada CRT , laakiin maalmahan daawadayaasha guud waxay ku farxi doonaan shaashadda caadiga ah ee TN.

Waxaa jira laba faa'iidooyin oo waaweyn doorashada shaashadda TN. Marka hore waa wakhti jawaab celin degdeg ah. Taasi waa cabbirka inta ay qaadanayso in bandhiggu uu ka beddelo hal gobol una guuro kan xiga. Waqtiyada jawaab celinta oo gaabis ah waxay u horseedi kartaa sawiro blur ah iyo mugdi. Tani waa sababta ciyaartoyda tartameysa ay u janjeeraan inay door bidaan muraayadaha TN, maadaama aysan caadi ahayn in la helo kuwa leh waqti jawaab celin ka hooseeya millise seconds.

Faa'iidada labaad ee ugu weyn ee muraayadaha TN waa qiimaha. Iyada oo dhammaan waxyaabaha kale ay siman yihiin, shaashadaha TN ayaa had iyo jeer ka qaalisan tignoolajiyada kale.

Nasiib darro, waxaa jira dhibaatooyin. Waxay leeyihiin xaglo daawasho liidata, waxay u muuqan karaan kuwo la dhaqay mana soo saari karaan midabyo firfircoon oo sax ah. Waxa ka sii daran, bandhigyada IPS (oo aan ka wada hadli doono xiga) hadda waxay gaari karaan waqtiyo jawaab celin oo isku mid ah iyada oo aan waxyeello loo geysan tayada sawirka.

Bedelka diyaaradda (IPS) LCD-yada

^(IPS)Farsamada IPS waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah hababka LCD-ga^(LCD) cusub ee loo sameeyay si gaar ah si wax looga qabto daciifnimada weyn ee tignoolajiyada TN. Bandhigyada IPS^(IPS) waxay bixiyaan taran midab sax ah, midabyo firfircoon iyo xaglo daawasho oo cajiib ah.

Tiknoolajiyada IPS^(IPS) waxay sidoo kale asal ahaan meesha ka saartay faa'iidada wakhtiga jawaabta ee shaashadaha TN, laakiin taasi waxay kuxirantahay nooca gaarka ah. Hubi inaad hubiso qeexitaanka wakhtiga jawaabta shaashado kasta oo IPS ah oo aad xiisaynayso.

Mid ka mid ah meelaha ay shaashadaha IPS ku yara gaabiyaan marka la barbar dhigo muraayadaha TN ayaa ku jira taranka madowga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhalmada madow ee liidata waa dhibaato dhammaan tignoolajiyada LCD wadaaga. Waa arrin laga wanaajinayo guud ahaan guddiga.

Kormeerayaasha IPS^(IPS) guud ahaan waa ikhtiyaarka ugu fiican ee qof kasta oo ka shaqeeya tafatirka muuqaalka^{(video editing)} , tafatirka sawirka, naqshadeynta iyo xirfadaha kale ee saxnaanta midabka ay muhiim u tahay. In kasta oo aad wali u baahan tahay inaad hagaajiso shaashaddaada IPS si aad runtii u ciddiso goobaha saxda ah.

Shaashadaha IPS^(IPS) sidoo kale waxay ku habboon yihiin ciyaartoyda, gaar ahaan kuwa aan dan ka lahayn heerarka soo kicinta ee ka sarreeya 60Hz. Iyadoo heerka sare ee shashadaha IPS^(IPS) ay jiraan, waxay wataan qiimo qaali ah oo adag marka la barbar dhigo muraayadaha TN ee degdega ah. Guud ahaan^(Overall) , marka ay timaado kormeerayaasha kumbuyuutarka, bandhigyada IPS ayaa ah doorashada ugu fiican inta badan isticmaaleyaasha.

toosan toosan (VA) LCDs

Qaybaha VA waxay u dhigaan kiristaalo dareeraha ah ee dhammaan LCD-yada^(LCDs) ay isticmaalaan jihooyin kala duwan. Taasi waa, waxay la siman yihiin si toosan marka loo eego galaaska bandhigga marka hadda la isticmaalo. Tani waxay beddeshaa waxa ku dhacaya iftiinka marka uu dhex maraayo bandhigga marka loo eego hababka TN iyo IPS .

Mid ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee VA panels waa xaqiiqda ah inay soo saaraan heerarka madow ee ugu fiican ee bandhigyada LCD . Naqshadaynta muraayaddan fidsan waxay kaloo bixisaa xaglo daawasho oo aad uga ballaaran tan TN ama IPS .

Tani waa sababta muraayadaha VA inta badan loogu isticmaalo telefishinada, halkii laga isticmaali lahaa kormeerayaasha kombuyuutarka. Isticmaalayaasha ^(users)kombuyuutarku^(Computer) guud ahaan waxay shaqeeyaan keligood waxayna ka eegaan shaashadda meesha ugu fiican ee daawashada dhexe. Telefishinada waxaa daawata kooxo dad ah, iyadoo qaarkood ay shaashada ka eegayaan meel gees ka gees ah. Dabaqyada VA waxay yareeyaan isbeddelka midabka iyo qallooca kale ee daawadayaashaas fadhiya meel fog bidix ama midig ee shaashadda.

Waxaa jira laba nooc oo hoose oo ah baalal fidsan VA: MVA (Isku toosinta toosan ee domain-ka badan)^{(MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment))} iyo PVA (Hannaan toosan oo toosan)^{(PVA (Patterned Vertical Alignment))}

MVA -ga tignoolajiyada soo bandhiga flat panel waxa loo sameeyay sidii meel dhexe oo u dhaxaysa bandhigyada TN iyo IPS . Iyadoo la hagaajinayo labadaba TN iyo IPS , baahida loo qabo tanaasulkan waa la dhimay, laakiin tignoolajiyada casriga ah ee MVA waxay leedahay booskeeda qaabka "Advanced" iyo "Super" MVA technology.

^(PVA)Tiknoolajiyada PVA waxay iska leedahay Samsung oo waxaad ogaan doontaa inay sameeyeen hagaajinno gaar ah oo kala duwan kuwaas oo hagaajinaya waxyaabaha sida saxnaanta midabka ama dhalaalka.

OLED Guryo siman

Bandhigyada OLED ama Organic Light-Emitting Diode waxay isticmaalaan mabda' gabi ahaanba ka duwan kan LCD-yada^(LCDs) . Waxay ka kooban yihiin pixels ay ku jiraan kiimikooyin dabiici ah oo soo saara iftiin. LCD-yadu^(LCDs) waxay adeegsadaan nalka dambe ee dhex mara muraayadda si ay muuqaalka uga dhigaan mid muuqda. Tani waxay ku adkeynaysaa LCD-yada^(LCDs) inay soo saaraan madow run ah, maadaama had iyo jeer uu jiro iftiin ka dhex ifaya guddiga. OLED-yadu waxay^(OLEDs) gaadhaan heerar madow oo kaamil ah iyagoo si fudud demiya pixels-kaas.

Taleefannada^(Premium) casriga ah ee casriga ah iyo TV-yada^(TVs) heerkoodu sarreeyo waxay isticmaalaan tignoolajiyada soo bandhigidda muraayadda fidsan ee OLED . Way ka fiican tahay tignoolajiyada LCD si kasta, marka laga reebo u janjeersiga sare ee in lagu dhibo "gubasho", halkaasoo sawirka lagu hayo shaashadda. Oled waxa kale oo laga samayn karaa si cajiib ah oo dhuuban, isaga oo u samayn kara TV-yada^(TVs) gidaarka ku rakiban ama kuwa si fudud u qarsoon marka aan la isticmaalin.

OLED-yadu wali aad bay qaali u yihiin, laakiin qiimuhu wuu hoos u dhacay sannadihii la soo dhaafay. LG wuxuu si gaar ah u iibiyaa telefishinnada OLED oo leh qiimayaal ku dhawaad ​​loo qaadan karo macquul.

Taas marka la yiraahdo, soosaarayaasha LCD waxay hagaajinayeen tignoolajiyadooda si ay ugu soo dhawaadaan waxa OLED ay sameyn karto, qiimo aad u hooseeya. Telefishinnada QLED ee ^(QLED)Samsung ee dhabannada loo yaqaan waa hal tusaale oo tan ah.

Panels Flat-yar oo LED ah

Dabaqadaha yaryar ee LED-yada waa ^{(Mini LED)}muraayad LCD-ga^(LCD) caadiga ah kuwaas oo noqon kara nooc kasta. Farqigu wuxuu ka yimaadaa tignoolajiyada iftiinka dambe. Markii hore, LCD-yada^(LCDs) waxaa lagu shiday nalal tuubo fluorescent ah, kuwaas oo soo saaray iftiin aan sinnayn iyo dhibaatooyin kale duwan. Ka dib nalalka dambe ee LED^{(LED backlights)} , oo ku yaal cidhifyada shaashadda ayaa si weyn u hagaajiyay xaaladda. Maanta TV-yada^(TVs) dhamaadka-sare waxay adeegsadaan "dimming local" halkaasoo LEDs badan la dhigo gadaasha guddiga oo dhan. 

Tusaale ahaan, TV-gu waxa uu lahaan karaa 12 aag oo dhumucdiisuna, taas oo u oggolaanaysa in si fiican loogu soo bandhigo madowga dhabta ah iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay dhalaalka si sax ah loo xakameeyay ee aag kasta. 

LEDs-^{(Mini LEDs)} yar- yar ayaa marar badan ka yar kuwa laydhka ah ee LED -yada jira , taas oo suurtogal ka dhigaysa in boqolaal iyo laga yaabee kumanaan aagag yar-yar oo maxalli ah la dhigo TV-ga. Waxay ballan qaadayaan inay la xiriiraan awoodda muuqaalka OLEDs laakiin qiimo aad u jaban ka badan. Gaar ahaan bandhigyada waaweyn.

Panels Flat microLED

Ugu dambeyntiina, waxaan haynaa tignoolajiyada soo bandhigida muraayadda fidsan ee microLED. Weli ma iibsan kartid bandhig adigoo isticmaalaya tignoolajiyadan, laakiin malaha ma dheeraan doonto. Haddii aad u malaysay in LED^(LEDs) -yada yaryar ay yar yihiin, xaji koofiyaddaada. Nalalka LED^(LEDs) -yada yaryar aad bay u yar yihiin oo loo isticmaali karaa sidii pixels laftooda. Taasi waa sax, muraayadda microLED ma laha guddi LCD ah. Waxaad eegaysaa malaayiin nalal yar yar.

Tiknoolajiyadani waxay u ballan qaadaysaa tayada muuqaalka sare ee bandhigyada OLED , iyada oo aan suuska xeryahooda dabiiciga ah ay la il daran yihiin waqti ka dib. Haddii aad rabto inaad wax badan ka ogaato, hubi OLED vs MicroLED: Ma Sugaysaa? ^{(OLED vs MicroLED: Should You Wait?)}burbur qoto dheer.

Waa kuwee tignoolajiyada soo bandhiga gole fidsan ee aad u malaynayso inay bixiso khibradda guud ee ugu fiican? Ma danaynaysaa inta badan kharashka ama waxqabadka? Ma jiraan tignoolajiyado kale oo soo bandhigay oo aad u malaynayso in lagu daro liiskan? Waxaan jeclaan lahayn inaan kaa maqalno faallooyinka.

Flat Panel Display Technology Demystified: TN, IPS, VA, OLED and More

The age of the CRT (cathode ray tube) display is well and truly over. Although some people are rediscovering how great CRTs can be, the vast majority of displays today are flat panels. However, just because modern screens have more or less the same appearance, doesn’t mean that they’re the same under the hood. 

There are multiple flat panel display technologies to be found all around you. The specific type of technology in your flat screen display influences everything from how the image is reproduced to what the display costs. 

We’ll be looking at the most important current and upcoming panel technologies and the pros and cons of each. Armed with this information, you can make an informed decision the next time you have to purchase a television or monitor.

Twisted Nematic (TN) LCDs

TN panels are the most basic form of LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). The name refers to the basic principle of how all LCDs work. A special liquid crystal material twists into alignment or out of alignment based on an electrical current. In this way these displays can reproduce full-color images by varying the amount of red, green or blue light passing through each pixel.

Modern TN panels are much better than those early models that really made you regret switching from CRT, but these days general audiences would be happy with a typical mainstream TN screen.

There are two main advantages to choosing a TN screen. The first is a fast response time. That’s a measurement of how long it takes for the display to change from one state to the next. Slow response times can lead to blurry images and ghosting. This is why competitive gamers tend to favor TN panels, since it’s not uncommon to find ones with a response time under a millisecond.

The second major advantage of TN panels is price. With all other things being equal, TN screens are almost always less expensive than other technologies.

Unfortunately, there are problems. They have relatively poor viewing angles, can appear washed out and don’t reproduce vibrant, accurate colors. What’s worse, IPS displays (which we’ll discuss next) can now reach similar response times without compromising on image quality.

In-plane Switching (IPS) LCDs

IPS technology was one of the new LCD approaches developed specifically to address the major weaknesses in TN technology. IPS displays offer accurate color reproduction, vibrant colors and fantastic viewing angles.

IPS technology has also essentially eroded the response time advantage of TN screens, but that depends on the specific model. Be sure to check the response time specification on any IPS screen you’re interested in.

One area where IPS screens fall a little short compared to TN panels is in the reproduction of blacks. However, poor black reproduction is a problem all LCD technologies share. It’s an issue that’s being improved across the board.

IPS monitors are generally the best option for anyone who works in video editing, photo editing, design and other professions where color accuracy is important. Although you do still have to calibrate your IPS display to really nail the right settings.

IPS screens are also suitable for gamers, especially those who don’t care for refresh rates above 60Hz. While high refresh rate IPS screens do exist, they carry a stiff price premium compared to equally speedy TN panels. Overall, when it comes to computer monitors, IPS displays are the best choice for most users.

Vertical Alignment (VA) LCDs

VA panels put the liquid crystals that all LCDs use into a different orientation. That is, they are aligned vertically relative to the glass of the display when a current is applied. This changes what happens to light as it passes through the display compared to the TN and IPS approaches.

One of the most important advantages of VA panels is the fact that they produce the best black levels among LCD displays. This flat panel display design also offers much wider viewing angles than either TN or IPS.

This is why VA panels are often used in televisions, rather than computer monitors. Computer users generally work solo and view the screen from the optimal central viewing position. Televisions are watched by groups of people, with some looking at the screen from an off-axis position. VA panels minimize color shift and other distortions for those viewers sitting far to the left or right of the screen.

There are two subtypes of VA flat panels: MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment) and PVA (Patterned Vertical Alignment)

MVA flat panel display technology was developed as a middle-ground between TN and IPS displays. With the improvements of both TN and IPS, the need for this compromise is lessened, but modern MVA technology has its place in the form of “Advanced” and “Super” MVA technology.

PVA technology is proprietary to Samsung and you’ll find that they’ve made various proprietary tweaks to it that improve things like color accuracy or brightness.

OLED Flat Panels

OLED or Organic Light-Emitting Diode displays use a completely different principle than LCDs. They consist of pixels that contain organic chemicals which produce light. LCDs use a backlight through the panel to make the display visible. This makes it hard for LCDs to produce true black, since there’s always light shining through the panel. OLEDs achieve perfect black levels by simply switching off those pixels.

Premium smartphones and high-end TVs make use of OLED flat panel display technology. It’s superior to LCD technology in almost every way, apart from a higher tendency to suffer “burn-in”, where an image is retained on the screen. Oled can also be made incredibly thin, making for stylish wall-mounted TVs or ones that are easily hidden when not in use.

OLEDs are still quite expensive, but prices have come tumbling down over the years. LG in particular sells OLED televisions with prices that can almost be considered reasonable.

That being said, LCD manufacturers have been making improvements to their technology to bring it closer to what OLED can do, at a much lower price. Samsung’s cheekily-named QLED televisions is one example of this.

Mini LED Flat Panels

Mini LED flat panels are just standard LCD panels which can be of any type. The difference comes from the backlight technology. At first, LCDs were backlit with fluorescent tube lights, which produced uneven brightness and various other problems. Then LED backlights, dotted around the edges of the screen dramatically improved the situation. Today higher-end TVs use “local dimming” where numerous LEDs are placed behind the panel across its surface. 

For example, a TV might have 12 dimming zones, which allows for better representation of true black thanks to precisely controlled brightness in each zone. 

Mini LEDs are many times smaller than those existing LED arrays, making it possible to put hundreds and perhaps thousands of local dimming zones in a TV. They promise to approach the visual prowess of OLEDs but at a much more affordable price. Especially for the larger displays.

microLED Flat Panels

Finally, we have microLED flat panel display technology. You can’t buy a display using this technology yet, but it probably won’t be long. If you thought mini LEDs were small, hold on to your hat. microLEDs are so small that they can be used as pixels themselves. That’s right, a microLED display doesn’t have an LCD panel. You’re looking at millions of microscopic lights.

This technology promises superior image quality to OLED displays, without the decay organic compounds suffer over time. If you want to know more, check out OLED vs MicroLED: Should You Wait? for an in-depth breakdown.

Which flat panel display technology do you think offers the best overall experience? Do you care mainly about cost or performance? Are there other display technologies you think should be included in this list? We’d love to hear from you in the comments.

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