Ciwaanka IP-ga iyo waji-xidhaha-subnet-ka waxay u taagan yihiin xudunta isku xidhka kombayutarka. Ma aha fikrado ay fududahay in la wada fahmo, gaar ahaan haddii aanad lahayn asal farsamo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo xoogaa caawimo ah, qof kastaa wuu fahmi karaa aasaaska ciwaannada IP-ga iyo maaskaro-hoosaadka, waxa ay qabtaan, iyo sababta ay faa'iido u leeyihiin. Haddii aad rabto in aad ogaato waxa uu yahay ciwaanka IP-ga, waa maxay ujeedada ciwaanka borotokoolka intarneedka, ama waa maxay maaskaro subnet, sii akhri. Waxaan dhammaan u sharxaynaa si fudud:

Waa maxay ciwaanka IP? Waa maxay ujeedada cinwaanka borotokoolka internetka^{(Internet Protocol)} ?

Si lagaaga caawiyo inaad fahanto waxa ay yihiin cinwaanada IP-ga, si fudud, aan isticmaalno tusaale nolosha dhabta ah:

Waxaad rabtaa inaad u dirto warqad qoraal ah saaxiib. Waad dhammaatay qoraalkii fariinta oo aad rabto inaad dirto. Si ay warqaddu u gaarto halka ay ku socoto, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato ciwaanka saaxiibkaa - magaca waddada, nambarka, iyo furaha sibka - oo ku qor warqadda. Haddii kale, adeegga boostada ma garanayo meel laga keeno warqaddaada.

Ka fikir ciwaanka IP-ga inuu yahay ciwaanka kombayutarka ama aaladda gudaha shabakadda^{(Think of an IP address as the address of a computer or device inside a network)} . Ciwaanka IP-ga waa calaamadda gaarka ah ee aaladaha shabakadda ee loo isticmaalo in lagu aasaaso isgaarsiinta, loo diro, lagana helo xogta kombiyuutarada ama aaladaha kale ee isla shabakadda ama internetka.

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxaa jira laba heer oo khuseeya cinwaannada IP ( Internet Protocol ): IP version 4 (IPv4) iyo IP version 6 (IPv6) . Waxaan ku sharixi doonaa micnaha halbeegyadan labada qaybood ee soo socda ee hagahan, markaa in yar noo dulqaado. 🙂

Waa inaad sidoo kale ogaataa in ciwaanka IP-gu uu noqon karo mid taagan ama firfircoon^{(an IP address can be either static or dynamic)} . Ciwaanka IP-ga ee taagan waa midka aad u baahan tahay si aad isku habayso adiga oo isticmaalaya goobaha shabakadaha Windows . Ciwaanka firfircoon waxa meeleeya Hab-maamuuska Isku-xidhka Martigeliyaha Dynamic Host (DHCP)^{(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP))} , badiyaa muddo xaddidan^{(limited time frame)} . DHCP waa adeeg ku shaqeeya adeegayaal u go'ay shabakadaada ama qalabka shabkada khaaska ah, sida router-ka wireless-ka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa IP^{(Dynamic IP)}Cinwaanadu waa kuwa ugu badan ee la isticmaalo maadaama ciwaanka taagani ay sababi karaan mashaakil shabkada hadii si taxadar la'aan ah loo isticmaalo. Ciwaanka IP-ga ee taagan ayaa sidoo kale aad u adag in la maareeyo, maadaama ay u baahan yihiin faragelin gacan si loo abuuro loona maareeyo, gaar ahaan shabakadaha waaweyn sida kuwa xafiisyada ama xarumaha.

Markaa, shabakad guri oo caadi ah ama shabakad ganacsi oo yar, cinwaannada IP-yada waxaa loo qoondeeyay oo si toos ah u maareeyaa router iyada oo loo marayo DHCP .

Waa maxay Ciwaanka Internet Protocol Version 4 ( IPv4 )?

Nooca IP 4 (IPv4)^{(IP version 4 (IPv4))} waa heerka ugu isticmaalka badan hadda. IPV4 waxay isticmaashaa ciwaanka 32-bit, kaas oo ku xaddidaya booska ciwaanka 4.294.967.296 (2^32) ciwaanno gaar ah oo suurtagal ah. Si qof kastaa si sahal ah u fahmo, ciwaannada IPv4 waxa u taagan afar nambaro tobanle oo ay dhibco u kala soocan yihiin. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah afartan lambar ayaa ka kooban hal ilaa saddex nambar, mid walbana wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 0 ilaa 255. Tusaale ahaan, ciwaanka IPv4 wuxuu u ekaan karaa sidan: 172.217.3.100.

Cinwaannada IPV4^(IPv4) waxa loo qaybiyaa saddex qaybood, oo loo yaqaan fasallo. Sida aad ku arki karto shaxda hoose, farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya fasal kasta waa tirada bits ee loo qoondeeyay aqoonsiga shabakada iyo martigeliyaha. Sidoo kale, fasalka uu ka yimid ciwaanka IPV4 waxaa lagu aqoonsan karaa iyadoo loo eegayo qaabka farriimaha hormoodka ah ee leydhka koowaad, laga bilaabo calaamadda-dhibcaha tobanlaha. Tusaale ahaan, ciwaanka IP-ga ee sawirka sare ku yaal waa darajada B IP sababtoo ah qaybaha ugu horreeya ee foomka binary ee 172 (10101100) waa 1 iyo 0 (10)^{(1 and 0 (10))} .

Sidoo kale, waxaa jira cinwaano kale oo loo isticmaalo falal gaar ah. Sida aad ku arki karto shaxda hoose, ciwaanka fasalka D^{(class D)} IPv4 waxa loo isticmaalaa wax ka qabashada multicast^{(multicast addressing)} . Isku xirka kombayutarka, multicast waxa loola jeedaa isgaarsiin kooxeed halkaas oo macluumaadka lagula hadlo koox kombiyuutaro ah oo isku mar ah. Tusaale ahaan, ciwaanka multicast-ka ah waxaa lagu isticmaalaa talefishinada intarneetka^(Internet) iyo shirarka fiidyaha ee qodobbada badan. Ciwaanka fasalka E IPv4^{(class E IPv4)} looma isticmaali karo nolosha dhabta ah sababtoo ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa kaliya siyaabo tijaabo ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah dunidu way ka dhammaanaysaa isku-darka suurtagalka ah ee cinwaannada IP-ga, IPV4 hadda waa la tirtiray. Sidaa darteed, si loogu daro aalado badan oo shabakadeed, waxaan u baahanahay inaan u beddelno IPV6^(IPv6) sababtoo ah waxay noo ogolaaneysaa inaan isticmaalno cinwaano badan oo IP ah.

Waa maxay cinwaanka Internet Protocol Version 6^{(Internet Protocol Version 6)} ( IPv6 )?

Nooca Protocol-ka Internetka 6^{(Internet Protocol version 6)} ama IPv6 waxa la sameeyay 1995 si loogu beddelo ciwaannada IPv4 . Nooca IP 6 (IPv6)^{(IP version 6 (IPv6))} waa halbeeg aan weli si ballaaran loo hirgelin laakiin wuxuu noqon doonaa marka dhammaan ciwaannada IPv4 ay dhammaadaan. ^(IPv4)Ciwaanada IPv6^(IPv6) waxa ay ka kooban yihiin kooxo sideed geesood ah oo ay kala soocaan gumaysigu. Si ka duwan ciwaanka IPv4 - ka, kuwani waxa ay sidoo kale ka koobnaan karaan xarfaha a ilaa f , marka ciwaanka IPv6 waxa uu u ekaan karaa sidan: 2a00:1450:400d:0802:0000:0000:0000:200e. Marka la barbardhigo IPV4, heerkani waxa uu maamuli karaa 2^128 ciwaan. Tirada ugu badan ee ciwaanadu waa tiro balaadhan oo leh 39 lambar, taasina waa inay qancisaa baahiyahayaga ciwaanada IP-ga ee dhawrka sano ee soo socda.

Sida aad ku arki karto sawirka kore, ciwaanada IPv6 waa kuwo aad u adag in la maareeyo. Markaa, waxa jira sharciyo fududaynaya habka aad u qorto ciwaanadan. Haddii hal ama in ka badan ay yihiin "0000", eber ayaa laga yaabaa in laga saaro oo lagu beddelo laba gumeysi (::) iyo eber bilowga kooxda sidoo kale waa laga saari karaa. Sidoo kale, si ka duwan IPV4 , cinwaannada IPv6 looma qaybin fasallo.

FIIRO GAAR AH:^(NOTE:) Haddii aad rabto inaad ogaato cinwaanka IP-ga kumbuyuutarkaaga ama aaladdaada ama aad barato sida loo beddelo, akhri:

• 8 siyaabood oo aad ku heli karto cinwaankaaga IP-ga gudaha Windows (dhammaan noocyada)^{(8 ways to find your IP address in Windows (all versions))}
• 3 siyaabood oo loogu badalo cinwaanka IP-ga gudaha Windows 10^{(3 ways to change the IP address in Windows 10)}

Waa maxay maaskarada subnetka? Maxaa loo isticmaalaa maaskarada subnetka?

Maaskarada subnet-ku waa hab lagu qaybiyo shabakada IP. Waxaad u malayn kartaa inuu yahay lambarka aagga lambarka taleefankaaga. Erayada fudud, maaskaro-hoosaadka ayaa loo adeegsadaa shabakadaha si loogu kala qaybiyo laba ama in ka badan oo shabakad-hoosaadyo ah, taasoo u sahlaysa in la maareeyo. Shabakadaha guriga iyo shabakadaha ganacsiga yaryar, dhammaan kombayutaradaada iyo aaladahaagu inta badan waxay ku yaalaan isla subnet-ka, sidaa darteed dhamaan kombiyuutarada ama aaladaha ku yaal isla shabakada hoose waxay leeyihiin maaskaro subnet isku mid ah.

Si aad u hesho farsamo yar oo dheeraad ah, maaskarada subnet-ku waa nambar 32-bit ah oo qarinaya ciwaanka IP-ga oo u kala qaybiya ciwaanka IP-ga ciwaanka shabakadeed iyo ciwaanka martida loo yahay. Maaskarada subnet-ka waxaa lagu sameeyaa iyadoo la dejiyo qadadka shabakadda dhammaan "1" iyo dejinta qaybinta martida loo yahay dhammaan "0".

Maaskarada subnet-ka waxa loo matali karaa laba siyaabood: mid waa calaamadda caadiga ah ee dhibcaha tobanlaha ah sida ciwaanka IP-ga, ka labaadna waxa uu isticmaalayaa calaamadda CIDR^{(CIDR notation)} .

Qoraalka CIDR , maaskaro-hoosaadka ayaa lagu qeexay inuu yahay ciwaanka IP-ga ugu horreeya ee shabakadda, oo ay ku xigto jilbis (/) iyo dhererka dhererka horgalaha hoose ee hoose. Tusaale ahaan, halkii aad ku qori lahayd cinwaanka IP-ga sida 192.168.1.0 iyo maaskarada subnet sida 255.255.255.0, waxaad qori kartaa oo kaliya ciwaanka, oo ay ku xigto jeexan iyo dhererka dhererka horgalayaasha, taas oo ah tirada "1". " laga bilaabo qaabka binary ee maaskarada subnet: 192.168.1.0/24. Nasiib darro, ma fududa in la xisaabiyo dhererka horgalayaasha subnet-ka, sidaa darteed haddii aad rabto ama ay tahay inaad sameyso, waxaan kugula talineynaa inaad isticmaasho aaladaha sida kan internetka ee IP Subnet Calculator .

Maaskarada subnetka waxa loo isticmaalaa habka isku xidhka hoose, kaas oo ku lug leh u qaybinta shabakada qaybo yaryar oo loo yaqaan subnets. Sida aad ogtahay, ciwaanka IP-gu wuxuu u qaybsan yahay laba qaybood, mid aqoonsi shabakadeed iyo mid aqoonsiga martida loo yahay. Isticmaalka maaskarada subnet-ka, shabakadda ugu weyn ayaa loo qaybiyaa hal ama ka badan oo shabakado yaryar. Tan waxa lagu sameeyaa xoogaa yar IYO hawlgal u dhexeeya ciwaanka IP-ga iyo maaskarada (sub) ee shabakadda. Erayada fudud, tani waxay la macno tahay in qayb ka mid ah jajabyada nambarka martida^{(host number)} loo isticmaalo aqoonsiga shabakadda (sub) cusub.

Haddii aad rabto inaad barato sida loo beddelo maaskarada subnet-ka ee kaaga Windows 10 PC-yada, iyo sidoo kale dhammaan kumbuyuutarrada iyo aaladaha ku jira shabakadda gurigaaga, akhri tilmaantan: 4 siyaabaha loo beddelo Maaskarada Subnet-ka gudaha Windows 10^{(4 ways to change the Subnet Mask in Windows 10)} .

Waa maxay DNS, Gateway, WINS?

Waxaan xaqiiqsanay in mawduucan uu ka sii farsamo badan yahay, inkasta oo aan isku dayeyno inaan isticmaalno ereyo fudud intii suurtagal ah, markaa halkan waa nooc gaaban oo saaxiibtinimo oo ah macnaha dhammaan fikradahan dhammaystirka ah. Way fiicantahay haddii aad taqaano waxa ay ula jeedaan sababtoo ah, si aad u fahamto sida cinwaanka IP-ga u shaqeeyo, waxaad sidoo kale u baahan tahay inaad fahamto mawduucyadan dheeraadka ah ee ka wada shaqeeya si ay awood ugu yeeshaan xiriirka ka dhexeeya kombiyuutarrada shabakadaha iyo qalabka.

Haddaba, iyada oo aan loo baahnayn, halkan waa sharraxaad kooban oo iyaga ah:

• Gateway – gateway inta badan waa router ku yaal shabakadaha u shaqeeya sidii meel laga galo shabakad kale iyo internetka. Tusaale ahaan, Bixiyaha Adeegga Intarneetka^{(Internet Service Provider)} waxa uu leeyahay hal ama dhawr adeeg oo albaabbada laga galo oo kombuyuutarku u isticmaalo in uu ku xidho internetka. Goobaha ganacsiga ee waaweyn, albaabbada ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in lagu xiro shabakadaha hoose/shabakadaha kala duwan ee ay leedahay shirkadu.
• Server-ka DNS^{(DNS Server)} - waxa uu u taagan yahay Domain Name System , waana hab lagu magacaabo aaladaha internet-ka ku xiran iyo kombayutarada kuwaas oo u dhigma ciwaanada si fudud loo xasuusan karo, sida www.digitalcitizen.life ilaa cinwaankooda IP. Haddii serferkaaga DNS aanu shaqayn, markaa ma awoodid inaad ka baadho shabakada adoo isticmaalaya ciwaannada mareegaha caadiga ah. Server - ka DNS^{(DNS Server)} waxaa badanaa bixiya adeeg bixiyahaaga internetka^{(Internet Service Provider)} . Waxaad ka heli kartaa sharaxaad faahfaahsan halkan: Waa maxay DNS? Sidee bay faa'iido u leedahay? ^{(What is DNS? How is it useful?)}. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaad sidoo kale bedeli kartaa server-yada DNS adiga keligaa. Ka ogow wax badan oo ku saabsan 3 siyaabood oo aad ku beddeli karto dejimaha DNS gudaha Windows 10^{(3 ways to change the DNS settings in Windows 10)} iyoWaa maxay server-ka DNS qolo saddexaad? 8 sababood oo loo isticmaalo adeegayaasha DNS ee^{(What is a third party DNS server? 8 reasons to use public DNS servers)} dadweynaha
• WINS Server - waxay u taagan tahay Adeegga Magaca Internetka ee Windows^{(Windows Internet Name Service)} , waana nooc ka dhacay nidaamka magac bixinta oo lagu isticmaali jiray kombuyuutarradii hore iyo nidaamyada Microsoft , sida ^(Microsoft)Windows 98 ama Windows 2000 . Waxa loo isticmaalay in lagu khariidado cinwaanada IP-ga magacyada kombayutarka si firfircoon. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, server-yada DNS ayaa hadda loo isticmaalaa hawshan maadaama ay si fiican u qabtaan.

Ma qabtaa wax su'aalo ah oo ku saabsan ciwaannada IP-ga ama waji-xidhka-hoosaadka?

Hadda oo aad leedahay faham aasaasi ah oo ku saabsan waxa ay yihiin cinwaannada IP-ga iyo maaskaro-hoosaadka, waa inaad si fudud u habayn kartaa goobaha shabakadda ee aaladahaaga Windows . Ma qabtaa su'aalo kale oo ku saabsan ciwaannada IP-ga ama waji-xidhka-hoosaadka? Weydii^(Ask) faallooyinka hoose, waxaanan ku dadaali doonnaa inaan ku caawinno.

What is an IP address and a subnet mask, in simple terms?

IP addressеs and subnet mаsks stand at the core of computer networking. They are not concepts that are easy tо understand in their entirety, espeсially if you do nоt have a technical background. However, with a bit of help, anybody can understand the basics of ІP addresses and subnet masks, what they do, and why theу are usefυl. If you want to know what an IP address is, what'ѕ the purpose of an internet protocol аddress, or what's a ѕubnеt mask, read on. We're explaining it all in sіmple terms:

What is an IP address? What is the purpose of an Internet Protocol address?

To help you understand what IP addresses are, in simple terms, let's use an analogy from real life:

You want to send a written letter to a friend. You are done writing the message and want to send it. For the letter to reach its destination, you need to know your friend's address - street name, number, and zip code - and write it on the letter. Otherwise, the postal service doesn't know where to deliver your letter.

Think of an IP address as the address of a computer or device inside a network. The IP addresses are the unique identifiers of network devices used to establish communication, send, and receive data to or from other computers or devices in the same network or on the internet.

At present, there are two relevant standards for IP (Internet Protocol) addresses: IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6). We are going to explain what these standards mean in the next two sections of this guide, so bear with us for a little longer. 🙂

You should also know that an IP address can be either static or dynamic. A static IP address is one that you need to configure yourself through the Windows network settings. A dynamic address is assigned by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), usually for a limited time frame. DHCP is a service that runs on dedicated servers in your network or on specialized network hardware, such as wireless routers. Dynamic IP addresses are the most used since static addresses can cause network problems if used carelessly. Static IP addresses are also harder to manage, as they require manual intervention to create and manage, especially in larger networks such as those from offices or institutions.

Thus, in a typical home network or a small business network, IP addresses are assigned and managed automatically by the router via DHCP.

What is an Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) address?

IP version 4 (IPv4) is the most used standard right now. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, which limits the address space to 4.294.967.296 (2^32) possible unique addresses. So that everyone can easily understand them, IPv4 addresses are represented by four decimal numbers separated by dots. Each of these four numbers contains one to three digits, and each of them can range from 0 to 255. For example, an IPv4 address could look like this: 172.217.3.100.

IPv4 addresses are divided into three categories, called classes. As you can see in the table below, the main difference between each class is the number of bits allocated for network and host identification. Also, the class from which an IPv4 address comes can be identified according to the form of the leading bits of the first integer, from dot-decimal notation. For example, the IP address in the picture above is a class B IP address because the leading bits of the binary form of 172 (10101100) are 1 and 0 (10).

Also, there are other addresses used for particular actions. As you can see in the table below, the class D IPv4 addresses are used for multicast addressing. In computer networking, multicast refers to group communication where information is addressed to a group of destination computers simultaneously. For example, multicast addressing is used in Internet television and multipoint video conferences. The class E IPv4 addresses cannot be used in real life because they are only used in experimental ways.

However, because the world is running out of possible combinations for IP addresses, IPv4 is currently being phased out. Therefore, to add more network devices, we need to switch to IPv6 because it allows us to use a lot more IP addresses.

What is an Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) address?

Internet Protocol version 6 or IPv6 was created in 1995 to replace IPv4 addresses. IP version 6 (IPv6) is a standard that is not yet widely implemented but will be once all the IPv4 addresses run out. IPv6 addresses are made up of eight-digit groups separated by colons. Unlike the IPv4 addresses, these can also contain letters from a to f, so an IPv6 address could well look like this: 2a00:1450:400d:0802:0000:0000:0000:200e. As a comparison to IPv4, this standard can manage 2^128 addresses. The maximum number of addresses is a massive number with 39 digits, and that should satisfy our needs for IP addresses for the next couple of decades.

As you can see in the picture above, the IPv6 addresses are quite challenging to manage. So, there are some rules that simplify the way you write these addresses. If one or more groups are "0000", the zeros may be omitted and replaced with two colons (::) and the zeros from the beginning of a group can also be omitted. Also, in contrast to IPv4, the IPv6 addresses are not divided into classes.

NOTE: If you want to find out the IP address of your computer or device or learn how to change it, read:

• 8 ways to find your IP address in Windows (all versions)
• 3 ways to change the IP address in Windows 10

What is a subnet mask? What is a subnet mask used for?

A subnet mask is a way to divide an IP network. You can think of it as the area code of your phone number. In simple terms, subnet masks are used in networks to split them into two or more subnetworks, making them easier to manage. On home networks and small business networks, all your network computers and devices are usually on the same subnet, so all the computers or devices located on the same subnet have the same subnet mask.

To get a little more technical, a subnet mask is a 32-bit number that masks an IP address and divides the IP address into a network address and host address. The subnet mask is made by setting network bits to all "1" and setting host bits to all "0".

The subnet mask can be represented in two ways: one is the usual dot-decimal notation like an IP address, and the second is using the CIDR notation.

In CIDR notation, a subnet mask is specified as the first IP address of a network, followed by a slash character (/) and the bit-length of the subnet prefix. For example, instead of writing the IP address like 192.168.1.0 and the subnet mask like 255.255.255.0, you could write only the address, followed by a slash and the bit-length of the prefix, which is the number of bits "1" from the binary form of the subnet mask: 192.168.1.0/24. Unfortunately, it is not easy to calculate the subnet prefix length, so if you want or have to do it, we recommend you to use tools such as this online IP Subnet Calculator.

The subnet mask is used in the subnetting process, which involves dividing the network into smaller portions called subnets. As you know, an IP address is divided into two parts, one for network identification and one for host identification. Using the subnet mask, the main network is divided into one or more smaller networks. This is performed by a bitwise AND operation between the IP address and the (sub)network mask. In simple terms, this means that a part of the bits from the host number is used for the new (sub)network identification.

If you want to learn how to change the subnet mask on your Windows 10 PCs, as well as for all the computers and devices in your local home network, read this guide: 4 ways to change the Subnet Mask in Windows 10.

What are DNS, Gateway, WINS?

We do realize this topic is a bit more technical, although we're trying to use simple terms as much as possible, so here is a short and friendly version of what all of these complementary notions mean. It is better if you know what they mean because, to understand how an IP address works, you also need to understand these additional topics that work together to enable the communication between our network computers and devices.

So, without further ado, here is a short description of them:

• Gateway - a gateway is usually a router located on the network that acts as an access point to another network and the internet. For example, your Internet Service Provider has one or multiple gateway servers that your computer uses to connect to the internet. In large business environments, gateways are also used to connect the different subnets/networks that are owned by the company.
• DNS Server - it stands for Domain Name System, and it is a naming system for internet-connected devices and computers that matches easily-memorizable addresses, such as www.digitalcitizen.life to their IP address. If your DNS server is not working, then you are not able to browse the web using traditional website addresses. The DNS Server is usually provided by your Internet Service Provider. You can find a more detailed explanation here: What is DNS? How is it useful?. However, you can also change the DNS servers on your own. Find out more about it in 3 ways to change the DNS settings in Windows 10 and What is a third party DNS server? 8 reasons to use public DNS servers.
• WINS Server - it stands for Windows Internet Name Service, and it is an outdated type of naming system that was used on older computers and Microsoft operating systems, like Windows 98 or Windows 2000. It was used to map IP addresses to computer names dynamically. However, DNS servers are now used for this task as they perform better.

Do you have any questions regarding IP addresses or subnet masks?

Now that you have a basic understanding of what IP addresses and subnet masks are, you should be able to correctly configure the network settings of your Windows devices quite easily. Do you have any other questions about IP addresses or subnet masks? Ask away in the comments below, and we will do our best to help.

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