Waa maxay CPU? CPU ama Qeybta Processing Central^{(Central Processing Unit)} waa maskaxda nambarada jajabisa ee kombiyuutarka. Wax kasta oo kombuyuutarku sameeyo, laga bilaabo ciyaarista ciyaaraha fiidyaha^{(video games)} ilaa kaa caawinta inaad qorto qoraal, waxa loo kala qaybiyaa hagitaan xisaabeed. CPU - gu wuxuu qaataa tilmaamahaas wuuna fuliyaa. 

Faahfaahinta sida ay tani u sameyso, dabcan, aad ayey^{(much )} uga dhib badan tahay sharaxaaddaas fudud. Waxa ugu muhiimsan ee aad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato ayaa ah in CPU -gu uu yahay mishiinka xisaabeed ee ugu muhiimsan kombayutarka.

Sooyaalka Gaaban ee CPU-yada (Aad u daran).^{(The (Extremely) Short History Of CPUs)}

Taariikhda xisaabintu waa mid dheer oo adag. Waxay sidoo kale dib ugu noqotaa taariikhda marka loo eego tignoolajiyada dhijitaalka ah, elektiroonigga ama xitaa korontada. Abacus waa nooc ka mid ah processor-ka. Sidoo kale xisaabiyeyaasha farsamada. Farqiga weyn ayaa ah in mishiinadan ay qaban karaan hal ama dhowr hawlood oo xisaabeed. Ma aha soo -saareyaal ujeedo guud ah , oo ^{(general purpose)}CPU -ga casriga ahi tusaale u yahay.

Waxa CPU ka dhigaya aalad xisaabin ujeedo guud waa isticmaalka macquulka. Sannadkii 1903-dii Nikola Tesla waxa uu dammaanad qaaday wareegyada korantada ee loo yaqaan albaabbada iyo furayaasha. Isticmaalka wareegyadan, waxaad dhisi kartaa aaladaha fuliya hawlgallo macquul ah, halkaas oo aad ka heli karto mashiinku inuu ku shaqeeyo xaaladaha qaarkood. 

Badhtamihii ilaa dabayaaqadii 1940-aadkii William Shockley , John Bardeen iyo Walter Brattain waxa ay hindiseen oo ay rukhseeyeen qalab loo yaqaan transistor, iyaga oo ka shaqaynayay Bell Laboratories . Transistor-ku waa dhismaha aasaasiga ah ee CPU . Transistor-yadu waa qaybo kombuyuutar oo aad u yaryar. Transistor-ku waa hal-abuur muhiim ah oo saddexdii hal-abuure lagu guddoonsiiyay abaal- marinta Nobel Prize^{(Nobel Prize)} -ka.

Dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, Robert Noyce iyo Jack Kilby waxay qaadeen hal tallaabo oo aad u weyn waxayna abuureen wareeggii ugu horreeyay ee isku-dhafan^{(integrated circuit)} . Wareegga isku dhafan waa wareegyo elektaroonik ah oo lagu dhex daray hal waslad oo semiconductor ah. Xaaladaha intooda badan, walxahaasi waa silicon. Tani waa waxa ay dadku ula jeedaan markay yidhaahdaan "microchip". 

CPU - gu wuxuu ka kooban yahay hal ama in ka badan oo microchips ah. Tani waa hal-abuur muhiim ah sababtoo ah balaayiin transistor ah ayaa lagu soo shubi karaa hal CPU . Tani waxay abuurtaa matoorro xisaabeed oo aad u xoog badan.

Iyada oo la adeegsanayo hal-abuurrada albaabbada macquulka ah, transistor-ka iyo wareegyada isku dhafan, adduunka oo dhan waa la beddelay. Microchips ayaa ku jira wax walba maalmahan, ma aha oo kaliya kumbuyuutarkaaga. CPU-yaduna^(CPUs) waa microchips-yada ujeeddada guud ee ugu horumarsan ee aan samayn karno.

Sidee u shaqeeyaan CPUs?^{(How Do CPUs Work?)}

Dhammaan mabda'a CPU waxay ku saleysan yihiin koodka binary code^{(binary code)} . Bini'aadamku waxay u muuqdaan inay matalaan lambarro iyagoo isticmaalaya nadaamka loo yaqaan ' base 10 ' ama habka tobanlaha. Qiimaha goobta ee nambar kasta oo tiro ah ayaa kor u kaca by qodob toban ah. Markaa "111" wuxuu ka kooban yahay boqol, toban iyo hal.

Kumbuyuutarrada iyo CPUs-koodu^(CPUs) ma wada fahmi karaan saldhigga 10. Transistor-yadu waxay ku shaqeeyaan mabda'a ah in la shido ama la damiyo. Taas oo macnaheedu yahay albaabada macquulka ah ee aad ka dhisto iyaga sidoo kale waxay la shaqeyn karaan oo kaliya labadan gobol. Tani waa sababta, asal ahaan, CPUs ay ku shaqeeyaan koodka binary code^{(binary code)} . Nidaamka nambarku wuxuu leeyahay qiyamka meelo kala duwan. Halkii haddii 1, 10, 100, 1000 iyo wixii la mid ah, qiimihiisu waa 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 iyo wixii la mid ah. 

Markaa binary "111" wuxuu noqonayaa 7 marka loo eego jajab tobanle mar haddii aad ku darto 1,2, iyo 4. Haddii mid ka mid ah tirooyinka ay yihiin eber, si fudud ayaad uga booddaa oo ku dartaa qiimaha meesha ku xigta 1. Sidan waxaad ku muujin kartaa qiime kasta oo jajab tobanle ah. Kaliya^(Just) ogow in nambarada binary-ga inta badan laga akhriyo midig ilaa bidix, markaa "1" qiimaha meeshu wuxuu ahaan lahaa midigta fog.

Aan dhigno miis si aan u caddeeyo:

Binary Place Values	1	2	4	8	16	32	64	128	256
The decimal number 7 in binary	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0

Ma arki kartaa sababta ay isugu gayso tirada 7 tobanle? Aynu samayno lambarka 23:

Binary Place Values	1	2	4	8	16	32	64	128	256
The decimal number 7 in binary	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0

Marka 111 waa "7", laakiin "11101" waa 23 sababtoo ah qiimaha booska shanaad ee binary waa 16. Aad^(Pretty) u fiican, sax? Waxaad ku sheegi kartaa nambar kasta oo suurtogal ah oo sidan loogu qori karo jajab tobanle. Taas oo macnaheedu yahay kombuyuutarrada laga dhisay transistors waxay ku shaqayn karaan nambar kasta sidoo kale.

Sidee loo Sameeyaa CPUs?

Habka wax soo saarka ee CPU-yada^(CPUs) casriga ah sidoo kale, sida aad filayso, waa mid aad u adag. Habka aasaasiga ah wuxuu ku lug leeyahay koraya dhululubo waaweyn oo crystal silicon. Guryaha semiconductor-ka ayaa ka dhigaya mid ku habboon dhismaha wareegga isku dhafan ee binary.

Kiristaalo waaweyn ayaa lagu jarjaraa maraqa khafiifka ah. Wafers-yada ayaa markaa lagu "ku dhejiyaa" kiimiko kale si loo hagaajiyo qalabkeeda. Wareegga cabbirka nano ayaa markaa lagu dhejiyaa dusha sare ee wafer iyadoo la adeegsanayo iftiinka iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka loo yaqaan sawir^{(photolithography)} -qaadista .

Naqshadeynta iyo Waxqabadka CPU

CPU-yada^(CPUs) dhamaantood looma wada sinneen. Awowgii ugu horreeyay ee saxda ah ee CPU -ga casriga ah , Intel 8086 , wuxuu lahaa qiyaastii 29 000 transistor-ka wareeggiisa isku dhafan. Maanta, processor sida Intel i99900K waxa uu leeyahay wax ka badan 1.7 bilyan oo^(billion) transistor ah. Marka ay cufan yihiin wareegyada macquulka ah ee CPU , waa inta badan ee kakan iyo sare u kaca tirada tilmaamaha ay ku fulin karto wareeg kasta. 

Sug^(Hang) , "wareegga saacada"? Haa, taasi waa qaybta kale ee ugu weyn ee waxqabadka CPU . CPU - gu wuxuu ku shaqeeyaa soo noqnoqosho gaar ah, iyadoo garaac kasta oo ka mid ah saacadda CPU wareegtada xisaabinta la sameeyaa. Haddii aad qaadato isku mid ah CPU^(CPU) oo aad labanlaabto xawaraha saacada markaas (aragti ahaan) waa in uu labanlaab si degdeg ah u sameeyaa. 

In 1978 Intel 8086 ku orday 5Mhz markii la bilaabay. Taasi waa shan milyan oo wareegyada saacadaha ilbiriqsikii. Intel i9-9900K ? Waxa uu ku bilaabmaa^{(starts )} 3.6 Ghz.Taas 3600 ^{(Ghz.That 3600)} Mhz , iyada oo ikhtiyaarka ah in la kordhiyo ilaa 5000 Mhz marka ay suurtogal tahay.

Si loogu daro laalaab kale waxqabadka CPU , CPU-yada^(CPUs) casriga ah waxay runtii ka kooban yihiin "cores" badan. Xuddun kastaa dhab ahaantii waa CPU^(CPU) madax-bannaan lafteeda. Waa wax caadi ah in maalmahan la haysto ugu yaraan afar koofiyadahaas, laakiin waayadan dambe xeerku waxa uu ahaa in kombuyuutarrada caadiga ahi ay yeeshaan lix ama siddeed qaybood. Kumbuyuutarrada xirfadlayaasha ah ee dhamaadka-sare waxay ku yeelan karaan gobolka 100 ka mid ah kombuyuutarrada CPU . 

Lahaanshaha koofiyadaha badan waxay la macno tahay in CPU -gu uu samayn karo tilmaamo badan oo barbar socda. Taas oo macnaheedu yahay kombuyuutaradayadu waxay samayn karaan waxyaabo badan hal mar iyada oo aan dhib lahayn. Qaar ka mid ah CPU-yada^(CPUs) waxay leeyihiin saldhigyo "multithreaded" ah. Qaybahaas laftoodu waxay qaban karaan laba hawlood oo kala duwan midkiiba. In CPU-yada Intel^{(Intel CPUs)} tan waxaa lagu asteeyay sida " hyperthreading ".

Markaa wadarta guud ee waxqabadka CPU wuxuu hoos ugu dhacaa isku-darka:

• Waa wadarta tirada transistor-ka iyo sida ay u horumarsan yihiin naqshadaynta wareegyadeeda macquulka ah
• Inta jeer ee saacada^{(clock frequency)}
• Tirada xudunta^{(number of cores)}
• Tirada dunta

Dabcan, waxaa jira wax ka badan afartan qodob ee muhiimka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kuwani waa afarta qodob ee ugu muhiimsan ee samaynta CPU si fiican u shaqeynaya.

Doorka CPU ee Kumbuyuutarkaaga ^{(Your Computer)}_^(Role) _

Waxa ugu dambeeya ee ay tahay inaan daboolno waa shaqada uu CPU ka ciyaaro kombayutarkaaga. Waa, ka dib oo dhan, maaha microchip-ka wareegga wareegga kaliya ee ku jira kombiyuutarkaaga. Tusaale ahaan, GPU-yada^(GPUs) (cutubyada farsamaynta garaafyada) badanaa way ka cufan yihiin CPU -ga .

Waxay u baahan yihiin qaboojin iyaga u gaar ah iyo sahay koronto, iyo sidoo kale xusuusta. Waa sida kombiyuutar yar oo dheeri ah! Isla sidaas oo kale ayaa loo sheegi karaa chips-yada koontaroolaya codkaaga, USB-ga^(USB) iyo taraafikada wadida adag. Haddaba waa maxay sababta CPU -gu u gaar yahay? Waa kuwan sababaha ugu waaweyn:

• Waxay socodsiin kartaa tilmaam^(ANY) kasta , GPU -gu wuxuu kaliya sameeyaa noocyada habaynta qaarkood
• Waxa ay isku xidhaysaa dhammaan qaybaha kale, riixida iyo jiidida xogta si kombayutarkaagu u shaqeeyo
• CPU - gu waxa ay ku lug leedahay dhammaan shaqada kombayutarka la waydiiyo in uu qabto ilaa xad

Marka la soo koobo, CPU waa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee waxqabadka guud ee kombayutarkaga. Ha^(Don) u qaadan wax iska fudud!

What Is a CPU & What Does It Do?

What iѕ a CPU? The CPU or Central Processing Unit is the number-crunching brain of a computer. Everything a computer does, from playing video games to helping you write an essay, is broken down into a set of mathematical instructions. The CPU takes those instructions and executes them. 

The details of how it does this is, of course, much more complicated than that simple explanation. The most important thing you need to know is that the CPU is the main mathematical engine of a computer.

The (Extremely) Short History Of CPUs

The history of computing is long and complex. It also goes further back into history than digital technology, electronics or even electricity. An abacus is a sort of processor. So are mechanical calculators. The big difference is that these machines can only do one or a few mathematical tasks. They aren’t general purpose processors, which the modern CPU is an example of.

What makes a CPU a general purpose calculation device is the use of logic. In 1903 Nikola Tesla patented electrical circuits known as gates and switches. Using these circuits, you could build devices that perform logical operations, where you could have the machine act on certain conditions. 

In the mid- to late- 1940s William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented and patented a device called a transistor, while working at Bell Laboratories. The transistor is the basic building block of a CPU. Transistors are relatively tiny computer components. The transistor is such an important invention that the three inventors were awarded a Nobel Prize for it.

In the late 1950s, Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby went one massive step further and created the first working integrated circuit. An integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits integrated into a single piece of semiconductor material. In most cases, that material is silicon. This is what people mean when they say “microchip”. 

A CPU consists of one or more microchips. This is an important invention because billions of transistors can be packed into a single CPU. This creates incredibly powerful mathematical engines.

Using the inventions of logic gates, transistors and integrated circuits, the entire world has been changed. Microchips are in everything these days, not just your computer. And CPUs are the most advanced general-purpose microchips we can make.

How Do CPUs Work?

The entire principle of a CPU is based on binary code. Human beings tend to represent numbers using a system called base 10 or the decimal system. The place values of each digit in a number go up by a factor of ten. So “111” contains one hundred, ten and one.

Computers and their CPUs can’t understand base 10 at all. Transistors work on the principle of either being on or off. Which means the logic gates you build from them can also only work with these two states. This is why, fundamentally, CPUs run on binary code. This number system has different place values. Instead if 1, 10, 100, 1000 and so on, the place values are 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 and so on. 

So in binary “111” would be 7 in decimal numbers Since you add 1,2, and 4 together. If any of the numbers are a zero, you simply skip it and add the place value of the next 1. This way you can express any decimal value. Just note that binary numbers are often read from right to left, so the “1” place value would be at the far right.

Let’s put it in a table to make it crystal clear:

Binary Place Values	1	2	4	8	16	32	64	128	256
The decimal number 7 in binary	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0

Can you see why it adds up to the number 7 in decimal? Let’s do the number 23:

Binary Place Values	1	2	4	8	16	32	64	128	256
The decimal number 7 in binary	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0

So 111 is “7”, but “11101” is 23 because the fifth place value in binary is 16. Pretty cool, right? You can express any possible number that can be written in decimal this way. Which means computers built from transistors can work with any numbers as well.

How Are CPUs Made?

The production process of modern CPUs is also, as you’d expect, pretty complex. The basic process involves growing large cylinders of silicon crystal. Its semiconductor properties make it ideal for building a binary integrated circuit.

These large crystals are sliced into thin wafers. The wafers are then “doped” with another chemical to fine tune its properties. The nano-scale circuitry is then etched into the wafer surface using light using a process known as photolithography.

CPU Design and Performance

CPUs are not all made equal. The first proper ancestor of the modern CPU, the Intel 8086, had about 29 000 transistors in its integrated circuit. Today, a processor like the Intel i99900K has just over 1.7 billion transistors. The denser the logic circuits of a CPU, the more complex and higher the number of instructions it can perform per clock cycle. 

Hang on, “clock cycle”? Yes, that’s the other major component of CPU performance. A CPU runs at a particular frequency, with each pulse of the CPU clock a cycle of calculations are done. If you take the same CPU and double it’s clock speed then (in theory) it should perform twice as fast. 

That 1978 Intel 8086 ran at 5Mhz when it was launched. That’s five million clock cycles per second. The Intel i9-9900K? It starts at 3.6 Ghz.That 3600 Mhz, with the option to ramp things up to 5000 Mhz when possible.

To add yet another wrinkle to CPU performance, modern CPUs actually contain multiple “cores”. Each core is actually an independent CPU itself. It’s typical to have at least four such cores these days, but lately the norm has been for mainstream computers to have six or eight cores. High end professional computers may have in the region of a 100 CPU cores. 

Having multiple cores means that the CPU can perform multiple sets of instructions in parallel. Which means our computers can do many things at once without issue. Some CPUs have “multithreaded” cores. These cores can themselves handle two separate tasks each. In Intel CPUs this is branded as “hyperthreading”.

So the total performance of a CPU comes down to a combination of:

• It’s total transistor count and how advanced the design of its logic circuits are
• The clock frequency
• The number of cores
• The number of threads

There is, of course, more to it than these four main points. However, those are the four main considerations for making a CPU perform well.

The Role of the CPU in Your Computer

The last thing we have to cover is what job the CPU plays in your computer. It is, after all, not the only integrated circuit microchip in your computer. For example, GPUs (graphics processing units) are often even more transistor-dense than a CPU.

They need their own cooling and power supply, as well as memory. It’s like a small extra computer! The same can be said for the chips that control your sound, USB and hard drive traffic. So why is the CPU special? These are the main reasons:

• It can process ANY instruction, a GPU only does certain types of processing
• It ties all the other components together, pushing and pulling data to make your computer work
• The CPU is involved with all work the computer is asked to do to some extent

In short, the CPU is the most important general-purpose performance component in your computer. Don’t take it for granted!

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