Nidaamka hawlgalka, barnaamijyada kale ee codsiyada iyo aaladaha kala duwan ee qalabka waxaa dhamaantood dhisay kooxo kala duwan oo dad ah. Sidaa darteed, sida caadiga ah, OS-ka iyo barnaamijyada kale ma la socon karaan qalabka hardware. Waa meesha uu ka soo galo darawalka aaladda. Waa qayb software ah oo u shaqeysa sidii turjumaan u dhexeeya nidaamyada hawlgalka iyo aaladaha hardware. Shaqada darawalka qalabku waa inuu oggolaado inay si habsami leh u shaqeeyaan qalabka hardware ee ku xidhan nidaamka. Dareewalka daabacuhu wuxuu u sheegaa OS sida loo daabaco macluumaadka la doortay ee bogga. Si uu OS-ku u tarjumo jajabyada ku jira faylka maqalka ah ee soo saarista habboon, darawalka kaadhka codka waa lagama maarmaan. Sidan oo kale, darawalada aaladaha ayaa u jira qalab kasta oo hardware ah oo ku xidhan nidaamkaaga.

Waa maxay Darawalka Aaladda?^{(What is a Device Driver?)}

OS-gu uma baahna inuu ogaado tafaasiisha ka dambeysa shaqada qalabka. Adigoo isticmaalaya darawalka aaladda, waxay kaliya isku xidhaa qaybaha qalabkaas gaarka ah. Haddii darawalka qalabka u dhigma aan la rakibin, ma jiro xiriir xiriir oo ka dhexeeya OS iyo hardware. Qalabka noocan oo kale ah waxaa laga yaabaa inuusan si sax ah u shaqeyn. Darawalka aaladaha iyo aaladaha u dhigma ee hardware waxay ku wada xiriiraan baska kumbuyuutarka ee aaladda ku xiran tahay. Dareewalada qalabku^(Device) way ku kala duwan yihiin nidaamka hawlgalka kasta waxayna ku tiirsan yihiin qalabka. Darawalka aaladaha sidoo kale waxaa loo yaqaan darawal software ama si fudud darawal.

Sidee bay darawallada aaladuhu u shaqeeyaan?^{(How do device drivers work?)}

Qalabka qalabku wuxuu rabaa inuu kula xidhiidho barnaamijka nidaamkaaga. Xaaladdan waxaad u malayn kartaa inay yihiin laba qaybood oo ku hadla luqado kala duwan. Sidaa darteed, waxaa loo baahan yahay turjumaan. Dareewalka qalabku wuxuu ciyaarayaa doorka tarjumaha halkan. Software-ku wuxuu siinayaa darawalka macluumaadka sharaxaya waxa qalabku qabanayo. Dareewalku wuxuu isticmaalaa macluumaadka si uu darawalku u qabto shaqada.

Dareewalku wuxuu tarjumaa tilmaamaha barnaamijka software/OS wuxuuna u turjumayaa luqad uu fahmayo aaladda qalabka. Si uu nidaamku si hufan ugu shaqeeyo, waa inaad haysataa dhammaan darawallada qalabka lagama maarmaanka ah. Marka aad shido nidaamkaaga, OS-gu waxa uu la xidhiidhaa darawalada qalabka iyo BIOS si uu u go'aansado qabashada hawlo kala duwan oo hardware ah.

Haddii aysan ahayn darawalka aaladda, midkoodna ma jiri doono hab uu nidaamku kula xiriiro aaladaha ama barnaamijyada softiweerku waa inay ogaadaan sida tooska ah ee loogu xidho qalabka (marka la eego baaxadda ballaaran ee barnaamijyada iyo aaladaha qalabka aan maanta haysano, tani adkaan lahayd). Suurtagal maaha in la dhiso software awood u leh in si toos ah loola xiriiro dhammaan noocyada qalabka hardware. Markaa, darawalada aaladaha ayaa ah kuwa wax ka beddela ciyaarta.

Labaduba - Aaladaha hardware iyo barnaamijyada software waxay ku xiran yihiin darawalada qalabka si ay u shaqeeyaan siman. Barnaamijyadu^(Programs) waxay inta badan adeegsadaan amarrada guud si ay u galaan aaladaha. Darawalka aaladaha ayaa kuwan u tarjuma amaro gaar ah oo ay fahmi karaan qalabku.

Dareewalada aaladaha^(Device) inta badan waxay u yimaadaan sidii qaybo ku dhex jira OS. Waxaa bixiya soo saaraha. Haddii qalab ama qayb ka mid ah software-ka la beddelo ama la cusboonaysiiyo, wadayaasha qalabkan waxa laga dhigayaa kuwo aan waxtar lahayn.

Darawalada aaladaha Virtual^{(Virtual device drivers)}

Darawalka aaladaha dalwaddu waa qayb ka mid ah dareewalka aaladaha ka caawiya aaladda qalabka si ay u abuurto xiriirka OS ama barnaamijka. Waxay darawalo u yihiin aaladaha casriga ah. Dareewalada aaladaha Virtual waxay caawiyaan socodka xogta siman. Codsiyo badan ayaa geli kara qalab gaar ah oo hardware ah iyada oo aan khilaaf lahayn. Marka darawalka aaladaha dalwaddu uu ka helo calaamada joojinta qalabka hardware, waxay go'aaminaysaa koorsada-tallaabada xigta ee ku salaysan heerka qalabka.

Halkee lagu isticmaalaa darawalka aaladaha casriga ah?^{(Where is a virtual device driver used?)}

Marka aan isticmaalno software si aan ugu dayanno qalabka hardware, darawalka aaladaha dalwaddu waxa loo isticmaalaa tor un qalab noocan oo kale ah. Tusaalaha ku habboon wuxuu noqon lahaa isticmaalka VPN . Waxaad abuurtaa kaarka shabakad dalwad ah si aad si ammaan ah ugu xidhidhdo intarneedka. Kani waa kaadh shabakadeed (virtual network) oo uu sameeyay VPN -ka . Darawal ku haboon ayaa looga baahan yahay kaarkan kaas oo inta badan lagu rakibi doono software- ka VPN laftiisa.^(VPN)

Dhammaan qalabka ma u baahan yihiin darawalo?^{(Do all devices need drivers?)}

Haddii^(Whether) qalabku u baahan yahay darawal ama in kale waxay ku xidhan tahay in nidaamkaagu qalliinku aqoonsan yahay qalabka iyo sifooyinkiisa. Qaybaha qaar ee aan la aqoon nidaamka qalliinka oo u baahan darawal waa - Kaarka fiidiyowga , aaladda ^(Video)USB , kaarka codka, scanner, printer, modem-ka kontoroolka, kaarka shabakada, kaarka akhristaha iwm in uu ka shaqeeyo heer aasaasi ah. Mar labaad^(Again) , xaaladdu waa in OS uu aqoonsado sifooyinka qalabka. Qaar ka mid ah aaladaha la shaqayn kara darawallada guud waa - RAM , kiiboodhka, mouse-ka, cod-bixiyayaasha, kormeerayaasha, wadida adag, diskka, CPU, Korontada, joystick iwm… Waa in la ogaadaa in darawalka guud ee uu bixiyo nidaamka qalliinka aan loo cusboonaysiin si joogta ah sida darawalada ay bixiyaan soo saaraha qalabka.

Sidoo kale akhri: ^{(Also Read:)} Waa maxay faylka Kombiyuutarku? ^{(What is a Computer file? )}

Maxaa dhacaya haddii aadan rakibin darawal?^{(What will happen if you have not installed a driver?)}

Haddii aadan ku rakibin darawal qalab, qalabku waxaa laga yaabaa in uusan shaqeynin gabi ahaanba ama waxaa laga yaabaa inuu shaqeeyo kaliya qayb ahaan. Tusaale ahaan, aaladaha sida mouse/keyboard waxay shaqayn doonaan darawal la'aan. Laakiin haddii jiirkaagu leeyahay badhamada dheeraadka ah ama kiiboodhkaagu leeyahay fureyaal gaar ah, markaa sifooyinkaasi ma shaqayn doonaan. Haddii aad tahay isticmaale Windows , waxaad ka heli kartaa qaladka isku dhaca darawalka ee maamulaha aaladda, haddii aad haysato darawal maqan. Caadiyan, soosaaruhu wuxuu siidaayaa cusboonaysiinta darawalka si uu u tirtiro khaladaadka uu sameeyay darawalku. Sidaa darteed, had iyo jeer hayso nooca cusub ee darawalka ee qalabkaaga qalabka.

Darawalku waxa uu shaqayn doona kaliya haddii aad ku rakiban tahay qalabka u dhigma ee nidaamkaaga. Haddii aad isku daydo inaad ku rakibto darawal qalab aan jirin, ma dhacayso. Tusaale ahaan, ku rakibida darawalka kaadhka fiidyowga marka aanad haysan kaarka fiidyowga nidaamkaaga ma siinayso nidaamkaaga awood uu ku shaqeeyo kaarka fiidiyowga. Waxaad u baahan tahay inaad haysato labadaba - qalabka hardware iyo darawalka qalabka la cusboonaysiiyay ee loogu talagalay.

Noocyada wadayaasha qalabka^{(Types of device drivers)}

Waxaa jira darawal qalab ku dhawaad ​​qalab kasta oo qalab ah oo maanta la isticmaalo. Darawalladan waxaa si ballaaran loo kala saari karaa 2 qaybood oo soo socda - user device drivers iyo kernel device drivers

Dareewalada qalabka isticmaalaha^{(User device drivers)}

Kuwani waa darawallada aaladaha uu isticmaaluhu kiciyo marka uu isticmaalayo nidaamka. Kuwaas waxaa loogu talagalay aaladaha uu isticmaaluhu ku xiray nidaamka, marka laga reebo kuwa khuseeya software-ka kernel-ka^{(kernel software)} . Dareewalada aaladaha loogu talagalay aaladaha fur iyo ciyaarta waxaa loo tixgaliyaa inay yihiin wadayaasha aaladaha isticmaalaha. Si cadaadiska looga qaado ilaha nidaamka, wadayaasha aaladaha isticmaalaha ayaa lagu qoraa saxanka. Laakin dareewalada aaladaha aaladaha ciyaaraha waxaa badanaa lagu hayaa xusuusta ugu weyn.

Sidoo kale akhri:  ^{(Also Read: )}Waa maxay ISO File?^{(What is an ISO File?)}

Darawalada qalabka Kernel^{(Kernel device drivers)}

Darawalada guud ee loo heli karo sidii software-ku-dhismay oo ay la socoto OS-ka waxa loo yaqaan darawallada aaladaha kernel. Waxay ku shubtaan xusuusta qayb ka mid ah OS-ka. Tilmaamaha darawalka waxa lagu kaydiyaa xusuusta oo waa la wici karaa mar kasta oo loo baahdo. Dareewalada aaladaha Kernel^(Kernel) waxaa loogu talagalay aaladaha sida processor-ka, Motherboard-ka, BIOS , iyo aaladaha kale ee khuseeya software-ka kernel-ka.

Dareewalada qalabka kernel-ka, waxaa jira arrin caadi ah. Marka la codsado, darawalka aaladda kernel-ka ayaa lagu shubaa RAM -ka . Tan looma rari karo xusuusta casriga ah. Haddii ay jiraan dhowr qalab oo wadayaasha isku mar wada socda, nidaamku wuxuu noqonayaa mid gaabis ah. Si arrintan looga gudbo, OS kastaa wuxuu leeyahay nidaamka ugu yar ee looga baahan yahay. Nidaamyada hawlgalku waxay isu geeyaan agabka ay u baahan yihiin wadayaasha aaladaha kernel-ka. Tani waxay hubinaysaa in isticmaalayaashu aysan ka welwelin shuruudaha xusuusta.

Noocyada kale ee Darawalka Aaladda^{(Other types of Device Driver)}

1. Wadayaasha guud iyo OEN^{(1. Generic and OEN drivers)}

Haddii dareewalka qalabku uu la jiro nidaamka hawlgalka, waxa loo yaqaan darawal qalab guud. Darawalka aaladaha guud wuxuu u shaqeeyaa qalab gaar ah iyadoon loo eegin sumaddiisa. Windows 10 waxa uu leeyahay darawalada aaladaha guud ee qalabka sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo.

Mararka qaarkood, aaladaha qalabku waxay leeyihiin astaamo gaar ah oo OS uusan aqoonsan karin. Soo saaraha qalabku wuxuu bixiyaa darawalka u dhigma ee qalabkan oo kale. Kuwaas waxaa loo yaqaan darawalada aaladaha OEM . Si aaladaha noocaan ah ay si sax ah u shaqeeyaan, darawalada waa in si gaar ah loo rakibaa ka dib marka la rakibo OS. Waqti ku dhow markii la isticmaalayey Windows XP , xitaa darawalada Motherboard-ka waa in si gaar ah loo rakibaa. Maanta, inta badan nidaamyada casriga ah waxay bixiyaan wadayaasha qalabka guud ee ku dhex jira.

2. Block iyo dabeecad wadayaasha^{(2. Block and character drivers)}

Dareewalada aaladaha^(Device) waxaa loo kala saari karaa inay yihiin darawallada xannibaadda ama darawallada dabeecadda iyadoo lagu saleynayo sida xogta loo akhriyo loona qoro. Aaladaha^(Device) sida Hard Disk-yada, CD ROM^(ROMs) -yada iyo USB-ga^(USB) waxa loo kala saarayaa habka loo isticmaalo.

Erayga darawalka xannibaadda waxaa la adeegsadaa marka wax ka badan hal xaraf la akhriyo ama la qoro markiiba. Waxaa la sameeyay block, oo aaladda xannibaadda waxay isku daydaa inay soo ceshato qaddarka macluumaadka ku habboon cabbirka xannibaadda. Hard disk^{(Hard disks)} -yada iyo CD ROMS - ka waxaa loo arkaa inay xannibaan wadayaasha aaladaha.

Erayga jilaha waxa la adeegsadaa marka xogta la qoro hal xaraf markiiba. Dareewalada^(Character) aaladaha waxay adeegsadaan basaska taxanaha ah. Qalab kasta oo ku xidhan dekedda taxanaha ah waxa uu leeyahay darawal dabeecad leh. Tusaale ahaan, mouse-ku waa qalab ku xiran deked taxane ah. Waxay ka dhigtaa isticmaalka darawalka aaladda dabeecadda.

Sidoo kale akhri: ^{(Also Read:)} Waa maxay Wi-Fi 6 (802.11 ax)?^{(What is Wi-Fi 6 (802.11 ax)?)}

Maareynta darawalada qalabka^{(Managing device drivers)}

Dhammaan darawallada ku jira nidaamka Windows -kaaga waxa maamula Maareeyaha Aaladda^{(Device Manager)} . Darawalada qalabka^(Device) uma baahna fiiro gaar ah ka dib marka la rakibo. Marmar, waxay leeyihiin cusboonaysiin si ay u hagaajiyaan bug ama cusboonaysiin bixiya sifo cusub. Sidaa darteed, waa dhaqan wanaagsan in la hubiyo cusboonaysiinta darawalka oo lagu rakibo (haddii ay jiraan) hal mar. Si aad shaqadaada ugu fududaato, waxaa jira barnaamijyo hubin doona oo cusbooneysiin doona darawalada qalabkaaga.

Cusbooneysiinta darawalka ay bixiso soo saaraha ayaa had iyo jeer bilaash laga heli karaa shabakadooda rasmiga ah. Ka digtoonow inaadan bixin cusboonaysiinta darawalka aaladda!

Cusbooneysiinta darawaladaada waa muhiim sababtoo ah, inta badan waqti, arrimo badan oo ku saabsan qalabka hardware ayaa dib loogu soo celin karaa arrin ku saabsan darawalka qalabka.

Soo koobid^(Summary)

• Dareewalku wuxuu caawiyaa OS-ka iyo barnaamijyada kale ee ku xiran aaladaha qalabka ku xiran nidaamka
• Nidaamyada hawlgalka casriga ahi waxay siiyan wadayaasha aaladaha ku dhex jira ee meelaha sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo
• Si aad u isticmaasho qalabka kale ee qalabka, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad ku rakibto darawalada qalabka u dhigma ee ay bixiso soo saaraha
• Ku haynta darawalada qalabkaaga casriga ah waxay muhiim u tahay shaqada nidaamka.
• Darawalka aaladaha dibadda ayaa kaliya looga baahan yahay aaladaha aan sifooyinkooda lagu aqoonsan nidaamkaaga hawlgalka.

What is a Device Driver? How Does It Work?

The operating system, other application progrаms and the various hardware devices are all buіlt by differеnt groups of people. Therefore, by default, the OS and other programs cannot interface with the hardwаre devices. This is where a device drivеr comes in. It is a piece of software that acts as a translator between the oрerating systems and the hardware devices. A device driver’s job is to allow smooth funсtioning of hardware devices attached to the system. A printer drіver tells the OS how to print the selected information on the page. For the OS to translate the bits in an aυdio file into appropriate оutput, a sound card driver is necessary. Like this, device drivers еxist for each hardwаre device that is connected to your system.

What is a Device Driver?

The OS need not know the details behind the working of the hardware. Using the device driver, it only interfaces with that particular piece of hardware. If the corresponding device driver is not installed, there is no communication link between the OS and the hardware. Such a hardware device may not work properly. A device driver and the corresponding hardware device communicate through the computer bus to which the device is connected. Device drivers vary for each operating system and they are hardware dependent. A device driver is also known as a software driver or simply a driver.

How do device drivers work?

A hardware device wants to communicate with a program on your system. You can think of this situation as two entities that speak different languages. Thus, there is a need for a translator. The device driver plays the role of the translator here. The software gives the driver information that explains what the hardware should perform. The device driver uses the information to get the driver to do the job.

A device driver translates the instructions of a software program/the OS to a language understood by the hardware device. For the system to run efficiently, you have to have all the necessary device drivers. When you turn on your system, the OS communicates with the device drivers and the BIOS to decide on performing various hardware tasks.

If not for a device driver, either there would be no way for the system to communicate with the devices or software programs would have to know how to directly interface with the hardware (given the wide range of programs and hardware device we have today, this would be difficult). It is not possible to build software with the capability to directly communicate with all kinds of hardware devices. Thus, device drivers are the game-changers.

Both – hardware devices and software programs depend on device drivers for smooth functioning. Programs usually use general commands to access devices. A device driver translates these into specialized commands that can be understood by the device.

Device drivers usually come as built-in components in an OS. They are provided by the manufacturer. If a hardware or software component is replaced or updates, these device drivers are rendered useless.

Virtual device drivers

A virtual device driver is a component of a device driver that helps a hardware device to establish communication with the OS or a program. They are drivers for virtual devices. Virtual device drivers help in the smooth data flow. Multiple applications can access a particular hardware device without conflict. When a virtual device driver receives an interrupt signal from a hardware device, it determines the next course-of-action based on device settings’ status.

Where is a virtual device driver used?

When we use software to emulate a hardware device, a virtual device driver is used tor un such a device. An appropriate example would be using a VPN. You create a virtual network card so that you can securely connect to the internet. This is a virtual network card created by the VPN. An appropriate driver is required for this card which will usually be installed by the VPN software itself.

Do all devices need drivers?

Whether or not a device requires a driver depends on whether your operating system recognizes the hardware device and its features. Some peripherals that are unknown to the operating system and require a driver are – Video card, USB device, sound card, scanner, printer, controller modem, network card, card reader etc… Operating systems usually have some generic drivers that allow common hardware devices to work on a basic level. Again, the condition is that the OS should recognize the features of the device. Some devices that can work with generic drivers are – RAM, keyboard, mouse, speakers, monitor, hard drive, disk drive, CPU, power supply, joystick etc… One must be aware that the generic driver provided by the operating system is not updated as frequently as the drivers provided by the hardware manufacturer.

Also Read: What is a Computer file? 

What will happen if you have not installed a driver?

If you have not installed a driver for a device, the device may not function at all or may function only partially. For example, devices such as mouse/keyboard will work without a driver. But if your mouse has extra buttons or your keyboard has some special keys, then those features will not work. If you are a Windows user, you can find the driver conflict error in the device manager, if you have a missing driver. Usually, the manufacturer releases a driver update to erase the errors produced by the driver. Therefore, always have the up to date version of the driver for your hardware devices.

A driver will work only if you have the corresponding device installed on your system. If you try to install a driver for hardware that does not exist, it will not happen. For instance, installing a video card driver when you do not have a video card on your system will not give your system the capability to work with a video card. You need to have both – the hardware device and the updated device driver for it.

Types of device drivers

There exists a device driver for almost every hardware device in use today. These drivers can be broadly classified into the following 2 categories – user device drivers and kernel device drivers

User device drivers

These are device drivers that the user triggers while he/she is using the system. These are for the devices that the user has connected to the system, other than those pertaining to the kernel software. The device drivers for plug and play devices are considered as user device drivers. To lift the pressure off the system resources, user device drivers are written to the disk. But the device drivers for gaming devices are usually kept in main memory.

Also Read: What is an ISO File?

Kernel device drivers

Generic drivers that are available as built-in software along with the OS are called kernel device drivers. They load into the memory as a part of the OS. A pointer to the driver is stored in memory and can be invoked whenever required. Kernel device drivers are for devices such as the processor, the motherboard, BIOS, and other devices pertaining to the kernel software.

With kernel device drivers, there is a common issue. Upon invocation, a kernel device driver is loaded into the RAM. This cannot be moved to virtual memory. If there are several device drivers running simultaneously, the system becomes slow. To overcome this issue, each OS has a minimum system requirement. The operating systems put together the resources that kernel device drivers required. This ensures that users do not have to worry about memory requirement.

Other types of Device Driver

1. Generic and OEN drivers

If the device driver is available along with the operating system, it is called a generic device driver. A generic device driver works for a particular device irrespective of its brand. Windows 10 has generic device drivers for commonly used hardware devices.

Sometimes, the hardware devices have certain features that an OS cannot recognize. The device manufacturer provides the corresponding driver for such devices. These are called OEM device drivers. For such devices to function properly, the drivers have to be installed separately after installing the OS. Around the time when Windows XP was in use, even drivers for the motherboard had to be installed separately. Today, most of the modern systems provide built-in generic device drivers.

2. Block and character drivers

Device drivers can be classified as block drivers or character drivers based on how data is read and written. Devices such as hard disks, CD ROMs and USB drives are classified based on the way they are used.

The term block driver is used when more than one character is read or written at a time. A block is created, and the block device tries to retrieve the amount of information that suits the size of the block. Hard disks and CD ROMS are considered to block device drivers.

The term character driver is used when data is written one character at a time. Character device drivers make use of serial buses. Any device that is connected to the serial port has a character driver. For example, a mouse is a device connected to a serial port. It makes use of a character device driver.

Also Read: What is Wi-Fi 6 (802.11 ax)?

Managing device drivers

All the drivers on your Windows system are managed by the Device Manager. Device drivers do not need much attention after installation. Occasionally, they have updates to fix a bug or an update that provides a new feature. Therefore, it is a good practice to check for driver updates and install them (if any) once in a while. To make your job easy, there are some programs that will check and update your device drivers.

The driver updates provided by the manufacturer are always available for free on their official website. Take care to not pay for a device driver update!

Updating your drivers are important because, often time, many issues with a hardware device can be traced back to an issue with the device driver.

Summary

• A device driver helps the OS and other programs interface with the hardware devices connected to the system
• Modern operating systems provide built-in device drivers for commonly used peripherals
• To use other hardware devices, you need to install the corresponding device drivers provided by the manufacturer
• Keeping your device drivers up to date is crucial to the functioning of the system.
• An external device driver is only required for those devices whose features are not recognized by your operating system.

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