Dhammaan faylasha nidaamkaaga waxay ku kaydsan yihiin darawalka adag ama qalabka kale ee kaydinta. Nidaam ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah in lagu kaydiyo faylashan si habaysan. Tani waa waxa nidaamka faylka sameeyo. Nidaamka faylku waa hab lagu kala saaro xogta ku jirta darawalka oo loo kaydiyo sidii faylal gaar ah. Dhammaan macluumaadka ku saabsan faylka - magaciisa, nooca, ogolaanshaha, iyo sifooyinka kale ayaa lagu kaydiyaa nidaamka faylka. Nidaamka feylku waxa uu hayaa tusaha meesha uu fayl kasta ku yaal. Sidan, nidaamka hawlgalka maaha inuu maro dhammaan saxanka si uu u helo fayl.

Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo hababka faylalka. Nidaamkaaga hawlgalka iyo nidaamka faylka waa inay ahaadaan kuwo iswaafaqaya. Kaliya markaa OS-gu wuxuu awood u yeelan doonaa inuu soo bandhigo waxa ku jira nidaamka faylka oo uu sameeyo hawlgallo kale oo ku saabsan faylasha. Haddii kale, ma awoodi doontid inaad isticmaasho nidaamka faylkaas gaarka ah. Mid ka mid ah hagaajinta ayaa noqon doonta in la rakibo darawalka nidaamka faylka si uu u taageero nidaamka faylka.

Waa maxay Dhab ahaan Nidaamka Faylku?^{(What Exactly Is a File System?)}

Nidaamka faylku wax kale maaha ee waa xog-ururin sheegaysa goobta xogta ee qalabka kaydinta. Faylasha waxaa loo habeeyay galal kuwaas oo sidoo kale loo tixraacayo hagayaal. Hage kastaa waxa uu leeyahay hal ama in ka badan oo hage-hoosaadyo ah kuwaas oo kaydiya faylal kuwaas oo la ururiyey iyadoo lagu salaynayo shuruudaha qaarkood.

Meesha ay jirto xog ku saabsan kombuyuutar, waa qasab in la haysto nidaamka faylka. Sidaa darteed, kombiyuutarada oo dhan waxay leeyihiin nidaam faylal ah.

Waa maxay sababta ay u jiraan nidaamyada faylalka badan^{(Why there are so many file systems)}

Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo hababka faylalka. Waxay ku kala duwan yihiin dhinacyo kala duwan sida sida ay u habeeyaan xogta, xawaaraha, sifooyinka dheeraadka ah, iwm ... Qaar ka mid ah nidaamyada faylasha ayaa ku habboon darawallada kaydiya qadar yar oo xog ah halka kuwa kalena ay awood u leeyihiin inay taageeraan tiro badan oo xog ah. Nidaamyada faylalka qaarkood ayaa aad ammaan u ah. Haddii nidaamka faylku yahay mid sugan oo adag, waxaa laga yaabaa inuusan noqon kan ugu dhakhsaha badan. Way adkaan doontaa in la helo dhammaan sifooyinka ugu wanaagsan ee hal nidaam faylal ah.

Sidaa darteed, macno ma samaynayso in la helo 'nidaamka faylka ugu fiican'. Nidaam kasta oo faylal ah waxaa loola jeedaa ujeeddo kale sidaas darteedna wuxuu leeyahay astaamo kala duwan. Iyadoo la horumarinayo nidaamka hawlgalka, horumariyayaashu waxay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan dhismaha nidaamka faylka OS. Microsoft , Apple , iyo Linux waxay leeyihiin nidaam faylal u gaar ah. Way fududahay in lagu cabbiro nidaamka faylka cusub oo la gaarsiiyo qalab kaydinta oo weyn. Nidaamyada faylalka ayaa horumaraya sidaas darteed nidaamyada cusub ee faylka ayaa muujinaya astaamo ka wanaagsan kuwii hore .^(File)

Naqshadeynta nidaamka faylka ma aha hawl fudud. Cilmi baaris badan iyo shaqo madax ayaa ku jirta. Nidaamka faylku wuxuu qeexayaa sida xogta badan loo kaydiyo, sida faylasha loo habeeyo loona tusmeeyo, iyo wax kaloo badan. Waxaa jira dhowr siyaabood oo tan lagu sameyn karo. Sidaa darteed, nidaam kasta oo faylal ah, waxaa jira had iyo jeer meel lagu hagaajiyo - hab ka fiican ama ka waxtar badan oo lagu sameeyo waxqabadyada la xidhiidha kaydinta faylka.

Sidoo kale akhri: ^{(Also Read: )}Waa maxay Aaladaha Maamulka ee ku jira Windows 10?^{(What are Administrative Tools in Windows 10?)}

Nidaamyada faylka - muuqaal faahfaahsan^{(File systems – a detailed view)}

Aynu hadda si qoto dheer u dhuuxno si aan u fahanno sida nidaamyada faylalka u shaqeeyaan. Qalabka wax lagu kaydiyo waxa loo qaybiyaa qaybo loo yaqaan qaybo. Dhammaan faylasha waxa lagu kaydiyaa qaybahan. Nidaamka feylku wuxuu ogaanayaa xajmiga faylka wuxuuna dhigayaa meel ku habboon qalabka kaydinta. Qaybaha xorta ah waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay 'aan la isticmaalin.' Nidaamka faylalka ayaa tilmaamaya qaybaha xorta ah oo u meeleeya faylasha qaybahan.

Waqti go'an ka dib, markii qaar badan oo akhrin iyo qoraal ah la sameeyay, qalabka kaydinta waxaa lagu sameeyaa habka loo yaqaan 'fragmentation'. Tan lama ilaalin karo laakiin waxay u baahan tahay in la hubiyo, si loo ilaaliyo hufnaanta nidaamka. Defragmentation waa habka soo noqnoqda, oo loo isticmaalo in lagu hagaajiyo dhibaatooyinka ay keento kala-goynta. Aaladaha defragmentation ee bilaashka ah ayaa diyaar u ah isku mid.

Abaabulka faylalka hagayaasha iyo galka waxay gacan ka geysataa baabi'inta magac-xumada. Gal la'aanteed, suurtagal ma noqon doonto in la haysto 2 fayl oo isku magac ah. Raadinta iyo soo saarista faylasha sidoo kale way fududahay jawi habaysan.

Nidaamka feylku wuxuu kaydiyaa macluumaadka muhiimka ah ee ku saabsan faylka - magaca faylka, cabbirka faylka, goobta faylka, cabbirka qaybta, tusaha ay iska leedahay, faahfaahinta jajabyada, iwm.

Nidaamyada faylka caadiga ah^{(Common file systems)}

1. NTFS

NTFS waxay u taagan tahay Nidaamka Faylka Farsamada Cusub^{(New Technology File System)} . Microsoft waxay soo bandhigtay nidaamka faylka sannadkii 1993. Inta badan noocyada Windows OS - Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8, iyo Windows 10 waxay isticmaalaan NTFS.

Hubinta haddii darawalku u qaabaysan yahay NTFS^{(Checking if a drive is formatted as NTFS)}

Kahor inta aadan dejin nidaamka faylalka wadista, waa in la qaabeeyaa. Taas macnaheedu waa in qayb ka mid ah darawalka la doortay oo dhammaan xogta ku jirta la nadiifiyo si nidaamka faylka loo dejiyo. Waxaa jira dhowr siyaabood oo aad ku hubin karto in dariiqaaga adag uu isticmaalayo NTFS ama nidaam kasta oo faylal ah.

• Haddii aad furto 'Maaraynta Disk'^{(‘Disk Management’)} ee Windows (laga helay Control Panel ), waxaad ogaan kartaa in nidaamka faylka lagu qeexay faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan wadista.
• Ama, waxaad sidoo kale si toos ah uga riixi kartaa darawalka ka socda Windows Explorer . Tag liiska hoos-u-hoosaadka oo dooro 'hantiyada'. Waxaad ka heli doontaa nooca nidaamka faylka ee lagu sheegay halkaas.

Astaamaha NTFS^{(Features of NTFS)}

NTFS waxay awood u leedahay inay taageerto darawallada adag ee cabbirrada waaweyn - ilaa 16 EB. Faylasha shaqsiga^(Individual) ah ee cabbirkoodu yahay ilaa 256 TB waa la kaydin karaa.

Waxaa jira sifo la yiraahdo Transactional NTFS . Codsiyada la dhisay iyadoo la isticmaalayo sifadan ayaa si buuxda u fashilma ama si buuxda u guulaysata. Tani waxay kaa caawinaysaa yaraynta khatarta isbedelada qaarkood si fiican u shaqaynayaan halka isbeddelada kale aanay shaqaynayn. Wax kala iibsi kasta oo horumariyahu sameeyo waa atomic.

NTFS waxay leedahay sifo lagu magacaabo Adeegga Koobiynta Mugga^{(Volume Shadow Copy Service)} . OS-ka iyo agabka kaydinta software-ka ayaa sifadan u isticmaala si ay u kaydiyaan faylalka hadda la isticmaalo.

NTFS waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa nidaam faylal joornaal ah. Ka hor inta aan la samayn isbeddellada nidaamka, diiwaanka waxaa lagu sameeyaa log. Haddii isbeddel cusub uu keeno guuldarro ka hor intaan la samayn, loggu wuxuu fududeeyaa in lagu noqdo xaaladdii hore.

EFS - Nidaamka faylka^{(EFS – Encryption File System)} sirta ah waa sifo sirta lagu bixiyo faylasha iyo faylalka gaarka ah.

Gudaha NTFS , maamuluhu wuxuu xaq u leeyahay inuu dejiyo kootooyinka isticmaalka diskka. Tani waxay hubin doontaa in dhammaan isticmaalayaashu ay si siman u heli karaan meel kaydinta la wadaago mana jiro isticmaale ku qaadata meel aad u badan darawalnimada shabakada

2. Baruur^{(2. FAT)}

FAT waxay u taagan tahay Shaxda Qoondaynta Faylka^{(File Allocation Table)} . Microsoft waxa ay samaysay nidaamka faylka sannadkii 1977. FAT waxa loo isticmaalay MS-DOS iyo noocyadii hore ee Windows OS . Maanta, NTFS waa nidaamka faylka ugu weyn ee Windows OS . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baruurta^(FAT) ayaa weli ah nooca la taageeray.

FAT waxay la soo baxday waqti, si ay u taageerto darawallada adag ee leh cabbirrada faylalka waaweyn.

Noocyada kala duwan ee Nidaamka Faylka FAT^{(The different versions of the FAT File System)}

FAT12

Waxaa la soo bandhigay 1980-kii, FAT12 waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalay Microsoft Oss ilaa MS-DOS 4.0 . Saxanka loo yaqaan 'floppy disks' ayaa wali isticmaala FAT12 . Gudaha FAT12 , magacyada faylka kama badnaan karaan 8 xaraf halka kordhinta xaddidan tahay 3 xaraf. Sifooyin badan oo muhiim ah oo faylal ah oo aan isticmaalno maanta, ayaa markii ugu horreysay lagu soo bandhigay noocaan FAT - calaamadda mugga, qarsoon, nidaamka, akhrinta-kaliya.

FAT16

Jadwalka Qoondaynta Faylka^{(File Allocation Table)} 16-bit ayaa markii ugu horreysay la sii daayay 1984 waxaana loo adeegsaday nidaamyada DOS ilaa nooca 6.22.

FAT32

Waxaa la soo bandhigay 1996, waa noocii ugu dambeeyay ee baruurta^(FAT) . Waxay taageeri kartaa 2TB darawalada (iyo xitaa ilaa 16 KB oo leh 64 KB rucubyo ah).

ExFAT

EXFAT waxay u taagan tahay Jadwalka Qoondaynta Faylka Dheeraadka ah^{(Extended File Allocation Table)} . Mar labaad^(Again) , waxaa abuuray Microsoft oo la soo bandhigay 2006, tan looma tixgelin karo nooca xiga ee baruurta^(FAT) . Waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo aaladaha la qaadi karo - flash drives, kaararka SDHC , iwm… Noocan baruurta^(FAT) waxaa taageera dhammaan noocyada Windows OS . Ilaa 2,796,202 faylal ayaa lagu kaydin karaa buug kasta, magacyadooduna waxay qaadi karaan ilaa 255 xaraf.

Nidaamyada faylalka kale ee inta badan la isticmaalo waa

• HFS+
• Btrfs
• Isbeddel
• Ext2/Ext3/Ext4 (Nidaamka Linux)
• UDF
• GFS

Ma bedeli kartaa inta u dhaxaysa nidaamyada faylka?^{(Can you switch between file systems?)}

Qayb ka mid ah darawalka waxaa lagu qaabeeyey nidaam faylal gaar ah. U beddelashada qaybinta nooc ka duwan nidaamka faylalka waa suurtagal laakiin laguma talinayo. Waa ikhtiyaarka ugu fiican in la koobiyeeyo xogta muhiimka ah ee qaybta ilaa qalab kale.

Lagu taliyay: ^{(Recommended:)} waa maxay maamulaha aaladaha?^{(What is a Device Manager?)}

Sifooyin gaar^(Certain) ah sida sirta faylka, kootooyinka diskka, oggolaanshaha shayga, isku-buufinta feylka, iyo sifada faylka la tilmaamay ayaa kaliya lagu heli karaa NTFS . Sifooyinkan laguma taageero baruurta^(FAT) . Sidaa darteed^(Therefore) , kala beddelashada nidaamyada faylalka sida kuwan oo kale waxay keenayaan khataro gaar ah. Haddii fayl sir ah oo ka yimid NTFS la geliyo meel bannaan oo FAT - qaabaysan, faylka mar dambe ma lahaan doono sir. Waxay luminaysaa xannibaadaha gelitaanka oo qof kasta wuu geli karaa. Sidoo kale, fayl la tuujiyey oo ka yimid mugga NTFS si toos ah ayaa loo demi doonaa marka la dhigo mugga^(FAT) qaabaysan baruurta.

Soo koobid^(Summary)

• Nidaamka faylku waa meel lagu kaydiyo faylalka iyo feylasha sifooyinka. Waa hab lagu habeeyo faylalka nidaamka. Tani waxay ka caawisaa OS-ka raadinta faylka iyo soo celinta.
• Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo hababka faylalka. OS kastaa wuxuu leeyahay nidaam faylal u gaar ah kaas oo horay loogu sii rakibay OS.
• U beddelashada nidaamyada faylka waa suurtagal. Si kastaba ha noqotee, haddii astaamaha nidaamkii hore ee faylalka aan lagu taageerin nidaamka cusub, dhammaan faylasha ayaa luminaya sifooyinkii hore. Markaa, laguma talinayo.

What Exactly Is a File System? [EXPLAINED]

All the files on your sуstem are stored on the hard drive or other storage devices. A system is necessаry to store these files in an organized manner. This is what a file system does. A file system is a way to segregate the data on the drive and store them as separate files. All information about a filе – its name, its type, permissions, and other attributes are stored in the file system. The fіle system maіntains an index of the location of each file. This way, the operating system does not have to traverse the entire disk to find a file.

There are different types of file systems. Your operating system and the file system have to be compatible. Only then will the OS be able to display the contents of the file system and perform other operations on files. Otherwise, you will not be able to use that particular file system. One fix would be to install a file system driver to support the file system.

What Exactly Is a File System?

A file system is nothing but a database that tells the physical location of data on the storage device. Files are organized into folders which are also referred to as directories. Each directory has one or more sub-directories which store files that are grouped based on some criteria.

Where there is data on a computer, it is compulsory to have a file system. Thus, all computers have a file system.

Why there are so many file systems

There are many types of file systems. They differ in various aspects such as how they organize data, the speed, additional features, etc… Some file systems are best suited for drives that store a small amount of data while others have the capability to support large amounts of data. Some file systems are more secure. If a file system is secure and robust, it may not be the fastest. It would be hard to find all the best features in one file system.

Therefore, it would not make sense to find the ‘best file system.’ Each file system is meant for a different purpose and thus has a different set of features. While developing an operating system, the developers also work on building a file system for the OS. Microsoft, Apple, and Linux have their own file systems. It is easier to scale a new file system to a larger storage device. File systems are evolving and thus the newer file systems exhibit better features than the older ones.

Designing a file system is not a simple task. A lot of research and head work goes into it. A file system defines how the metadata is stored, how files are organized and indexed, and much more. There are several ways in which this can be done. Therefore, with any file system, there is always room for improvement – a better or a more efficient way to perform activities related to file storage.

Also Read: What are Administrative Tools in Windows 10?

File systems – a detailed view

Let us now dive deeper to understand how file systems work. A storage device is divided into portions called sectors. All the files are stored in these sectors. The file system detects the size of the file and places it in a suitable position on the storage device. Free sectors are labeled ‘unused.’ The file system identifies the sectors that are free and assigns files to these sectors.

After a certain point in time, when many read and write operations have been performed, the storage device undergoes a process called fragmentation. This cannot be avoided but needs to be checked, to maintain the efficiency of the system. Defragmentation is the reverse process, used to fix the problems caused by fragmentation. Free defragmentation tools are available for the same.

Organizing files into directories and folders help eliminate the naming anomaly. Without folders, it would be impossible to have 2 files with the same name. Searching and retrieving files is also easier in an organized environment.

The file system stores important information about the file – file name, file size, file location, the sector size, the directory to which it belongs, details of the fragments, etc..

Common file systems

1. NTFS

NTFS stands for New Technology File System. Microsoft introduced the file system in the year 1993. Most versions of Windows OS – Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10 use the NTFS.

Checking if a drive is formatted as NTFS

Before setting up a file system on a drive, it has to be formatted. This means that a partition of the drive is selected and all data on it is cleared so that the file system can be set up. There are a couple of ways in which you can check whether your hard drive is using NTFS or any other file system.

• If you open ‘Disk Management’ in Windows (found in Control Panel), you can find that the file system is specified with additional details about the drive.
• Or, you can also right-click on the drive directly from Windows Explorer. Go to the drop-down menu and select ‘properties.’ You will find the file system type mentioned there.

Features of NTFS

NTFS is capable of supporting hard drives of large sizes – up to 16 EB. Individual files of size up to 256 TB can be stored.

There is a feature called Transactional NTFS. Applications built using this feature either fail fully or completely succeed. This helps in mitigating the risk of certain changes working well while other changes not working. Any transaction carries out by the developer is atomic.

NTFS has a feature called Volume Shadow Copy Service. The OS and other software backup tools make use of this feature to back up files that are currently in use.

NTFS can be described as a journaling file system. Before system changes are carried out, a record of it is made in a log. In case a new change results in failure before being committed, the log makes it easier to revert to the previous state.

EFS – Encryption File System is a feature where encryption is provided for individual files and folders.

In NTFS, the administrator has the right to set disk usage quotas. This will make sure that all users have equal access to shared storage space and no user takes up too much space on a network drive.

2. FAT

FAT stands for File Allocation Table. Microsoft created the file system in the year 1977. FAT was used in MS-DOS and other old versions of Windows OS. Today, NTFS is the main file system in Windows OS. However, FAT still remains a supported version.

FAT has evolved with time, to support hard drives with large file sizes.

The different versions of the FAT File System

FAT12

Introduced in 1980, FAT12 was widely used in Microsoft Oss up until MS-DOS 4.0. Floppy disks still make use of FAT12. In FAT12, file names cannot exceed 8 characters while for extensions, the limit is 3 characters. Many important file attributes that we use today, were first introduced in this version of FAT – volume label, hidden, system, read-only.

FAT16

16-bit File Allocation Table was first released in 1984 and was used in DOS systems up to version 6.22.

FAT32

Introduced in 1996, it is the latest version of FAT. It can support 2TB drives (and even up to 16 KB with 64 KB clusters).

ExFAT

EXFAT stands for Extended File Allocation Table. Again, created by Microsoft and introduced in 2006, this cannot be considered as the next version of FAT. It is meant for use in portable devices  – flash drives, SDHC cards, etc…This version of FAT is supported by all versions of Windows OS. Up to 2,796,202 files can be stored per-directory and filenames can carry up to 255 characters.

Other commonly used file systems are

• HFS+
• Btrfs
• Swap
• Ext2/Ext3/Ext4 (Linux systems)
• UDF
• GFS

Can you switch between file systems?

A partition of a drive is formatted with a particular file system. Converting the partition to a different type of file system may be possible but is not advised. It is a better option to copy important data from the partition to a different device.

Recommended: What is a Device Manager?

Certain attributes such as file encryption, disk quotas, object permission, file compression, and indexed file attribute are only available in NTFS. These attributes are not supported in FAT. Therefore, switching between file systems like these poses certain risks. If an encrypted file from NTFS is placed in a FAT-formatted space, the file no longer has encryption. It loses its access restrictions and can be accessed by anyone. Similarly, a compressed file from an NTFS volume will automatically be decompressed when placed in a FAT formatted volume.

Summary

• A file system is a place to store files and file attributes. It is a way to organize the system’s files. This helps the OS in file searches and retrieval.
• There are different types of file systems. Each OS has its own file system which comes pre-installed with the OS.
• Switching between file systems is possible. However, if the features of the previous file system are not supported in the new system, all the files lose the old features. Thus, it is not recommended.

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