Weligaa ma maqashay DHCP ? Waa mid ka mid ah waxyaalaha farsamada ah ee maalin walba internet-ku shaqeeyo, dadka badankiisuna wax fikrad ah kama qabaan inuu jiro, iskaba daa inay ogaadaan waxa uu qabanayo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad maqashay saaxiib ama nin IT ah oo shaqada ka sheegaya ereyo ay ka mid yihiin DHCP , server DHCP , ama macaamiisha DHCP . Ma^(Were) is waydiinaysay waxa gibriskaas oo dhan ku saabsan yahay? Haddii aad rabto inaad ogaato waxa DHCP yahay, sidee DHCP u shaqeysaa , iyo waxa loo isticmaalo, sii akhri. Maqaalkan, waxaan ku sharxeynaa intaas iyo in ka badan:

Waa maxay DHCP?

DHCP waa erey la soo gaabiyey oo loogu talagalay Hab-maamuuska Isku-xidhka Martigeliyaha Dynamic^{(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)} . Waa hab-maamuuska maamulka shabakadaha ay isticmaalaan adeegayaashu si ay si toos ah ugu meeleeyaan ciwaanada IP-ga^{(used by servers to automatically assign IP addresses)} kombiyuutarada iyo aaladaha ku xidhan.

Shabakadaha degaanka ( LANs ), sida kuwa gurigaaga ku yaal ama xafiisyada yar yar iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah, adeegayaasha bixiya DHCP waxaa inta badan maamula router. Shabakadaha waaweyn, sida kuwa ay hayaan shirkado waaweyn ama hay'ado dawladeed, DHCP waxa ku siin kara adeegayaal u go'ay (kombiyuutaro gaar ah) halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen kuwa fudud.

Marka laga reebo ciwaanka IP-ga, DHCP waxa kale oo loo istcimaali karaa in si toos ah loogu meeleeyo maaskarada subnet-ka, albaabka caadiga ah, iyo adeegayaasha DNS kombayutarada^{(DNS servers)} iyo aaladaha gudaha shabakad la siiyey.

Sidee ayuu DHCP u shaqeeyaa?

Si aad u fahamto sida DHCP u shaqeyso, waa inaad marka hore fahantaa aasaaska ciwaanada IP-ga^{(what IP addresses are)} . Si fudud u dhig, ciwaanka IP-ga waa calaamado gaar ah oo lagu garto kombayutarada iyo aaladaha kale ee ku xidhan shabakada. PC-yada^(PCs) iyo aaladaha kale (printers, Smartphones, iwm) ee shabakadu waxay u baahan yihiin ciwaanada IP-ga si ay awood ugu yeeshaan inay wada xidhiidhi karaan dhexdooda, si ay ugu soo diraan ugana helaan xogta aaladaha kale ee isla shabakada ama internetka. Ciwaanka IP-ga waxaa loogu talagalay shabakadaha kombuyuutarrada waa maxay ciwaannada waddooyinka ee magaalooyinka. Waxaad u baahan tahay inay awood u yeeshaan inay soo diraan fariimaha hareeraha, si aad u ogaatid meesha lagu soo diro iyo meesha ay ka bilaabaan.

Kumbuyuutar kasta iyo qalab kasta oo ku jira shabakadu waxay u baahan yihiin cinwaan IP sax ah si loo gaadho, waxaana jira laba siyaabood oo kombuyuutarku ama qalabku ku heli karaan mid. Kumbuyuutarrada^(Computers) iyo aaladaha waxay isticmaali karaan cinwaanno IP ^{(dynamic IP addresses)}ah oo taagan^(static) ama firfircoon . Ciwaanka IP-ga ee taagan^{(Static IP addresses)} laguma meeleeyo adeegayaasha ama router-yada. Taa beddelkeeda, waxaa gacanta^{(manually configured)} u habeeyey adiga ama maamulaha shabakaddaada.

Ciwaanka IP-ga ee firfircoon,^{(Dynamic IP addresses,)} dhanka kale, looma qoondeeyo gacanta, markaa magacooda. Si firfircoon ayaa loo qoondeeyay, ama si toos ah haddii aad doorbidayso. Yaa ama maxaa u xilsaaray? Jawaabtu waa DHCP , Hab-maamuuska Isku-xidhka Martigeliyaha Firfircoon^{(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)} .

Marka kombayutarka ama aaladda shabakadu ay rabaan inay ku xidhmaan kuwa kale oo ay kula xidhiidhaan, gudaha ama interneedka, waxa jira dhawr waxyaalood oo dhaca daqiiqado gudahood:

1. Kumbuyuutarka ama qalabka raba inuu ku xidhmo shabkada/internetka ayaa waydiisanaya adeegihiisa ama routerkiisa ciwaanka IP. Fariinta uu soo diro kombuyuutarka martida loo yahay ama aaladda waxa loo yaqaan codsiga daahfurka DHCP .^{(DHCP discovery)}
2. Marka adeegaha/router-ku helo codsiga, waxa ay u gudbinaysaa baahida adeegeeda shabakadeed ee DHCP . Adeegga DHCP ee seerfarka/router-ka waxa uu eegaa ciwaanada IP-ga ee jira ee aanay sheegan kombiyuutarada iyo qalabka kale. Isla marka uu server-ka DHCP /router-ku aqoonsado ciwaanka IP-ga ee bilaashka ah, waxa ay u dirtaa kombuyuutarkii ama qalabkii codsaday. Qaybtan nidaamka waxa loo yaqaan bixinta DHCP^{(DHCP offer)} .
3. PC/device waxa ay helayaan ciwaanka IP - ga ee si firfircoon loo qoondeeyay oo waxa ay fariin dib ugu soo celiyaan serferka/routerka DHCP , iyaga oo qiraya in uu rabo in uu isticmaalo ciwaanka IP-ga. Talaabadan waxaa loo yaqaan fariinta codsiga DHCP^{(DHCP request)} sababtoo ah martigeliyaha wuxuu codsadaa ciwaanka IP-ga ee la bixiyay.
4. Marka server-ka DHCP /router-ku helo fariinta codsiga, waxa ay u soo dirtaa fariintii u dambaysay kombayutarka ama qalabka bilaabay hawshan oo dhan. Fariintaan waxaa loo yaqaan DHCP aqoonsiga^{(DHCP acknowledgment)} waxayna ka kooban tahay dhammaan macluumaadka qaabeynta kale ee loo baahan yahay si loogu ogolaado gelitaanka shabakadda/internetka kombiyuutarka ama aaladda, sida gateway iyo server-yada DNS^{(DNS servers)} .
5. Ugu dambeyntii, server-ka DHCP /router-ku wuxuu calaamadeeyaa cinwaanka IP-ga ee loo qoondeeyay inuu yahay mid la qabsaday oo uu isticmaalo kombuyuutarkii ama qalabkii codsaday, kaas oo hadda la xiriiri kara qalabka kale ee shabakada maxaliga ah oo geli kara internetka haddii la heli karo.

Waa maxay wakhtiga heshiiska DHCP?

Hadda waxaad taqaanaa sida DHCP ay si toos ah ugu wareejiso ciwaanada IP kombayutarada iyo aaladaha Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciwaanada IP-ga ee laga helay server-ka DHCP ma aha kuwo joogto ah, sababtoo ah waxaa laga yaabaa in aad ku damacdo inaad fikirto. Barkadda ciwaanka IP-ga ayaa xaddidan, taasoo la macno ah in ay jiraan qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah oo laga heli karo shabakad.

Intaa waxa dheer, kombiyuutarada iyo qalabka ku xidhan qaarkood waxa laga yaabaa inaanay si joogto ah u shidnayn ama aanay ku xidhmin isku shabakad mar kasta. Taas macneheedu waxa weeye, haddii ciwaanadooda IP si firfircoon loo qoondeeyey ay ahaan lahaayeen kuwo joogto ah, way qabsan lahaayeen xitaa marka aanay u baahnayn. Sidan oo kale, DHCP waxay u xilsaartaa ciwaannada IP-ga si ku meel gaar ah waqti xaddidan. Waqtigaas waxaa la yiraahdaa DHCP lease time, waxaadna wax badan ka baran kartaa maqaalkan: Sida loo beddelo wakhtiga heshiiska DHCP Windows 10^{(How to change the DHCP lease time in Windows 10)} .

Gebogebadii, wakhtiga kirada DHCP^{(DHCP lease time)} waa sifo u ogolaanaysa adeegayaasha DHCP inay dib u soo ceshadaan ciwaanada IP-ga ee aan la isticmaalin kadib wakhti go'an oo dhaafo.

Yaa ikhtiraacay DHCP?

In kasta oo aad hadda garanayso sababta DHCP loo ikhtiraacay iyo waxa loo isticmaalo, waxa kale oo laga yaabaa in aad la yaabto sida DHCP u soo noolaatay iyo cidda hindisay. Taariikhdeedu waxa ay dib u bilaabantay 1984-kii, markii ay Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) , oo ah hay'adda jaangooyooyinka intarneedka, ay samaysay hab-maamuus shabakadeed oo la yidhaa Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) . RARP waxay ogolaatay kombiyuutarada aan lahayn darawallada diskooga (oo loo yaqaanno diskless workstations - waxay ku rakibeen nidaamka hawlgalka si toos ah server-ka dhexe) inay si toos ah u helaan cinwaannada IP-ga.

Si kastaba ha noqotee, RARP way adkeyd in la hirgeliyo oo la habeeyo, sidaas darteed waxaa si dhakhso ah loo hagaajiyay (1985) oo loo galay borotokool shabakad kale oo loo yaqaan BOOTP ( Bootstrap Protocol ). Adeegayaasha BOOTP^(BOOTP) waxay si toos ah ugu meelayn karaan cinwaannada IP in ka badan hal shabakad hoose.

DHCP waxa ay ka dhalatay BOOTP laakiin waxa kale oo ay awooday in ay si firfircooni leh ugu qoondayso ciwaanada IP-ga ee kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale dib u soo ceshato marka aan la isticmaalin ( waqtiga heshiiska DHCP^{(DHCP lease time)} ), oo ay siiso doorashooyin kale oo isku xidhka kombiyuutarada iyo qalabka sida ciwaanada IP ee gateway ama server-yada DNS^{(DNS servers)} . DHCP waxa la habeeyey 1993^{(standardized in 1993)} , oo waxa ay sii waday in ay hesho horumar tan iyo markaas.

Ma qabtaa su'aalo kale oo ku saabsan DHCP ?

Hadda waxaad garanaysaa micnaha DHCP iyo waxa uu DHCP qabto. Miyaanay la yaab yar ahayn adduunka kombuyuutarka iyo isku xidhka? Ma qabtaa su'aalo kale oo ku saabsan DHCP ? Haddii aad sameyso, ama haddii aad hayso wax aad ku darto maqaalkeena, xor u noqo inaad faallo ku dhaafto hoos.

What is DHCP? How does it work?

Ever heard about DHCP? It is one of those tеchnical things that keeps the internet working every day, and most people have no idea that it еxists, let alone know what it does. Howeνer, you may have heard a friend or the IT guy from work mentioning terms like DHCР, DHCP servers, or DHCP clients. Were you wondering what all that gibbеrіsh was about? If you want to know what DHCP iѕ, how does DHCP work, and what it's used for, read on. In this article, we explain all that and more:

What is DHCP?

DHCP is an acronym for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is a network management protocol that's used by servers to automatically assign IP addresses to the computers and devices connected to them.

On local area networks (LANs), such as those in your home or small and medium-sized offices, the servers that provide DHCP are usually run by routers. In large networks, such as those maintained by big companies or government institutions, DHCP can be provided by dedicated servers (specialized computers) instead of simple routers.

Besides IP addresses, DHCP can also be used to automatically assign the subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers to the computers and devices inside a given network.

How does DHCP work?

To understand how DHCP works, you must first understand the basics of what IP addresses are. Put simply, IP addresses are unique identifiers of the computers and other devices that are connected to a network. The PCs and other devices (printers, smartphones, etc.) in a network need IP addresses in order to be able to communicate between them, to send and receive data to other devices on the same network or on the internet. IP addresses are for computer networks what street addresses are for towns. You need them to be able to send messages around, to know where they are sent and where they start.

Every computer and device in a network needs a valid IP address to be reachable, and there are two ways in which a computer or device can get one. Computers and devices can use static or dynamic IP addresses. Static IP addresses are not assigned by servers or routers. Instead, they are manually configured by you or by your network's administrator.

Dynamic IP addresses, on the other hand, are not assigned manually, hence their name. They are assigned dynamically, or automatically if you prefer. Who or what assigns them? The answer is DHCP, the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.

When a computer or device in a network wants to connect to others and communicate with them, either locally or on the internet, there are a few things that take place in a matter of moments:

1. The computer or device that wants to connect to the network/internet asks its server or router for an IP address. The message that's sent by the host computer or device is called a DHCP discovery request.
2. When the server/router receives the request, it relays the demand to its DHCP network service. The DHCP service on the server/router looks into the available IP addresses that have not been claimed by other computers and devices. As soon as the DHCP server/router identifies a free IP address, it sends it to the computer or device that requested it. This part of the process is called a DHCP offer.
3. The PC/device receives the dynamically allocated IP address and sends a message back to the DHCP server/router, acknowledging that it wants to use that IP address. This step is called a DHCP request message because the host actually requests the offered IP address.
4. When the DHCP server/router receives the request message, it sends a final message to the computer or device that initiated this entire process. This message is called DHCP acknowledgment and contains all the other configuration information needed to grant network/internet access to the computer or device, such as the gateway and DNS servers.
5. Finally, the DHCP server/router marks the designated IP address as being occupied and in use by the computer or device that requested it, which now can communicate with the other devices on the local network and access the internet if it's available.

What is the DHCP lease time?

Now you know how DHCP assigns IP addresses automatically to computers and devices. However, the IP addresses received from the DHCP server are not permanent, as you might be tempted to think. The IP addresses pool is limited, meaning that there are just so many of them available in a network.

Furthermore, some of the computers and devices connected might not stay on permanently or might not connect to the same network all the time. That means that, if their dynamically allocated IP addresses were permanent, they would occupy them even when they no longer need them. As such, DHCP assigns IP addresses only temporarily for a limited amount of time. That time is called DHCP lease time, and you can learn more about it from this article: How to change the DHCP lease time in Windows 10.

In conclusion, DHCP lease time is a feature that allows DHCP servers to reclaim unused IP addresses after a specified period of time passes.

Who invented DHCP?

Although you know now why DHCP was invented and what it's used for, you might also be wondering about how DHCP came to life and who invented it. Its history starts back in 1984, when the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which is the internet's standards authority, created a network protocol called Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). RARP allowed computers without disk drives (called diskless workstations - they booted by loading an operating system directly from a central server) to automatically receive IP addresses.

However, RARP was difficult to implement and configure, so it was soon improved (in 1985) into another network protocol called BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol). BOOTP servers could automatically assign IP addresses on more than one subnet.

DHCP was born out of BOOTP but was also able to dynamically assign IP addresses from a specified range, as well as reclaim them when no longer used (DHCP lease time), and provide other configuration options to network computers and devices such as the IP addresses of the gateway or the DNS servers. DHCP was standardized in 1993, and it continued to receive improvements since then.

Do you have any other questions about DHCP?

Now you know what DHCP means and what DHCP does. Isn't it a small wonder of the computer world and networking? Do you have other questions regarding DHCP? If you do, or if you have something to add to our article, feel free to leave a comment below.

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