Diiwaanka^(Registry) Daaqadaha waa ururinta habaynta, qiyamka, iyo guryaha codsiyada daaqadaha iyo sidoo kale nidaamka hawlgalka daaqadaha kaas oo habaysan oo loo kaydiyay hab kala sareyn oo kayd gaar ah.

Mar kasta oo barnaamij cusub lagu rakibo nidaamka Windows , waxa la soo geliyaa Diiwaanka Windows-^{(Windows Registry)} ka oo leh sifooyinkiisa sida cabbirka, nooca, goobta kaydinta, iwm.

Sababtoo ah, macluumaadkan waxa lagu kaydiyay kaydka xogta, ma aha oo kaliya nidaamka hawlgalka ayaa ka warqaba ilaha laga faa'iidaysanayay, codsiyada kale ayaa sidoo kale ka faa'iideysan kara macluumaadkan maadaama ay ka warqabaan khilaaf kasta oo ka dhalan kara haddii agab ama faylal gaar ah ay wada shaqeeyaan. jira

Waa maxay Diiwaanka Daaqadaha^{(Windows Registry)} & sida^(How) uu u shaqeeyo?

Diiwaanka Windows^{(Windows Registry)} runtii waa wadnaha habka ay u shaqeyso Windows . Waa nidaamka kaliya ee hawlgalka isticmaala habkan ee diiwaanka dhexe. Haddi aan aragno, qayb kasta oo ka mid ah nidaamka qalliinka waa in ay la falgalaan Diiwaanka Windows-^{(Windows Registry)} ka laga bilaabo taxanaha booting ilaa shay fudud sida magaca faylka.

Si fudud^(Simply) loo dhigo, waa xog-ururin la mid ah buug-yaraha kaadhka maktabadda, halkaasoo waxyaalaha la soo gelinayo ay la mid yihiin kaararka kaararka lagu kaydiyay. Furaha diiwaan-gelintu waxa uu noqon lahaa kaar, qiimaha diiwaan-gelintuna waxa uu noqonayaa macluumaadka muhiimka ah ee ku qoran kaarkaas. Nidaamka qalliinka ee Windows wuxuu isticmaalaa diiwaanka si uu u kaydiyo farabadan macluumaadka loo isticmaalo in lagu xakameeyo laguna maamulo nidaamka iyo software-ka. Tani waxay noqon kartaa wax kasta laga bilaabo macluumaadka qalabka PC ilaa dookhyada isticmaalaha iyo noocyada faylka. Ku dhawaad^(Almost) ​​nooc kasta oo qaabayn ah oo aan ku samayno nidaamka Windows waxay ku lug leedahay tafatirka diiwaanka.

Taariikhda Diiwaanka Windows

Noocyadii hore ee Windows , soosaarayaasha arjiyadu waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay ku daraan faylka .ini gaar ah oo ay la socdaan faylka la fulin karo. Faylkan .ini waxa uu ka koobnaa dhammaan goobaha, guryaha iyo qaabaynta looga baahan yahay barnaamijka la fulin karo si uu si habboon ugu shaqeeyo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waxay noqotay mid aad u liidata sababtoo ah xogta qaarkeed oo yaraaday waxayna sidoo kale khatar amni ku keentay barnaamijka la fulin karo. Natiijo ahaan, hirgelinta cusub ee tignoolajiyada la jaan-qaaday, mid dhexe iyo sidoo kale ammaan ah ayaa ahayd baahi muuqata.

Markii uu soo baxay Windows 3.1 , nooca lafaha qaawan ee baahidan waxaa la kulmay keyd dhexe oo ay wadaagaan dhammaan codsiyada iyo nidaamka loo yaqaan Diiwaanka Windows^{(Windows Registry)} .

Qalabkani, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ahaa mid aad u xaddidan, maadaama codsiyada ay kaydin karaan oo kaliya macluumaadka qaabeynta qaarkood ee la fulin karo. Sanado badan, Windows 95 iyo Windows NT ayaa sii horumaray aasaaskan, waxay soo bandhigeen xarun dhexe oo ah astaanta udub dhexaadka u ah nooca cusub ee Diiwaanka Windows^{(Windows Registry)} .

Taasi waxay tidhi, kaydinta macluumaadka gudaha Diiwaanka Windows^{(Windows Registry)} waa ikhtiyaarka horumarinta software. Sidaa darteed, haddii horumariyaha codsiga software uu abuurayo codsi la qaadi karo, looma baahna inuu ku daro macluumaadka diiwaanka, kaydinta maxaliga ah ee qaabeynta, guryaha, iyo qiyamka ayaa la abuuri karaa oo si guul leh loo soo rari karaa.

Xidhiidhka Diiwaangelinta Windows^{(Windows Registry)} marka la eego nidaamyada kale ee hawlgalka

Daaqadaha^(Windows) waa nidaamka kaliya ee isticmaala habkan diiwaanka dhexe. Haddi aan aragno, qayb kasta oo ka mid ah nidaamka qalliinka waa in ay la falgalaan Diiwaanka Windows-^{(Windows Registry)} ka laga bilaabo isku xigxiga bootinta ilaa dib u magacaabista magaca faylka.

Dhammaan nidaamyada kale ee hawlgalka sida iOS, Mac OS , Android , iyo Linux waxay sii wadaan isticmaalka faylasha qoraalka si ay u habeeyaan nidaamka hawlgalka iyo wax ka beddelka habdhaqanka nidaamka hawlgalka.

Inta badan noocyada Linux , faylasha qaabeynta waxaa lagu keydiyaa qaabka .txt , tani waxay noqotaa arrin marka ay tahay inaan la shaqeyno faylalka qoraalka tan iyo dhammaan faylasha .txt waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin faylasha nidaamka muhiimka ah. Markaa haddii aan isku dayno inaan furno faylalka qoraalka ee nidaamyadan hawlgalka, ma awoodno inaan aragno. Nidaamyadani waxay isku dayaan inay qariyaan sida cabbirka amniga maadaama dhammaan faylasha nidaamka sida qaabeynta kaarka shabakadda, firewall, nidaamka hawlgalka, interface user garaafyada, interface kaararka fiidiyowga, iwm ayaa lagu keydiyaa qaabka ASCII.^{(ASCII format.)}

Si aad uga gudubto arrintan macOS, iyo sidoo kale iOS, waxay geeyeen hab gebi ahaanba ka duwan habka faylka qoraalka ah ee kordhinta iyadoo la fulinayo kordhinta .plist^{(.plist extension)} , kaas oo ka kooban dhammaan nidaamka iyo sidoo kale macluumaadka qaabeynta codsiga laakiin weli faa'iidooyinka haysashada diiwaangelin gaar ah oo fog ka miisaan badan isbeddelka fudud ee fidinta faylka.

Waa maxay faa'iidooyinka Diiwaanka Daaqadaha^{(Windows Registry)} ?

Sababtoo ah qayb kasta^(Every) oo ka mid ah nidaamka hawlgalka waxay si joogto ah ula xidhiidhaa Diiwaanka Windows^{(Windows Registry)} , waa in lagu kaydiyaa kaydin aad u degdeg badan. Sidaa darteed^(Hence) , xogtan waxaa loogu talagalay in si degdeg ah loo akhriyo loona qoro iyo sidoo kale kaydin hufan.

Haddii aan furno oo aan hubino xajmiga xogta diiwaanka, waxay caadi ahaan dul wareegaysaa inta u dhaxaysa 15 - 20 megabytes taas oo ka dhigaysa mid yar oo ku filan in mar kasta lagu shubo RAM ( Random Access Memory ) taas oo ah dhacdo ahaan waa kaydinta ugu dhaqsaha badan ee la heli karo nidaamka qalliinka.

Maadaama diiwaanku u baahan yahay in lagu shubo xusuusta mar walba, haddii cabbirka diiwangelinta uu weyn yahay kama tagi doono meel ku filan dhammaan codsiyada kale si ay si habsami leh ugu socdaan ama u wada shaqeeyaan. Tani waxay wax u dhimaysaa waxqabadka nidaamka qalliinka, sidaa awgeed Diiwaanka Daaqadaha^{(Windows Registry)} waxaa loo qaabeeyey iyadoo ujeedadu tahay inay noqoto mid tayo sare leh.

Haddii ay jiraan isticmaaleyaal badan oo la falgala isla aaladda oo ay jiraan tiro codsiyo ah oo ay adeegsadaan waa caadi, dib-u-dajinta codsiyada isku midka ah laba jeer ama dhowr jeer waxay noqon doontaa qashin kayd qaali ah. Diiwaanka Windows^(Windows) aad ayuu uga fiican yahay xaaladahan halka qaabaynta arjiga lala wadaago isticmaalayaasha kala duwan.

Tani kaliya ma dhimayso wadarta kaydinta la isticmaalay laakiin sidoo kale waxay siisaa isticmaaleyaasheeda inay wax ka beddelaan qaabaynta arjiga hal deked is dhexgalka. Tani waxay sidoo kale badbaadinaysaa waqti tan iyo user ma aha in uu gacanta u tago file kasta oo kaydinta maxalliga ah .ini .

Xaalado isticmaaleyaal^(Multi-User) badan ayaa aad ugu badan habaynta ganacsiga, halkan, waxaa jirta baahi xoogan oo loo qabo marin u helida mudnaanta isticmaale. Maadaama dhammaan macluumaadka ama agabka aan qof walba lala wadaagi karin, baahida loo qabo marin-u-helka isticmaale-ku-saleysan sirta ayaa si fudud looga hirgeliyay diiwaanka daaqadaha dhexe ee dhexe. Halkan maamulaha shabakadu wuxuu xaq u leeyahay in uu hayo ama ogolaado iyadoo lagu salaynayo shaqada la qabtay. Tani waxay ka dhigtay xogta kali ah mid la mid ah sidoo kale waxay ka dhigtay mid adag maadaama cusboonaysiinta la samayn karo isku mar iyada oo meel fog laga galo dhammaan diiwangelinta aaladaha badan ee shabakadda.

Sidee buu u shaqeeyaa Diiwaanka Windows?

Aynu sahamno waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah ee Diiwaanka Windows^{(Windows Registry)} ka hor inta aynaan bilaabin inay gacmaheena wasakheeyaan.

Diiwaanka Windows^{(Windows Registry)} -gu waxa uu ka kooban yahay laba walxood oo asaasi ah oo la yidhaa Registry Key oo ah shay weel lagu shubo ama si fudud loo dhigo waxa ay la mid yihiin galka noocyada kala duwan ee faylalka ku kaydsan iyo Registry Values ​​oo ah walxo aan weel ku jirin oo la mid ah faylal wuxuu noqon karaa nooc kasta.

Waa inaad sidoo kale ogaataa: ^{(You should also know:)} Sida Loo Xakameeyo Buuxa ama Lahaanshaha Furayaasha Diiwaangelinta Windows^{(How to Take Full Control or Ownership of Windows Registry Keys)}

Sida loo galo Diiwaanka Windows?

Waxaan geli karnaa oo aan habayn karnaa Diiwaanka Windows anagoo^{(Windows Registry)} adeegsanayna aaladda Diiwaangelinta Diiwaangelinta^{(Registry Editor)} , Microsoft waxaa ku jira utility tafatirka diiwaangelinta bilaashka ah oo ay la socoto nooc kasta oo ka mid ah Nidaamka Hawlgelinta Windows^{(Windows Operating System)} .

Tifaftiraha Diiwaangelintan^{(Registry Editor)} waxaa lagu geli karaa adigoo ku dhejinaya "Regedit" ee amarka degdegga^{(Command Prompt)} ah ama adigoo si fudud ugu dhejinaya "Regedit" raadinta ama ku socodsiiya sanduuqa ka socda menu-ka Start . Tifaftiruhu waa marinka laga galo diiwaanka Windows , wuxuuna naga caawiyaa inaan sahamino oo aan isbedel ku samayno diiwaanka. Diiwaangelintu waa dallada ay adeegsadaan faylal xog-ururineed oo kala duwan oo ku dhex yaal buugga rakibaadda Windows .

Ammaan ma tahay in wax laga beddelo Tifaftiraha Diiwaanka?^{(Is it Safe to edit Registry Editor?)}

Haddii aadan garanayn waxaad samaynayso markaa waa khatar inaad ku ciyaarto agagaarka qaabaynta Diiwaangelinta . ^(Registry)Mar kasta oo aad wax ka beddesho Diiwaanka^(Registry) , hubi inaad raacdo tilmaamaha saxda ah oo kaliya beddel waxa lagu faray inaad beddesho.

Haddii aad si ula kac ah ama shil ah u tirtirto shay ku jira Diiwaanka Windows^{(Windows Registry)} markaas waxay bedeli kartaa habaynta nidaamkaaga kaas oo ama keeni kara Shaashadda Buluugga^{(Blue Screen)} ah ee Dhimashada^(Death) ama Windows ma bootin doono.

Markaa waxaa guud ahaan lagula talinayaa in la kaydiyo Diiwaanka Windows^{(backup Windows Registry)} ka hor inta aan wax isbeddel ah lagu samayn. Waxa kale oo aad samayn kartaa nidaamka dib u soo celinta^{(create a system restore point)} (kaas oo si toos ah u kaydinaya Diiwaanka^(Registry) ) kaas oo la isticmaali karo haddii aad waligaa u baahato in aad beddesho goobaha Diiwaangelinta^(Registry) sidii caadiga ahayd. Laakiin haddii aad kaliya waxa laguu sheego markaas dhibaato ma aha. Haddii ay dhacdo inaad u baahato inaad ogaato sida loo soo celiyo diiwaanka Windows markaa casharkan^{(restore Windows Registry then this tutorial)} wuxuu sharxayaa sida si fudud loo sameeyo.

Aynu sahamno qaabka uu u dhisan yahay Diiwaanka Daaqadaha^{(Windows Registry)}

Isticmaale waxa uu joogaa meel kaydinta aan la geli karin oo u jirta gelitaanka nidaamka qalliinka oo keliya.

Furayaashan^(Keys) waxaa lagu shubaa RAM^(RAM) -ka inta lagu jiro marxaladda nidaamka boot-ka waxaana si joogto ah loogu sheegaa waqti go'an gudahooda ama marka dhacdo heer nidaam ama dhacdo gaar ah ay dhacaan.

Qayb gaar ah oo ka mid ah furayaashan diiwaanka ayaa lagu kaydiyaa Hard Disk-ga. Furayaashan ku kaydsan Hard Disk-ga waxa loo yaqaan Hives. Qaybtan diiwangelinta waxa ay ka kooban tahay furayaasha diiwaangelinta, furayaasha diiwaanka, iyo qiyamka diiwaangelinta. Iyadoo ku xiran heerka mudnaanta isticmaale la siiyay, wuxuu noqon lahaa inuu galo qaybo ka mid ah furayaashan.

Furayaasha ku jira meesha ugu sareysa ee kala sareynta ee diiwaanka ka bilaabma HKEY waxaa loo arkaa inay yihiin cunno.

Tifaftiraha , furayaashu^(Editor) waxay ku yaalaan dhinaca bidix ee shaashadda marka dhammaan furayaasha la eego iyada oo aan la ballaarin. Kuwani waa furayaasha diiwaanka ee u muuqda sida galka.

Aynu sahamno qaabka uu u dhisan yahay furaha diiwaangelinta daaqadaha iyo furayaasha hoose:

Tusaalaha magaca muhiimka ah - "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMInputBreakloc_0804"

Halkan “loc_0804” waxa ay tilmaamaysaa furaha-hoosaadka “Break” waxa loola jeedaa fure-hoosaadka “Input” oo tixraacaya fure-hoosaadka “SYSTEM” ee furaha xididka HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE .

Furayaasha xididka caadiga ah ee Diiwaanka Windows^{(Common Root Keys in Windows Registry)}

Mid kasta oo ka mid ah furayaasha soo socdaa waa rugtiisa gaarka ah, kaas oo ka kooban furayaal badan gudaha furaha heerka sare.

i. HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT

Kani waa rugta diiwangelinta ee Diiwaanka Windows^{(Windows Registry)} kaas oo ka kooban macluumaadka ururka fidinta faylka, aqoonsiga barnaamijka^{(programmatic identifier)} ( ProgID ), Aqoonsiga Interface^{(Interface ID)} ( IID ) xogta, iyo Aqoonsiga Heerka (CLSID)^{(Class ID (CLSID))} .

Rugta diiwangelinta HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT^{(HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT)} waa  albaabka fal kasta ama dhacdo kasta oo ka dhacda nidaamka hawlgalka Windows . Ka soo qaad in^(Suppose) aan rabno in aan galno qaar ka mid ah faylalka mp3 ee ku jira galka Downloads . Nidaamka qalliinka wuxuu ku socodsiiyaa weydiintiisa tan si uu u qaado tallaabooyinka loo baahan yahay.

Isla marka aad gasho rugta HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT , runtii way fududahay in aad ka adkaato marka aad eegto liiska galka dheeraynta Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kuwani waa furayaasha diiwaanka ee ka dhigaya daaqadaha inay si dareere ah u shaqeeyaan

Kuwa soo socda waa qaar ka mid ah tusaalooyinka HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT furayaasha diiwaanka rugta,

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.otf
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.htc
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.img
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.mhtml
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.png
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.dll

Mar kasta oo aan laba-gujino oo aan furno fayl waxay kuu oggolaaneysaa inaad tiraahdo sawir, nidaamku wuxuu soo diraa weydiinta HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT halkaasoo tilmaamaha waxa la sameeyo marka faylkaas la codsado si cad loo bixiyo. Markaa nidaamku wuxuu ku dhamaanayaa furitaanka sawir qaade muujinaya sawirka la codsaday.

Tusaalaha kore, diiwangelintu waxa ay wacdaa furayaasha ku kaydsan furaha HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.jpg . Rugta HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT waa xog wadareed laga helay rugta HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE labadaba ( HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Classes ) iyo sidoo kale  rugta HKEY_CURRENT_USER ( HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes ). Markaa furaha diwaangelintu marka uu laba goobood ka jiro waxay abuurtaa isku dhacyo. Markaa xogta laga helay HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes waxaa lagu isticmaalaa HKEY_ CLASSES_ROOT . Waxaa lagu geli karaa iyadoo la furo HKEY_CLASSES furaha dhanka bidix ee shaashadda.

ii. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE

Tani waa mid ka mid ah dhowr finan oo diiwaanka ah oo kaydiya dhammaan goobaha gaarka u ah kombuyuutarka maxaliga ah. Tani waa fure caalami ah oo macluumaadka lagu kaydiyaa aanu tafatirin karin isticmaale ama barnaamij kasta. Sababo^(Due) la xiriira dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee fure-hoosaadkan, dhammaan macluumaadka lagu kaydiyay kaydkan waxay u samaysan yihiin qaab weel macmal ah oo si joogto ah RAM -ka ugu shaqaynaya . Inta badan xogta habaynta isticmaalayaasha software ayaa rakibay iyo nidaamka hawlgalka Windows laftiisa waxa uu ku jiraa HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE . Dhammaan qalabka hadda la helay waxa lagu kaydiyaa rugta HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE .

Sidoo kale ogow sida loo: ^{(Also know how to:)} Hagaaji Regedit.exe shilalka marka aad ka dhex raadinayso Registry^{(Fix Regedit.exe Crashes when searching through Registry)}

Furaha diiwaanka waxa loo sii kala qaybiyay 7 fure-hoosaad:^{(This registry key is further divided into 7 sub-keys:)}

1. SAM ( Security Accounts Manager ) - Waa faylka muhiimka ah ee diiwaanka kaas oo kaydiya furaha sirta ah ee isticmaalaha qaab sugan (LM hash iyo NTLM hash). Shaqada xashiishku waa nooc sir ah oo loo isticmaalo in lagu ilaaliyo macluumaadka xisaabta isticmaalayaasha.

Waa fayl qufulan oo ku yaalo nidaamka C:WINDOWSsystem32config,kaas oo aan la guuri karin lana koobi karin marka uu shaqaynayo nidaamka hawlgalka.

Windows waxay isticmaashaa faylka muhiimka ah ee diiwaanka Maareeyaha Xisaabaadka Amniga^{(Security Accounts Manager)} si ay u xaqiijiso isticmaalayaasha marka ay galayaan akoonadooda Windows^(Windows) . Mar kasta oo isticmaaluhu soo galo, Windows waxay isticmaashaa xashiish algorithms taxane ah si ay u xisaabiso xashiish erayga sirta ah ee la geliyey. Haddii xashiishka sirta ah ee la geliyey uu la mid yahay hash-ka sirta ah ee ku jira faylka diiwaanka SAM^{(SAM registry file)} , isticmaalayaasha waxaa loo oggolaan doonaa inay galaan akoonkooda. Kani sidoo kale waa fayl ay inta badan tuugadu beegsadaan marka ay fulinayaan weerarka.

2. Nabadgelyada^{(2. Security)} (lama heli karo marka laga reebo maamulaha) - Furaha diiwaan-gelintan ayaa ah mid maxalli ah oo ka tirsan koontada isticmaalaha maamulka ee ku jira nidaamka hadda jira. Haddii nidaamka uu maamulo urur kasta isticmaalayaashu ma geli karaan faylkan ilaa gelitaanka maamulka aan si cad loo siin isticmaale. Haddii aan furno faylkan iyada oo aan la helin mudnaanta maamul waxa ay noqon doontaa maran. Hadda, haddii nadaamkayagu ku xidhan yahay shabakad maamul, furahani waxa uu ku dhici doonaa astaanta amniga nidaamka deegaanka ee la aasaasay oo uu si firfircoon u maamulo ururka. Furahani waxa uu ku xidhan yahay SAM , marka marka si guul leh loo xaqiijiyo, iyada oo ku xidhan heerka mudnaanta isticmaaluhu, siyaasado kala duwan oo maxalli iyo kooxeed^{(group policies)} ayaa lagu dabaqaa.

3. Nidaamka^{(3. System)} (habka boot-ka muhiimka ah iyo hawlaha kale ee kernel) - Key-hoosaadku wuxuu ka kooban yahay macluumaad muhiim ah oo la xidhiidha nidaamka oo dhan sida magaca kombiyuutarka, qalabka hadda lagu rakibay, nidaamka faylka iyo nooca ficilada otomatiga ah ee la qaadi karo dhacdo gaar ah, waxaad dhahdaa halkaas waa shaashadda buluuga ah ee dhimashada^{(Blue screen of death)} sababtoo ah kulaylka CPU , waxaa jira nidaam macquul ah oo kumbiyuutarku si toos ah u bilaabi doono qaadashada dhacdadan oo kale. Faylkan waxa kaliya oo geli kara isticmaalayaasha leh dhawrsanaan maamul oo ku filan. Marka nidaamku booteeyo tani waa halka ay dhammaan diiwaanadu si firfircooni ah u badbaadaan oo wax loo akhriyo. Nidaamyada kala duwan sida qaabaynta beddelka kuwaas oo loo yaqaan sets control.

4. Softiweerka^{(4. Software )} Dhammaan nidaamyada software -ka ee xisbiga saddexaad^{(Third-party)} sida plug-ka iyo darawallada ciyaarta ayaa halkan lagu kaydiyaa. Fure-hoosaadkani waxa uu ka kooban yahay software iyo Windows settings oo ku xidhan profile hardware-ka hore u jiray oo ay bedeli karaan codsiyo iyo nidaam rakibayaal kala duwan. Soosaarayaasha Softiweerku^(Software) waxay xadidaan ama ogolaadaan macluumaadka ay galaan isticmaalayaashu marka software-kooda la isticmaalayo, tan waxaa lagu dejin karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo fure-hoosaadka "Siyaasadaha" kaas oo xoojiya siyaasadaha isticmaalka guud ee codsiyada iyo adeegyada nidaamka oo ay ku jiraan shahaadooyinka nidaamka la isticmaalo. si loo xaqiijiyo, loo ogolaado ama loo diido nidaamyada ama adeegyada qaarkood.

5. Hardware oo ah fure-hoosaad si firfircoon loo abuuray inta lagu jiro nidaamka boot

6. Qaybaha^{(6. Components )} nidaamka-ballaaran xogta habaynta qaybaha gaarka ah ayaa laga heli karaa halkan

7. BCD.dat (oo ku jira galka oot ee qaybta nidaamka) kaas oo ah faylka muhiimka ah ee nidaamku akhriyo oo bilaabaya fulinta inta lagu jiro nidaamka boot-ka ee nidaamka adoo ku shubaya diiwaanka RAM .

iii. HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG

Sababta ugu weyn ee jiritaanka fure-hoosaadkaani waa in la keydiyo muuqaalada iyo sidoo kale goobaha shabakada. Taasi waxay noqon kartaa dhammaan macluumaadka khuseeya kaadhka fiidyaha sida xallinta, heerka soo kicinta, saamiga dhinaca, iwm. iyo sidoo kale shabakadda

Sidoo kale waa rugta diiwaanka, qayb ka mid ah Diiwaanka Windows^{(Windows Registry)} , oo kaydisa macluumaadka ku saabsan astaanta qalabka hadda la isticmaalo. HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG dhab ahaantii waa tilmaame HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\HardwareProfiles\Currentregistry furaha, Tani waxay si fudud tilmaan u tahay astaanta qalabka hadda firfircoon ee ku hoos qoran HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\HardwareProfiles .

Markaa HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG waxay naga caawinaysaa inaan aragno oo aan wax ka bedelno qaabeynta astaanta isticmaale ee hadda jirta, taasoo aan ku samayn karno maamule ahaan mid ka mid ah saddexda goobood ee kor ku taxan maadaama ay dhammaan isku mid yihiin.

iv. HKEY_CURRENT_USER

Qayb ka mid ah furayaasha diiwaanka oo ka kooban goobaha dukaamada iyo sidoo kale xogta habaynta ee Windows iyo software kuwaas oo u gaar ah isticmaalaha hadda soo galay. Tusaale ahaan, qiimayaal kala duwan oo diiwaanka ah ee furayaasha diiwaanka waxay ku yaalaan HKEY_CURRENT_USER habaynta heerka isticmaale ee kantaroolka rugta sida qaabka kiiboodhka, daabacadaha la rakibay, wallpaper desktop, settings bandhigay, khariidad wadayaasha shabakadaha, iyo in ka badan.

Qaar badan oo ka mid ah goobaha aad ku habayso gudaha tufaaxyada kala duwan ee ku jira Control Panel waxay ku kaydsan yihiin  rugta diiwaanka HKEY_CURRENT_USER . Sababtoo ah HKEY_CURRENT_USER rugta ayaa gaar u ah isticmaale, isla kumbuyuutarka, furayaasha iyo qiimayaasha ku jira way ka duwanaan doonaan isticmaale ilaa isticmaale. Tani way ka duwan tahay inta badan finanyada kale ee diiwaan gelinta kuwaas oo ah kuwo caalami ah, taasoo la macno ah inay ku hayaan xog isku mid ah dhammaan isticmaalayaasha Windows .

Riixitaanka dhanka bidix ee shaashadda ee tifaftiraha diiwaanka waxay na siin doontaa galitaanka HKEY_CURRENT_USER . Cabbirka amniga ahaan, macluumaadka lagu kaydiyay HKEY_CURRENT_USER waa uun tilmaame furaha ku hoos jira rugta HKEY_USERS oo ah aqoonsi amni ahaan. Isbeddellada lagu sameeyo mid ka mid ah aagagga ayaa isla markiiba dhaqan geli doona.

v. HKEY_USERS

Tani waxay ka kooban tahay furayaal-hoosaadyo u dhigma furayaasha HKEY_CURRENT_USER ee astaanta isticmaale kasta. Tani sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah finan-diwaangelin badan oo aan ku leenahay Diiwaanka Windows^{(Windows Registry)} .

Dhammaan xogta qaabeynta isticmaale-gaar ah ayaa halkan lagu galiyay, qof kasta oo si firfircoon u isticmaalaya aaladda macluumaadka noocaan ah waxaa lagu kaydiyaa hoosta HKEY_USERS . Dhammaan macluumaadka gaarka ah ee isticmaalaha ee ku kaydsan nidaamka u dhigma isticmaale gaar ah ayaa lagu kaydiyaa hoosta HKEY_USERS rugta, waxaan si gaar ah u aqoonsan karnaa isticmaalayaasha isticmaalaya aqoonsiga amniga ama SID-ga^{(security identifier or the SID)} oo diiwaangeliya dhammaan isbeddellada qaabeynta uu sameeyay isticmaaluhu.

Dhammaan isticmaalayaashan firfircoon ee akoonkoodu ku jiro rugta HKEY_USERS iyadoo ku xiran mudnaanta uu bixiyo maamulaha nidaamka waxay awood u yeelan doonaan inay galaan agabka la wadaago sida daabacayaasha, shabakadda maxalliga ah, kaydinta maxalliga ah, asalka desktop, iwm. Koontadoodu waxay leedahay diiwaangelin gaar ah. furayaasha iyo qiimayaasha diiwaanka u dhigma ee lagu kaydiyay SID -ga isticmaalaha hadda .

Marka la eego macluumaadka dambi baadhista SID kasta waxa ay ku kaydisaa xog aad u tiro badan isticmaale kasta iyada oo ka dhigaysa diiwaanka dhacdo kasta iyo ficil kasta oo lagu qabto koontada isticmaalaha. Tan waxaa ku jira Magaca^(Name) isticmaalaha , inta jeer ee isticmaaluhu uu soo galay kombiyuutarka, taariikhda iyo wakhtiga gelitaanka ugu dambeeya, taariikhda iyo wakhtiga erayga sirta ah ee ugu dambeeyay la bedelay, tirada loins ku guuldareystay, iyo wixii la mid ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxa ay sidoo kale ka kooban tahay macluumaadka diiwangelinta ee marka Windows ay soo rareyso oo ay ku fariisato isla markiiba gelitaanka.

Lagu taliyay: ^{(Recommended:)} Hagaaji Tifaftiraha Diiwaangelinta wuu joojiyay shaqadii^{(Fix The Registry editor has stopped working)}

Furayaasha diiwaanka ee isticmaalaha caadiga ah waxaa lagu kaydiyaa faylka ntuser.dat gudaha profile, in aan ku qasbanaanayno inaan tan ku dhejino sida rugta iyadoo la adeegsanayo regedit si loogu daro goobaha isticmaalaha caadiga ah.

Noocyada xogta aan ka filan karno inaan ka helno Diiwaanka Windows^{(Types of data we can expect to find in the Windows Registry)}

Dhammaan furayaasha kor ku xusan iyo furayaasha hoose waxay yeelan doonaan qaabeynta, qiyamka, iyo guryaha lagu keydiyo mid ka mid ah noocyada xogta soo socota, badanaa, waa isku darka noocyada xogta ee soo socda oo ka kooban dhammaan diiwangelinta daaqadaha.

• Qiimaha xargaha sida Unicode kaas oo^{(Unicode ​which)} ah halbeegga warshadaha xisaabinta ee codaynta joogtada ah, matalida, iyo maaraynta qoraalka ee lagu muujiyey inta badan nidaamyada qoraalka adduunka.
• Xogta binary
• Lambarada aan saxeexin
• Xiriirinta astaanta
• Qiimaha xargaha badan
• Liiska^(Resource) agabka ( qalabka ku xidhka^(Plug) iyo ciyaarta^(Play) )
• ^(Resource)Sharaxa kheyraadka ( qalabka furka^(Plug) iyo ciyaarta )^(Play)
• 64-bit tirooyin

Gabagabo^(Conclusion)

Diiwaangelinta Windows^{(Windows Registry)} ma ahayn wax yar oo kacaan ah, taas oo aan yareynin khatarta amniga ee timi iyada oo la adeegsanayo faylasha qoraalka sida kordhinta faylka si loo badbaadiyo nidaamka iyo qaabka codsiga laakiin sidoo kale waxay hoos u dhigtay tirada qaabeynta ama faylasha .ini ee soo-saarayaasha codsiga. lahaa in ay la soo rareen alaabtooda software. Faa'iidooyinka ay leedahay in la haysto meel dhexe oo lagu kaydiyo xogta inta badan laga helo nidaamka iyo sidoo kale software-ka ku shaqeeya nidaamka ayaa aad u muuqda.

Fududeynta isticmaalka iyo sidoo kale gelitaanka habaynta iyo dejinta kala duwan ee hal meel dhexe ayaa sidoo kale ka dhigtay daaqadaha meesha laga doorbido codsiyada desktop-ka ee horumarinta software kala duwan. Tani aad bay u caddahay haddii aad barbar dhigto mugga baaxadda leh ee codsiyada software-ka desktop-ka ee jira ee daaqadaha iyo macOS-ka Apple. Si loo soo koobo, waxaan ka wada hadalnay sida uu u shaqeeyo Diiwaanka Windows^{(Windows Registry)} iyo qaab dhismeedka faylka iyo muhiimada qaababka kala duwan ee diiwaangelinta iyo sidoo kale isticmaalka tifaftiraha diiwaanka si dhamaystiran.

What is the Windows Registry & How it Works?

Windows Registry is а collection of configurations, vаlues, and properties of windows applications as well as the windows operating system which is organized and stored in a hierarchical manner in a singular repository.

Whenever a new program gets installed in the Windows system, an entry is made in the Windows Registry with its attributes such as size, version, location in the storage, etc.

Because, this information has been stored in the database, not only the operating system is aware of the resources utilized, other applications can also benefit from this information since they are aware of any conflicts that may arise if certain resources or files were to co-exist.

What is the Windows Registry & How it Works?

The Windows Registry is really the heart of the way Windows works. It is the only operating system that uses this approach of a central registry. If we were to visualize, every part of the operating system has to interact with the Windows Registry right from the booting sequence to something as simple as renaming the file’s name.

Simply put, it is just a database similar to that of a library card catalog, where the entries in the registry are like a stack of cards stored in the card catalog. A registry key would be a card and a registry value would be the important information written on that card. The Windows operating system uses the registry to store a bunch of information that’s used to control and manage our system and software. This can be anything from PC hardware information to user preferences and file types. Almost any form of configuration that we do to a Windows system involves editing the registry.

History of Windows Registry

In the initial versions of Windows, application developers had to include in a separate .ini file extension along with the executable file. This .ini file contained all the settings, properties and configuration required for the given executable program to function properly. However, this proved very inefficient due to the redundancy of certain information and it also posed a security threat to the executable program. As a result, a new implementation of standardized, centralized as well as secure technology was an apparent necessity.

With the advent of Windows 3.1, a bare-bones version of this demand was met with a central database common to all the applications and system called the Windows Registry.

This tool, however, was very limited, since the applications could only store certain configuration information of an executable. Over the years, Windows 95 and Windows NT further developed on this foundation, introduced centralization as the core feature in the newer version of Windows Registry.

That said, storing information in Windows Registry is an option for software developers. So, if a software application developer were to create a portable application, he is not required to add information to the registry, local storage with the configuration, properties, and values can be created and successfully shipped.

The relevance of Windows Registry with respect to other operating systems

Windows is the only operating system that uses this approach of a central registry. If we were to visualize, every part of the operating system has to interact with the Windows Registry right from the booting sequence to the renaming of a file name.

All other operating systems such as iOS, Mac OS, Android, and Linux continue to use text files as a way of configuring the operating system and modifying the operating system behavior.

In most of the Linux variants, the configuration files are saved in the .txt format, this becomes an issue when we have to work with the text files since all the .txt files are considered as critical system files. So if we try to open the text files in these operating systems, we wouldn’t be able to view it. These operating systems try to hide it as a security measure since all the system files such as configurations of the network card, firewall, operating system, graphical user interface, video cards interface, etc. are saved in the ASCII format.

To circumvent this issue both macOS, as well as iOS, deployed a completely different approach to the text file extension by implementing .plist extension, which contains all of the system as well as application configuration information but still the benefits of having a singular registry far outweigh the simple change of file extension.

What are the benefits of the Windows Registry?

Because Every part of the operating system continuously communicates with the Windows Registry, it must be stored in very fast storage. Hence, this database was designed for extremely fast reads and writes as well as efficient storage.

If we were to open and check the size of the registry database, it would typically hover between 15 – 20 megabytes which make it small enough to be always loaded into the RAM (Random Access Memory) that co-incidentally is the fastest storage available for the operating system.

Since the registry needs to be loaded in memory at all times, if the size of the registry is large it won’t leave enough room for all other applications to run smoothly or run at all. This would be detrimental to the performance of the operating system, hence the Windows Registry is designed with a core objective of being highly efficient.

If there are multiple users interacting with the same device and there are a number of applications that they use are common, the reinstallation of the same applications twice or multiple times would be a waste of rather expensive storage. Windows registry excels in these scenarios where the application configuration is shared among various users.

This not only reduces the total storage used but also gives its users access to make changes to the application’s configuration from one single interaction port. This also saves time since the user doesn’t have to manually go to every local storage .ini file.

Multi-User scenarios are very common in enterprise setups, here, there is a strong need for user privilege access. Since not all the information or resources can be shared with everyone, the need for privacy-based user access was easily implemented through the centralized windows registry. Here the network administrator reserves the right to withhold or allow based on the work undertaken. This made the singular database versatile as well made it robust since the updates can be undertaken simultaneously with remote access to all of the registries of multiple devices in the network.

How does Windows Registry Works?

Let’s explore the basics elements of the Windows Registry before we start getting our hands dirty.

The Windows Registry is made up of two basic elements called the Registry Key which is a container object or simply put they are like a folder that has various types of files stored in them and Registry Values which are non-container objects that are like files that could be of any format.

You should also know: How to Take Full Control or Ownership of Windows Registry Keys

How to access the Windows Registry?

We can access and configure the Windows Registry using a Registry Editor tool, Microsoft includes a free registry editing utility along with every version of its Windows Operating System.

This Registry Editor can be accessed by typing “Regedit” in the Command Prompt or by simply typing “Regedit” in the search or run box from the Start menu. This editor is the portal to access the Windows registry, and it helps us to explore and make changes to the registry. The registry is the umbrella term used by various database files located within the directory of the Windows installation.

Is it Safe to edit Registry Editor?

If you don’t know what you’re doing then it is dangerous to play around Registry configuration. Whenever you edit the Registry, make sure you follow the correct instructions and only change what you’re instructed to change.

If you knowingly or accidentally delete something in the Windows Registry then it could alter your system’s configuration which could either lead to Blue Screen of Death or Windows won’t boot.

So it is generally recommended to backup Windows Registry before making any changes to it. You can also create a system restore point (which automatically backup the Registry) that can be used if you ever need to alter the Registry settings back to normal. But if you only what you’re told then it shouldn’t be any problem. In case you need to know how to restore Windows Registry then this tutorial explains how to do so easily.

Let’s explore the structure of the Windows Registry

There is a user in an inaccessible storage location that exists for only the operating system’s access.

These Keys are loaded on to the RAM during the system boot stage and are constantly being communicated within a certain interval of time or when a certain system-level event or events take place.

A certain portion of these registry keys gets stored in the hard disk. These keys that are stored in the hard disk are called hives. This section of the registry contains registry keys, registry subkeys, and registry values. Depending on the level of the privilege a user has been granted, he would be to access certain parts of these keys.

The keys that are at the peak of the hierarchy in the registry that begins with HKEY are considered to be hives.

In the Editor, the hives are located on the left side of the screen when all the keys are viewed without expanding. These are the registry keys that appear as folders.

Let’s explore the structure of the windows registry key and its subkeys:

Example of a key name – “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Input\Break\loc_0804”

Here the “loc_0804” refers to the subkey “Break” refers to the subkey “Input” which refers to the subkey “SYSTEM” of the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE root key.

Common Root Keys in Windows Registry

Each of the following keys is its own individual hive, which comprises more keys within the top-level key.

i. HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT

This is the registry hive of the Windows Registry which consists of file extension association information, programmatic identifier (ProgID), Interface ID (IID) data, and Class ID (CLSID).

This registry hive  HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT is the gateway for any action or event to take place in the Windows operating system. Suppose we want to access some mp3 files in the Downloads folder. The operating system runs its query through this to take the required actions.

The moment you access the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT hive, it is really easy to get overwhelmed looking at such a massive list of extension files. However, these are the very registry keys that make windows function fluidly

Following are some of the examples of HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT hive registry keys,

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.otf
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.htc
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.img
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.mhtml
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.png
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.dll

Whenever we double-click and open a file lets say a photo, the system sends the query through the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT where the instructions on what to do when such a file is requested are clearly given. So the system ends up opening a photo viewer displaying the requested image.

In the above example, the registry makes a call to the keys stored in the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.jpg key. The HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT hive is a collective data found in both the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE hive (HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Classes) as well as the HKEY_CURRENT_USER hive (HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes). So when the registry key exists in two locations it creates conflicts. So the data found in HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes is used in HKEY_ CLASSES_ ROOT. It can be accessed by opening the HKEY_CLASSES key on the left side of the screen.

ii. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE

This is one of the several registry hives that stores all the settings that are specific to the local computer. This is a global key where the information stored cannot be edited by any user or program. Due to the global nature of this subkey, all the information stored in this storage is in the form of a virtual container running on the RAM continuously. The majority of the configuration information for the software users have installed and the Windows operating system itself is occupied in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE. All of the currently detected hardware is stored in the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE hive.

Also know how to: Fix Regedit.exe Crashes when searching through Registry

This registry key is further divided into 7 sub-keys:

1. SAM (Security Accounts Manager) – It is a registry key file that stores users’ passwords in a secured format (in LM hash and NTLM hash). A hash function is a form of encryption used to protect the users’ account information.

It is a locked file that is located in the system at C:\WINDOWS\system32\config, which cannot be moved or copied when the operating system is running.

Windows uses the Security Accounts Manager registry key file to authenticate users while they log into their Windows accounts. Whenever a user logs in, Windows uses a series of hash algorithms to calculate a hash for the password that has been entered. If the entered password’s hash is equal to the password hash inside the SAM registry file, users will be allowed to access their account. This also a file that most of the hackers target while performing an attack.

2. Security (not accessible except by administrator) – This registry key is local to the account of the administrative user who is logged in to the current system. If the system is managed by any organization the users cannot access this file unless administrative access has been explicitly given to a user. If we were to open this file without administrative privilege it would be blank. Now, if our system is connected to an administrative network, this key will default to the local system security profile established and actively managed by the organization. This key is linked to the SAM, so upon successful authentication, depending on the privilege level of the user, a variety of local and group policies are applied.

3. System (critical boot process and other kernel functions) –  This subkey contains important information related to the entire system such as computer name, currently mounted hardware devices, filesystem and what kind of automated actions can be taken in a certain event, say there is Blue screen of death due to CPU overheating, there is a logical procedure that the computer will automatically start taking in such an event. This file is only accessible by users with sufficient administrative privileges. When the system boots this is where all the logs get dynamically get saved and read upon. Various system parameters such as alternative configurations which are known as control sets.

4. Software All the Third-party software configurations such as plug and play drivers are stored here. This subkey contains software and Windows settings linked to the preexisting hardware profile that can be changed by various applications and system installers. Software developers get to limit or allow what information gets accessed by the users when their software is being used, this can be set using the “Policies” subkey that enforces the general usage policies on applications and system services that include the system certificates that is used to authenticate, authorize or disallow certain systems or services.

5. Hardware which is a subkey that is created dynamically during the system boot

6. Components system-wide device-specific component configuration information can be found here

7. BCD.dat (in the \boot folder in the system partition) which is a critical file that the system reads and starts executing during the system boot sequence by loading the registry to the RAM.

iii. HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG

The main reason for the existence of this subkey is to store video as well as network settings. That could be all the information pertaining to the video card such as the resolution, refresh rate, aspect ratio, etc. as well as the network

It is also a registry hive, part of the Windows Registry, and which stores information about the hardware profile currently being used. HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG is actually a pointer to the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\HardwareProfiles\Currentregistry key, This is simply a pointer to the currently active hardware profile listed under the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\HardwareProfiles key.

So HKEY_ CURRENT_CONFIG helps us to view and modify the configuration of the current user’s hardware profile, which we can do as an administrator in any of the three locations as listed above since they are all the same.

iv. HKEY_CURRENT_USER

Part of the registry hives that contains store settings as well as configuration information for Windows and software that are specific to the currently logged-in user. For example, a variety of registry values in the registry keys are located in the HKEY_CURRENT_USER hive control user-level settings such as the keyboard layout, printers installed, desktop wallpaper, display settings, mapped network drives, and more.

Many of the settings you configure within various applets in the Control Panel are stored in the HKEY_CURRENT_USER registry hive. Because the HKEY_CURRENT_USER hive is user-specific, on the same computer, the keys and values contained in it will differ from user to user. This is unlike most other registry hives that are global, meaning they retain the same information across all users in Windows.

Clicking on the left side of the screen on the registry editor will give us access to HKEY_CURRENT_USER. As a security measure, the information stored on HKEY_CURRENT_USER is just a pointer to key positioned under the HKEY_USERS hive as our security identifier. Changes made to either of the areas will take effect immediately.

v. HKEY_USERS

This contains subkeys corresponding to the HKEY_CURRENT_USER keys for each user profile. This is also one of many registry hives that we have in the Windows Registry.

All the user-specific configuration data is logged here, for everyone who is actively using the device that kind information is stored under HKEY_USERS. All the user-specific information stored on the system that corresponds to a particular user is stored under the HKEY_USERS hive, we can uniquely identify the users utilizing the security identifier or the SID that logs all the configuration changes made by the user.

All of these active users whose account exist in the HKEY_USERS hive depending on the privilege granted by the system administrator would be able to access the shared resources such as printers, local network, local storage drives, desktop background, etc.  Their account has certain registry keys and corresponding registry values stored under the current user’s SID.

In terms of forensic information each SID stores a huge amount of data on every user as it makes a log of every event and action get undertaken under the user’s account. This includes the User’s Name, the number of times the user logged onto the computer, the date and time of the last login, the date and time the last password was changed, number of failed logins, and so on. Additionally, it also contains the registry information for when Windows loads and sits at the login prompt.

Recommended: Fix The Registry editor has stopped working

The registry keys for the default user are stored in the file ntuser.dat within the profile, that we would have to load this as a hive using regedit to add settings for the default user.

Types of data we can expect to find in the Windows Registry

All of the above-discussed keys and subkeys will have the configurations, values, and properties saved in any of the following data types, usually, it is a combination of the following data types that makes up our entire windows registry.

• String values such as Unicode ​which is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world’s writing systems.
• Binary data
• Unsigned integers
• Symbolic links
• Multi-string values
• Resource list (Plug and Play hardware)
• Resource descriptor (Plug and Play hardware)
• 64-bit integers

Conclusion

Windows Registry has been nothing less of a revolution, which not only minimized the security risk that came by using text files as a file extension to save the system and application configuration but it also reduced the number of configuration or .ini files that the application developers had to ship with their software product. The benefits of having a centralized repository to store frequently accessed data by both the system as well as the software that runs on the system are very evident.

The ease of use as well as the access to various customizations and settings in one central place has also made windows the preferred platform for desktop applications by various software developers. This is very evident if you compare the sheer volume of available desktop software applications of windows to Apple’s macOS. To summarize, we discussed how the Windows Registry works and its file structure and the significance of various registry key configurations as well as to use the registry editor to the complete effect.

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