Nidaamka Magaca Domain-ka^{(Domain Name System)} ( DNS ) waa mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee Shabakadda Caalamiga ah^{(World Wide Web)} ( WWW ). Waxay kaa caawinaysaa inaad ka baxdo ciwaanka shabakada browserkaaga si aad u aragto shabakada saxda ah ee shaashadda.

Maanta hawshani waxay u dhacdaa si degdeg ah way fududahay in si fudud loo qaato. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habab isku dhafan ayaa ka dhacaya muuqaallada gadaashiisa si ay kaaga caawiyaan inaad baadho mareegaha wanaagsan sida kan!

Qaar ka mid ah Aasaaska Internetka

Intarneedku^{(The internet)} asal ahaan waa kombiyuutaro badan oo ku xidhan fiilooyinka shabakadaha, calaamadaha raadiyaha, iyo habab kale oo kala duwan oo loo qaado signalka dhijitaalka ah. Waxa mideeya dhammaan aaladahaas iyo teknoolojiyadda shabakadu waa Internet Protocol (IP).

Hab-maamuuska isgaarsiintu wuxuu qeexayaa xeerarka iyo aaladaha luqadda ee loo isticmaalo in lala hadlo midba midka kale. Laba qalab kasta (ha ahaato talaajad smart, laptop, smartphone, ama robot vacuum cleaner) way diri karaan oo heli karaan macluumaadka midba midka kale ilaa inta ay isticmaalayaan isla borotokoolka.

Shabakadaha IP waxay ku meeleeyaan lambar gaar ah qalab kasta oo loo yaqaan cinwaanka IP-ga. Ciwaanka IP-ga ayaa u jira si xirmooyinka xogta loo diro shabakadaha oo dhan ay u yeeshaan meel cad.

Qalabkaaga interneedka, sida caadiga ah router-ka bilaa-waayirka ah, wuxuu leeyahay ciwaanka IP-ga guud oo qof kasta oo internetka ku jira uu arki karo. Maadaama ciwaanka IP-ga ay sidoo kale ka dhigan yihiin goobo muuqaal ah oo shabakad ah, waxay la macno tahay in ciwaanka IP-ga uu sidoo kale muujinayo goobtaada qiyaas ahaan! Si kastaba ha ahaatee, uma baahnid inaad ku qorto ciwaanka IP-ga si aad wax ugu gasho shabakada Taasi waa meesha ay DNS ku soo gasho si loo badbaadiyo maalinta.

Waad ku mahadsan tahay Goodness URLs

Cinwaannada internetka sida https://www.online-tech-tips.com waxaa loo yaqaan URL^(URLs) -yada ama Locators Khayraadka Dabiiciga ah^{(Uniform Resource Locators)} . Cinwaannadani way u fududahay bini'aadamka inay xasuustaan ​​sababtoo ah inta badan waxaa loo doortay inay noqdaan kuwo la xasuusan karo. Kani waa xarriiqda qoraalka aad ku qorto biraawsarkaaga sida ciwaanka Chrome-ka si aad u booqato goobtaas.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kumbuyuutarka dhabta ah ee ka kooban mareegaha iyo waxyaabaha kale ee aad gasho ayaa leh cinwaan IP, ma aha URL . Dhab ahaantii, hal URL ayaa tilmaami kara cinwaano badan oo IP ah maadaama adeegayaal badan oo adduunka ah ay martigelin karaan shabakado iyo xog isku mid ah.

Adeegayaasha DNS waxay u beddelaan URL-yada cinwaannada IP^{(DNS Servers Turn URLs Into IP Addresses)}

Server - ka DNS waa kumbiyuutar ku jira shabakad kaas oo qaada URL- ka aad ku qorto ka dibna la barbar dhigo kaydka xogta IP-ga si loo arko midka ku xiran URL .

Waxay la mid tahay inaad ka raadinayso lambarka taleefanka buug-gacmeedka. Marka aad hesho magaca qofka iyo xarafkiisa, waxa ku ag yaal taleefoon lambar. Waa lambarka ka dhigaya telefoonku soo garaaco iyo ciwaanka IP-ga ee kombuyuutarkaaga kula xidhiidha server-ka uu raadinayo.

Sida uu DNS u shaqeeyo Talaabo-tallaabo

Aynu eegno waxa dhacaya ka dib markaad furto shabakadaada, ku qor URL , oo taabo Gelida^(Enter) .

1. Marka hore, browserkaagu wuxuu hubinayaa kaydka DNS^{(DNS cache)} , halkaasoo codsiyadii hore loo kaydiyay sida diiwannada DNS . Markaa haddii aad si isdaba joog ah u booqanayso isla mareegta, uma baahnid inaad sugto jawaabta DNS mar kasta. browserka ayaa sidoo kale hubin doona kombuyuutarkaaga galka martida . ^(Hosts)Kani waa liiska URL^(URLs) -yada gacanta ee leh diiwaanka ciwaankooda IP-ga ee la midka ah ee loo yaqaanno magacyada martida loo yahay. Faylka Hosts -ka ayaa ka mudnaan doona wax walba, marka browserkaagu wuxuu aadi doonaa ciwaanka IP-ga ee halkaas ku taxan, haddii uu jiro.
2. Haddii macluumaadka aan laga heli karin gudaha, biraawsarkaaga shabakadu waxay codsi u dirtaa xaliyaha DNS . Kani waa server-ka ay dadka badankiisu u tixraacaan server-ka magaca DNS . Laakiin dhab ahaantii, xaliyahu waa qayb ka mid ah nidaamka DNS ee ballaaran . Xallinta waxaa sida caadiga ah ka shaqeeya Bixiyaha Adeegga Internetka^{(Internet Service Provider)} ( ISP ).

1. Ka soo qaad ISP-ga deegaanka ee xaliya DNS (badanaa ugu yaraan laba) ayan haysan macluumaadka aad u baahan tahay khasnadeeda. Xaaladdaas, waa inay u dirtaa codsiga si ka sii dheer silsiladda server-ka magaca DNS . Adeegga magaca xididku wax macluumaad ah kuma laha cinwaannada IP-ga iyo URL^(URLs) -yada . Taa baddalkeeda, waxay haysaa macluumaadka Domain-ka-sare^{(Top-level Domain)} ( TLD ) magacyada server-yada waxayna ku wareejisaa codsiyada goobtooda. Bogga heerka sare waa .com, .org , iyo daba-galayaasha kale ee aad ku aragto dhammaadka ciwaanka shabakadda. Haddii URL- kaagu yahay .com, server-ka TLD ee maamula xayndaabka .com waa joogsiga xiga.
2. Adeegaha TLD^(TLD) ayaa markaa bixin doona bogga heerka labaad. Taasi waa "google" ee "google.com," tusaale ahaan. Seerfarka TLD^(TLD) wuu ogyahay magaca server-ka leh macluumaadka ciwaanka IP-ga ee qaybtaas heerka labaad iyo subdomains-keeda oo u gudbiya codsiga raadinta DNS meeshaas. ^(DNS)Seerfarkan waxa loo yaqaan serfer magaceed awood leh. Adeegga DNS ee awoodda leh wuxuu bixiyaa ciwaanka IP-ga ee dhabta ah ka dibna wuxuu dib ugu soo celiyaa xallinta DNS ee browserkaagu markii hore la xiriiray.

Taasi waa safar aad u badan, laakiin inta jeer ee su'aasha DNS ay caadi ahaan qaadato waxay u dhaxaysaa jajab ilbiriqsi ilaa dhowr ilbiriqsi.

DNS wuxuu^(DNS) bedeli karaa khibradaada internetka^(Internet)

Dhammaan xaliyeyaasha DNS looma wada sinneen. Maaha wax aan caadi ahayn in ISP^(ISPs) -yada qaarkood ay si liidata u maareeyaan server-kooda DNS . Waxa laga yaabaa inay siiyaan khasnado aan ku filnayn, qalab gaabis ah, xajmi la'aan, ama software buggy.

Marka loo eego aragtidaada, tani waxay keenaysaa bog shabakad ah oo soo saarta khaladaadka DNS ama si fudud waxay qaadataa waqti dheer in la furo markii ugu horeysay. Tani waa sababta ay dad badani u door bidaan inay beddelaan server-yada DNS ee ay doorbidayaan oo ay u beddelaan server kale. Tusaale ahaan, Google - ku wuxuu maamulaa server-yada DNS ee 8.8.8.8 iyo 8.8.4.4. OpenDNS waxay bixisaa adeegayaal 208.67.222.222 iyo 208.67.220.220. Waxaa jira qaar kale oo badan marka laga reebo labadan tusaale, oo bixiya doorashooyin badan inta badan isticmaalayaasha webka xitaa ma oga inay haystaan.

Doorashada adeegga saxda ah ee DNS waxay bedeli kartaa khibradaada wax raadinta. Qaarkood waxay bixiyaan baaritaanno ka dhakhso badan oo la isku halleyn karo marka loo eego ISP- gaaga , qaarna waxaa laga yaabaa inay leeyihiin astaamo gaar ah sida xannibaadda goobaha xaasidnimada ah.

Adeegyada DNS Smart

Adeegyada Smart DNS^{(Smart DNS)} waa beddelka kale ee server-yada DNS ee dadweynaha . Kuwani badanaa waa adeegyo isdiiwaangelineed oo lacag ah waxayna bixiyaan kontorool wanaagsan oo ku saabsan codsiyadaada DNS . Inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu hareer maro xayiraadaha juqraafiyeed.

Weli, si ka duwan VPN , Smart DNS ayaa si xushmad leh kuugu wareejin kara server-yada wadamada kale kaliya adeegyada aad cayimay oo ka tago inta kale ee daalacashadaada iyada oo aan la taaban. VPN -ka , waa inaad hirgelisaa hab loo yaqaan kala qaybsanaan-tunneling si aad u hesho natiijo la mid ah, laakiin kala qaybsanaantu way ka adag tahay in la dejiyo marka loo eego DNS -ka smart .

Dib u eegid DNS

Habka DNS ee aan soo sheegnay ilaa hadda waxaa loo yaqaan " fiirin DNS hore ah," badi codsiyada DNS waa noocaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa kale oo suurtogal ah in la sameeyo dib u eegis. Halkani waa meesha aad ka garanayso cinwaanka IP-ga ee server-ka, laakiin ma garanaysid URL- ka ku xidhan ciwaankaas. Tani waxay faa'iido yeelan kartaa markaad kaliya arki karto cinwaanka IP-ga ee server-ka gudaha diiwaanka shabakadaada oo aad rabto inaad ogaato cidda uu leeyahay.

DNS iyo Asturnaanta

Adeegyada DNS ee dadweynaha^{(Public DNS)} guud ahaan waxay u nugul yihiin in la dhegeysto, adeegga DNS laftiisa ayaa laga yaabaa inuu hayo diiwaannada mareegaha aad codsatay. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in qolo saddexaad ay si sax ah u ogaan karaan boggaga internetka ee aad booqatay iyo marka aad booqatay.

Nidaamka DNS waligiis looma qorshayn inuu si gaar ah u ahaado, laakiin xaaladda intarneedka maanta waxay ka dhigaysaa sirta arrin muhiim u ah qof kasta oo ku xira shabakadda. Tani waxay keentay adeegyada DNS ee gaarka ah^{(Private DNS services)} . Qaarkood waa la bixiyaa, laakiin shirkadaha qaarkood, sida Cloudflare , waxay bixiyaan adeegaha DNS ee gaarka loo leeyahay oo bilaash ah . Serferyadan waxa loo habeeyey in aanay xafidin diiwaanka oo ay ku adkeeyaan kuwa dibadda ah in ay dhegaystaan ​​ama dhexgalaan xidhiidhka ^{(communications)}DNS . Tani waxay ina keenaysaa waxa ugu dambeeya ee muhiimka ah ee ay tahay inaad ka ogaato DNS .

Hackers-ku waxay kuu isticmaali karaan DNS-ka adiga

Waxaa jiri kara dhinac mugdi ah nidaamka DNS . Iyada oo loo marayo dhaqan loo yaqaan spoofing DNS ama sunta cache-ga DNS , jilayaasha xaasidka ah waxay kharribi karaan ISP 's cache-gaaga DNS iyagoo iska dhigaya server-ka oo u soo dira xogta beenta ah ee DNS xaliyaha.

Markaa waxa ay tani ka dhigan tahay in marka kombuyuutarku soo diro codsiga raadinta DNS , waxaa loo wareejin karaa kayd sumeysan oo loo wareejin karo goob xaasidnimo ah. Tan ugu khatarta badan ayaa ah in aysan jirin wax aad sameyn karto si aad taas uga hortagto. Markaa waa inaad ku tiirsanaataa nidaamyada amnigaaga interneedka oo aad qaadatid digniin kasta oo sheegaya in shahaadada goobtu aanay sax ahayn si dhab ah.

Sumeynta kaydka^(Cache) sidoo kale waa sabab aad u fiican oo loo isticmaalo adeegyada DNS ee waaweyn ee shirkadaha sida Google iyo Cloudflare maadaama aysan u badnayn inay ku dhacaan dhibbane xatooyo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habka xallinta DNS ayaa weli ah habka ugu wanaagsan ee qof kastaa u alifay inuu si deg deg ah oo hufan u maro shabakadda. Markaa waa inaad ku qaadaa weerarka naadirka ah ee jabsiga dhammaan wanaagga uu keeno DNS .

What is DNS and How Does It Work?

The Domain Name System (DNS) is one of the most critical components of the World Wide Web (WWW). It helps you go from typing a web addreѕs into уour browser to seeing the correct website on the screen.

Today this process happens so quickly it’s easy to take it for granted. However, a complex set of processes is happening behind the scenes to help you browse fine websites such as this one!

Some Internet Basics

The internet is essentially many computers tied together with network cables, radio signals, and various other methods of carrying a digital signal. What unifies all these devices and network technologies together is Internet Protocol (IP).

A communications protocol describes the rules and language devices use to talk to each other. Any two devices (whether a smart fridge, laptop, smartphone, or robot vacuum cleaner) can send and receive information between each other as long as they use the same protocol.

IP networks assign a unique number to every device known as its IP address. The IP address exists so that the packets of data sent across the network have a clear destination.

Your internet gateway device, usually a wireless router, has a public IP address that anyone on the internet can see. Since IP addresses also represent physical locations on a network, it means that an IP address also shows your approximate location! However, you don’t have to type in an IP address to access things on the web. That’s exactly where DNS swoops in to save the day.

Thank Goodness for URLs

Internet addresses such as https://www.online-tech-tips.com are known as URLs or Uniform Resource Locators. These addresses are easy for humans to remember because they’re usually chosen to be memorable. This is the string of text you type into a web browser like Chrome’s address bar to visit that site.

However, the actual computer that contains the website and other content you access has an IP address, not a URL. In fact, a single URL can point to multiple IP addresses since multiple servers worldwide can host the same websites and data.

DNS Servers Turn URLs Into IP Addresses

A DNS server is a computer on a network that takes the URL you type in and then compares it to a database of IP addresses to see which one is associated with the URL.

It’s like looking up a phone number in a phonebook. Once you find the person’s name and initials, there’s a phone number listed next to it. It’s the number that makes the phone ring and the IP address that puts your computer in touch with the web server it’s looking for.

How DNS Works Step-By-Step

Let’s look at what happens after you open your web browser, type in a URL, and press Enter.

1. First, your browser checks the DNS cache, where previous requests have been stored as DNS records. So if you’re visiting the same website repeatedly, you don’t have to wait for a DNS response every time. The browser will also check your computer’s Hosts file. This is a list of manual URLs with a record of their matching IP addresses known as hostnames. The Hosts file takes priority over everything, so your browser will go to the IP address listed there, if any.
2. If the information isn’t available locally, your web browser sends a request to a DNS resolver. This is the server that most people refer to as a DNS name server. But actually, the resolver is just part of the more extensive DNS system. The resolver is typically operated by your Internet Service Provider (ISP).

1. Suppose the ISP’s local DNS resolvers (usually at least two) don’t have the information you need in its cache. In that case, it has to send the request further up the chain to a DNS root name server. A root name server has no information on IP addresses and URLs. Instead, it has information on Top-level Domain (TLD) name servers and redirects requests to their location. The top-level domain is the .com, .org, and other suffixes you see at the end of a web address. If your URL is a .com, the TLD server that handles .com domains is the next stop.
2. The TLD nameserver will then supply the second-level domain. That’s the “google” in “google.com,” for example. The TLD server knows which name server has the IP address information for that second-level domain and its subdomains and forwards the DNS lookup request to that destination. This server is known as an Authoritative name server. The authoritative DNS server provides the actual IP address and then sends it back to the DNS resolver that your browser originally contacted.

That’s quite a journey, but the amount of time a DNS query usually takes is between a fraction of a second to a few seconds.

DNS Can Change Your Internet Experience

Not all DNS resolvers are created equal. It’s not uncommon for some ISPs to manage their DNS servers poorly. They may give them inadequate caches, slow hardware, insufficient bandwidth, or buggy software.

From your perspective, this results in a web page that generates DNS errors or simply takes a long time to open the first time. This is why many people opt to change their preferred DNS servers to alternative servers. For example, Google runs DNS servers at 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4. OpenDNS offers servers at 208.67.222.222 and 208.67.220.220. There are many more apart from these two examples, offering many choices most web users don’t even know they have.

Choosing the right DNS service can transform your browsing experience. Some offer faster and more reliable lookups than your ISP, and others may have special features such as blocking malicious sites.

Smart DNS Services

Smart DNS services are another alternative to public DNS servers. These are usually paid subscription services and offer fine-grained control over your DNS requests. They are often used to circumvent geographical restrictions.

Still, unlike a VPN, a Smart DNS can selectively redirect you to servers in other countries only for services you specify and leave the rest of your browsing untouched. On a VPN, you’d have to implement a method known as split-tunneling to get a similar result, but split-tunneling is more complex to set up than a smart DNS.

Reverse DNS Lookups

The DNS process we’ve described so far is known as a “forward DNS lookup,” and most DNS requests are of this type. However, it’s also possible to perform a reverse lookup. This is where you know the IP address of a server, but you don’t know which URL is associated with that address. This can be useful when you can only see the IP address of a server in your network logs and want to know who it belongs to.

DNS and Privacy

Public DNS services are generally vulnerable to eavesdropping, and the DNS service itself may keep logs of which websites you’ve asked for. This means that third parties can know exactly which websites you’ve visited and when you’ve visited them.

The DNS system was never designed to be inherently private, but the state of the internet today makes privacy a key issue for everyone who connects to the web. This has given rise to Private DNS services. Some are paid, but some companies, such as Cloudflare, offer free private DNS servers. These servers are configured not to keep logs and make it harder for outsiders to eavesdrop or interject DNS communications. This brings us to the final important thing you should know about DNS.

Hackers Can Use DNS Against You

There can be a dark side to the DNS system. Through a practice known as DNS spoofing or DNS cache poisoning, malicious actors can corrupt your ISP’s DNS cache by impersonating the server and sending fake DNS data back to the resolver.

So what this means is that when your computer sends out a DNS lookup request, it can be redirected by a poisoned cache to a malicious site. The most dangerous thing about this is that there’s nothing that you could do to prevent this. So you’ll have to rely on your internet security systems and take any warnings that a site’s certification isn’t correct seriously.

Cache poisoning is also an excellent reason to use major DNS services from companies like Google and Cloudflare since they are less likely to fall victim to spoofing. However, the process of DNS resolution is still the best way anyone has invented to quickly and efficiently navigate the web. So you must take the rare hacking attack with all the good that DNS brings.

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