Ma maqashay ereyga DNS ? Miyaad^(Did) ku turunturootay farriimaha khaladka ah ee kuu sheegay in server-ka DNS aan la heli karin? Ma garanaysaa waxa uu yahay DNS -ka iyo ujeeddada laga leeyahay? Haddii aad rabto inaad ogaato, akhri hagahan. Waxaan sharaxnaa waxa DNS yahay, doorkiisa internetka, iyo sida uu u shaqeeyo. Si aan u qeexno, waxaan sidoo kale u socon doonaa in yar oo taariikhdeeda ah. Aan bilowno:

Waa maxay DNS (Nidaamka Magaca Domain)?

DNS wuxuu u taagan yahay "nidaamka magaca domain," waana halbeeg loo isticmaalo maaraynta ciwaannada IP-ga ee mareegaha adduunka oo dhan. Luqadda kombiyuutarka, shabakad kasta oo internetka ku taal waxay leedahay cinwaanka IP-ga^{(IP address)} halkaas oo laga heli karo. Tusaale ahaan, shabakadeena Citizen Citizen^{(Digital Citizen)} waxaa laga heli karaa cinwaanka IP-ga 104.26.13.188.

Kumbuyuutarrada iyo aaladaha kale wax dhibaato ah kuma qabaan xusuusta iyo adeegsiga cinwaannada IP-ga tiro aan xadidnayn oo shabakado ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka aniga iyo adiga oo kale ah waxaa nagu adag in ay sidaas sameeyaan. Dhammaadka, aad bay u fududahay in la xasuusto digitalcitizen.life marka loo eego in la xasuusto tirooyin taxane ah sida 104.26.13.188. Taasi waa sababta tignoolajiyada DNS u jirto:^(DNS)

Ujeedada DNS waa in loo tarjumo ciwaannada IP-ga ee mareegaha internetka wax la akhriyi karo, oo ay fududahay in la fahmo oo la xasuusto annaga aadanaha.

Qaab ahaan, waxaad u eegi kartaa tignoolajiyada DNS sida buug-taleefoon oo weyn oo magaca ku lamaanaya cinwaan kasta oo IP ah oo adduunka ah. Farqiga u dhexeeya DNS iyo buugga taleefoonada dhabta ah waa in beddelka lambarrada taleefanka, aad leedahay cinwaanno IP ah. Waa wax iska caadi ah in aan xasuusanno magacyada saaxiibadayada, laakiin ma xasuusanno lambarradooda telefoon. Marka aad rabto in aad wacdo mid ka mid ah asxaabtaada, kaliya waxaad ka furaysaa buugga taleefanka casrigaaga oo wac magacooda.

Sida aadan u xasuusan lambarrada taleefanka saaxiibbadaa, uma baahnid inaad xasuusato ciwaannada IP-ga ee mareegaha si aad awood ugu yeelato inaad booqato. Waxa kaliya ee aad u baahan tahay inaad xasuusato waa magacyadooda, iyo tignoolajiyada DNS waxay si toos ah ula xiriirisaa ciwaannada IP-ga ee saxda ah.

Sidee ayuu DNS u shaqeeyaa?

Hadda waad garanaysaa waxa DNS u taagan yahay iyo waxa ay qabato. Laakiin sidee ayay u qabataa waxa ay qabato? Jawaabtu waa: DNS wuxuu shaqadiisa ku qabtaa server-yada DNS^{(DNS servers)} . Waxay yihiin adeegayaal gaar ah oo kaydiya kaydad waaweyn oo cinwaannada IP-ga ah ee mareegaha kala duwan ee internetka, iyo sidoo kale cinwaannada IP-yada ee server-yada kale ee DNS kuwaas oo sameeya wax la mid ah.

Markaad rabto inaad booqato degel, kumbuyuutarkaaga ama qalabkaagu wuxuu ku weydiinayaa server-kiisa DNS haddii uu garanayo ciwaanka IP-ga ee degelkaas. ^{(When you want to visit a website, your computer or device asks its DNS server if it knows the IP address of that website.)}Haddii ay dhacdo oo kombayutarkaagu helo jawaab, isla markaaba waxaa lagugu gudbin doonaa cinwaanka IP-ga ee mareegahaas. Habkan waxa loo yaqaan DNS search^{(DNS lookup)} . Waxay la mid tahay shaqada raadinta ee buuga telefoonnada casriga ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa suurtogal ah in server-ka DNS ee ku dhejisan kombiyuutarkaaga ama qalabkaagu aanu garanayn cinwaanka IP-ga ee shabakada aad isku dayeyso inaad booqato. Waa wax dhici kara sababtoo ah ilaalinta xogta macluumaadka ee dhammaan mareegaha adduunka waa hawl titanic ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, server-yada DNS maaha jasiirado lumin oo ku yaal badweynta mareegaha: sidoo kale waxay ku xiran yihiin dhexdooda waxayna sidoo kale ilaalinayaan kala sareyn. Haddii server-ka DNS uusan aqoon ciwaanka IP-ga ee degel gaar ah, waxay su'aasha u gudbinaysaa server kale oo DNS ah^{(If a DNS server doesn't know the IP address of a certain website, it relays the question to another DNS server)} , kaas oo ka sarreeya madaxda sare. Marka natiijada la helo, jawaabta waxaa dib loogu soo celinayaa kombuyuutarkaaga ama qalabkaaga.

Nidaamkan "weydii oo ka jawaab" oo dhan waxay ku dhacaan millise seconds. Aad bay u dhakhso badan tahay oo aadan ogaanin server-ka DNS ee soo gudbiyay cinwaanka IP-ga ee shabakada aad isku dayeyso inaad booqato. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kombuyuutarrada casriga ah, qalabka iyo abka ma jecla dib u dhac kasta, in kastoo ay yar tahay, sidaas awgeed badidood waxay sidoo kale hayaan kaydinta codsiyadooda DNS . Habkaas, waxay ku furi karaan degel aad hore u booqatay xataa si degdeg ah marka xigta ee aad booqato.

Haddii aad la yaabban tahay cidda haysa server-yada DNS , waa inaad ogaataa in server-yadaas ay hayaan hay'ado kala duwan oo kala duwan, laga bilaabo ISP- gaaga ( Bixiyaha Adeegga Internetka^{(Internet Service Provider)} ) ilaa ururada dawliga ah iyo jaamacadaha adduunka oo dhan.

In yar ka hor maqaalkan, waxaan si kooban u soo sheegnay in server-yada DNS aysan ku wada xiriirin oo keliya dhexdooda, laakiin sidoo kale ay leeyihiin nidaam kala sareyn oo meel lagu dhejiyay. Hadalkan ayaa laga yaabaa inuu kaa dhigay mid xiiso leh si aad u ogaato server-ka DNS ee halkaas ka jira "boqorka buurta." 🙂 Waa tan jawaabta: waxaa jira 13 boqor, taasoo la micno ah in dhammaan server-yada DNS ee adduunka ay u gudbiyaan seddex iyo tobankan ugu muhiimsan - "sare ee silsiladda cuntada" - server-yada DNS . Waxay sidoo kale wataan magaca DNS root servers .

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ha u qaadan in ay jiraan kaliya 13 server xidid jireed halkaas. Dhab ahaantii, mid kasta oo ka mid ah server-yada DNS ee xididku waxay isticmaalaan qalab shabakadeed oo aan caadi ahayn, waxaana lagu faafiyaa juqraafi ahaan meelo badan, sidaas darteed haddii mid ka mid ah server-yada DNS ee jireed uu hoos u dhaco, internetka ma jiro. Si aad u noqoto mid sax ah, waxaa jira 13 xidid oo ay hayaan 12 hawlwadeen (kuwaas oo ah ururo madax-bannaan), waxaana jira 1038 xaaladood (oo loo yaqaan server-yada rootiga DNS ) ee adduunka oo dhan.

Haddii aad rabto inaad ogaato cidda ilaalinaysa iyo meelaha ay juqraafi ahaan ku yaalliin, waxaad ka heli kartaa liiska Wikipedia - Root name server iyo root-servers.org . Digniin qashin - ^(Spoiler)qubka^(America) : inta badan hawl-wadeennada DNS ee^(States) xididku waxay ka yimaaddaan Maraykanka^(United) .

Goorma ayaa la ikhtiraacay DNS, yaase sameeyay?

DNS ama Domain Name System waxaa ikhtiraacay nin la oran jiray Paul Mockapetris, sanadkii 1983-kii^{(DNS or Domain Name System was invented by a man called Paul Mockapetris, back in 1983.)} , ka hor intarneedka ma jirin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kombiyuutarada qayb ka ahaa ARPANET , shabakad kombuyuutar ah oo ay samaysay oo ay maamusho ARPA ( Hay'adda ^(Agency)Mashaariicda ^(Projects)Cilmi-baarista Sare ^{(Advanced Research)} ,^(States) oo ka socota Waaxda Difaaca^(Department) Mareykanka ) ^(United),^(Defense) dhammaantood waxay ku tiirsan yihiin cinwaanno nambaro ah si ay awood ugu yeeshaan inay wada xiriiraan dhexdooda. ARPANET waxay ka mid ahayd asaaskii intarneedka sida aynu ognahay maanta lagu dhisay. Cinwaanada nambarada ee martida loo yahay ee ARPANET waxaa lagu daray gacanta oo markii hore waxaa lagu kaydiyay HOSTS.txt faylka loo isticmaalay in lagu turjumo magacyo la akhriyi karo aadanaha.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isticmaalka kaliya ee faylka HOSTS.txt ayaa isla markiiba noqday mid aad u gaabis ah, maadaama tirada martigeliyayaasha (kombiyuutarada) ay kor u kacday. Xalka dhibaatadan wuxuu ka yimid Paul Mockapetris , kaas oo lahaa inuu hindiso hab lagu sameeyo shabakadaha si sahlan oo saaxiibtinimo leh si ay dadku u isticmaalaan. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, wuxuu ku qasbanaaday inuu raadiyo hab uu magacyo ugu qoondeeyo nambarada, si aysan dadku u baran cinwaannada nambarada ee dhammaan kumbuyuutarrada ay ku xiran yihiin.

Oo sidaas daraaddeed, DNS ayaa soo muuqday: nidaam u qaybiya mas'uuliyadda magacaabidda ee servero badan, oo laga helay meelo kala duwan oo shabakadda ah. Nidaamka Magaca Domain-^{(Domain Name System)} ka ayaa faa'iido weyn u leh inuu awoodo inuu bixiyo jawaabo (tarjumaadda magacyada cinwaannada nambarada) xitaa haddii qaar ka mid ah server-yada ay hoos u dhacaan, kuwa kale ee weli shaqeynaya waxay bixin karaan isla shaqeyn.

Ma jeclaan lahayd inaad wax badan ka ogaato DNS ?

Haddii aad kaga jawaabtay Haa^(Yes) su'aashan, markaas waxaan diyaar u nahay inaan ku caawinno. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaan daabacnay dhowr casharro iyo tilmaamo la xiriira DNS . Haddii aad xiisaynayso inaad wax barato, xor u noqo inaad dhex gasho liiska:

• 3 siyaabood oo lagu bedeli karo goobaha DNS gudaha Windows 10^{(3 ways to change the DNS settings in Windows 10)}
• Waa maxay DNS-kaygu? 5 siyaabood oo lagu ogaan karo, gudaha Windows 10^{(What is my DNS? 5 ways to find out, in Windows 10)}
• Waa maxay server-ka DNS qolo saddexaad? 8 sababood oo loo isticmaalo adeegayaasha DNS ee dadweynaha^{(What is a third-party DNS server? 8 reasons to use public DNS servers)}
• What is DNS over HTTPS or Secure DNS lookups? Enable it in Google Chrome!
• Sida loogu sahlo DNS ka HTTPS ee Firefox^{(How to enable DNS over HTTPS in Firefox)}

Hadda waxaad wax badan ka ogtahay DNS . Ma jiraan wax kale oo aad jeclaan lahayd inaad barato?

Hadda oo aad ogtahay aasaaska waxa tignoolajiyada DNS ay tahay iyo sida ay u shaqeyso, waa in aad si fudud u heshid waqti aad ku fahamto arrimaha qaarkood ee aad ku turunturoodo marka aad internetka ka baadhayso. Haddii aad wax su'aalo ah ka qabto DNS -ka ama aad jeclaan lahayd inaad wadaagto macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan server-yada DNS , ha ka waaban inaad faallo kaga tagto qaybta hoose.

What is DNS? How is it useful?

Have you heard of the term DNS? Did you stumble upon error messages that told you thаt the DNS server could not be reаched? Do уou know what a DNS is and what its purpoѕe is? If you wаnt to fіnd oυt, read this guide. We explain what DNS is, its role оn the internet, and how it works. To be thorough, we're also going to go through a bit of its history. Let's get ѕtarted:

What is DNS (Domain Name System)?

DNS stands for "domain name system," and it is a standard used for managing the IP addresses of websites all over the world. In computer language, every website on the internet has an IP address where it can be found. For instance, our Digital Citizen website can be found at the IP address 104.26.13.188.

Computers and other devices have no issues in remembering and using IP addresses for an unlimited number of websites. However, people like you and me have a hard time doing that. In the end, it is so much easier to remember digitalcitizen.life than it is to remember a series of numbers like 104.26.13.188. That's why the DNS technology exists:

The purpose of DNS is to translate the IP addresses of websites on the internet into something readable, easy to understand and remember for us humans.

In a way, you could look at the DNS tech like a huge phonebook that associates a name with every website IP address in the world. The difference between DNS and a real phonebook is that instead of phone numbers, you have IP addresses. It is normal for us to remember our friends' names, but not their phone numbers. When you want to call one of your friends, you just open the phonebook on your smartphone and call them by their name.

Just like you don't have to remember your friends' phone numbers, you don't have to remember the IP addresses of websites in order to be able to visit them. All you need to remember is their names, and the DNS technology automatically associates them with the correct IP addresses.

How does DNS work?

Now you know what DNS stands for and what it does. But how does it do what it does? The answer is: the DNS does its job through DNS servers. They are special servers that store large databases of IP addresses of various websites from the internet, as well as the IP addresses of other DNS servers that do the same thing.

When you want to visit a website, your computer or device asks its DNS server if it knows the IP address of that website. If it does and your computer receives an answer, you are immediately relayed to that website's IP address. This process is called DNS lookup. It is like the search function on your smartphone's phonebook.

However, it is possible that the DNS server set on your computer or device doesn't know the IP address of a website that you are trying to visit. It's something that can happen because maintaining a database with all the websites in the world is a titanic task. However, DNS servers are not lost islands in a sea of websites: they are also connected among themselves and they also maintain a hierarchy. If a DNS server doesn't know the IP address of a certain website, it relays the question to another DNS server, that is higher in the hierarchy. When a result is found, the response is forwarded back to your computer or device.

This whole "ask and respond" process happens in milliseconds. It is so fast that you don't get to know which DNS server has relayed the IP address of the website that you are trying to visit. However, modern day computers, devices, and apps don't like any delay, as small as it might be, so most of them also keep caches of their DNS requests. That way, they can open a website you've already visited even faster the next time you visit it.

If you're wondering who maintains DNS servers, you should know that such servers are maintained by a whole range of different entities, starting from your ISP (Internet Service Provider) to governmental organizations and universities from all over the world.

A bit earlier in this article, we briefly mentioned that DNS servers are not only communicating among themselves, but they also have a hierarchy put in place. This statement probably made you curious to find out which DNS server out there is the "king of the hill." 🙂 Here's the answer: there are 13 kings, meaning that all the DNS servers in the world relay to these thirteen main - "top of the food chain" - DNS servers. They also bear the name of DNS root servers.

However, don't assume that there are only 13 physical root servers out there. In reality, each of these root DNS servers uses redundant network equipment, and are spread geographically in multiple locations, so that if one of the physical DNS servers goes down, the internet does not. To be more precise, there are 13 root servers maintained by 12 operators (which are independent organizations), and there are 1038 instances (aka physical DNS root servers) all over the world.

If you want to know who maintains them and where they're geographically located, you can find the list on Wikipedia - Root name server and root-servers.org. Spoiler alert: most of the root DNS operators are from the United States of America.

When was DNS invented, and by whom?

DNS or Domain Name System was invented by a man called Paul Mockapetris, back in 1983. Before that, the internet pretty much didn't exist. However, the computers that were part of ARPANET, a computer network that was created and maintained by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency, from United States' Department of Defense), all relied on numerical addresses to be able to communicate between themselves. ARPANET was one of the foundations on which the internet as we know it today was built. The numerical addresses of the hosts in ARPANET were added manually and were initially stored in a HOSTS.txt file that was used to translate them into human-readable names.

However, using only that HOSTS.txt file soon became too slow, as the number of hosts (computers) was adding up. The solution to this problem came from Paul Mockapetris, who had to invent a way to make the networks easier and more friendly to use by people. In other words, he had to find a way to assign names to numbers, so that people wouldn't have to learn numerical addresses for all the computers to which they connected.

And so, DNS appeared: a system that divides the naming responsibilities across multiple servers, found in different places on the network. The Domain Name System had the great advantage of being able to provide answers (translating names to numerical addresses) even if some of the servers went down, as the others that were still working could provide the same functionality.

Would you like to learn more about DNS?

If you answered Yes to this question, then we're ready to help. Over the years, we've published quite a few tutorials and guides related to DNS. If you're eager to learn, feel free to browse through the list:

• 3 ways to change the DNS settings in Windows 10
• What is my DNS? 5 ways to find out, in Windows 10
• What is a third-party DNS server? 8 reasons to use public DNS servers
• What is DNS over HTTPS or Secure DNS lookups? Enable it in Google Chrome!
• How to enable DNS over HTTPS in Firefox

Now you know more about DNS. Is there anything else you'd like to learn?

Now that you know the basics of what the DNS technology is and how it works, you should have an easier time understanding certain issues you stumble upon when browsing the internet. If you have any questions about DNS or you would like to share more information about DNS servers, do not hesitate to leave a comment in the section below.

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