Kumbuyuutarrada (qaab kasta iyo cabbir kasta) waxay noqdeen kuwo muhiim u ah nolosheenna. Dhammaan shaqadeena, macluumaadka, iyo adeegyadayada muhiimka ah waxay hadda marayaan nidaamyada kombayutarka. Taasi waxay ka dhigaysaa bartilmaameedka dhammaan noocyada software xaasidnimada ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha qayb kasta oo ka mid ah code xun waa isku mid. Waxaa jira cudurro dhijitaal ah oo aad u kala duwan, taas oo ka dhigaysa muhiim in la ogaado farqiga u dhexeeya fayraska, trojan, Gooryaanka, rootkit, iyo in ka badan.

Waa maxay Malware?

Aan ku bilowno aqoonsiga ereyga dallada kaas oo daboolaya dhammaan noocyada software-ka xun ee hoos ku taxan - malware .

Sida aad u malaynayso, kelmadu waa uun isku dhafka “xaasidnimo” iyo “software”. Waxa uu daboolayaa nooc kasta oo barnaamij ah oo loo qoro in lagu waxyeeleeyo adiga, kombiyuutarkaaga, ama cid saddexaad oo loo maro kombayutarkaaga.

Waa maxay Virus?

Fayrasku^(virus) waa nooca ugu caansan uguna caansan ee software xaasidnimo ah. Fayrasyadu waxay u shaqeeyaan hab gaar ah oo ka duwan noocyada kale ee malware. 

Marka hore, fayrasyadu waxay saameeyaan barnaamijyada kale. Waxay geliyeen koodkooda barnaamij kale iyagoo rajaynaya in la fulin doono marka qof uu wado barnaamijka sharciga ah. Marka labaad, fayrasyadu iskood bay u soo rogaan iyaga oo faafiya barnaamijyada kale ee ay ka helaan kombiyuutarka. 

Marka laga reebo isku dayga inuu ku faafo barnaamijyada kale, fayrasyadu sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin culeys. Culaysku wuxuu noqon karaa wax kasta oo qoraaga fayrasku rabo inuu noqdo. Qaar ka mid ah fayrasyada waxay leeyihiin culeysyo aan fiicneyn oo aan dhab ahaantii waxba geysan. Inta badan fayrasyadu waxay waxyeelo u geystaan ​​xogtaada ama nidaamkaaga si ula kac ah iyagoo tirtira xogta, xadaya, ama si kale u sameeya wax aan adiga iyo PC-gaagaba u fiicnayn.

Waa maxay Gooryaanka?

Gooryaanka kombuyuutarrada^(Computer) iyo fayrasyadu aad bay isugu shabahaan marka la eego in ay iskood isu rogaan oo ay fuliyaan culays (caadi ahaan) xaasidnimo ah nidaamyada kombayutarka. Halka ay ku kala duwan yihiin waa sida ay u faafaan. Fayrasku wuxuu u baahan yahay barnaamijka martida loo yahay si uu u faafiyo oo uu ugu tiirsanaado isticmaalayaasha si ay u faafiyaan barnaamijkaas cudurka qaba iyaga oo isticmaalaya kaydinta meesha laga saari karo, iimaylka, ama hab kale oo la mid ah.

Gooryaanku wuxuu u jiraa sidii barnaamijkiisa madax-bannaan, ee maaha sida koodka ku lifaaqan codsiga qolo saddexaad. Iyaga laftooda ayay ku faafeen, iyada oo aanay dadku faragelin. Tusaale ahaan, Blaster Worm wuxuu ku faafay sida dab duurjoog ah bartamihii 2000-meeyadii iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay deked shabakadeed^{(network port)} oo nugul oo kombuyuutarrada Windows ah.

Markaa haddii mid ka mid ah kombiyuutarada shirkad ama dugsi uu ku dhaco cudurka, barnaamijku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu faafi karaa mashiinnada kale ee isku xiran. Gooryaanka^(Worms) badanaa waxay isticmaalaan dayacanka laga helay nidaamyada hawlgalka, hardware, ama software si ay u socodsiiyaan koodkooda iyada oo aan isticmaaluhu waxba samayn.

Maalmahan, dab-damisyada iyo nidaamyada kale ee amniga shabakadaha ayaa aad waxtar ugu leh joojinta gooryaanka inay fidaan, laakiin had iyo jeer godad cusub ayaa la helaa.

Waa maxay Trojan?

Trojans waxaa loogu magac daray Horse Trojan^{(Trojan Horse)} of mythology Giriigga^(Greek) . Sheekada asalka ah, dadka Troy waxay ku riixeen taallo faras alwaax ah oo weyn magaalada, iyagoo u maleynaya inay tahay hadiyad macsalaamo ah oo ka timid cadowgooda. Nasiib darro, waxay noqotay piñata tii ugu darnayd abid, oo ay ka buuxaan askar Giriig^(Greek) ah oo habeenkii dhuumanaya oo albaabbada magaalada u furay ciidankooda intiisa kale.

Trojans kombuyuutarku^(Computer) si isku mid ah ayey u shaqeeyaan, marka laga reebo faras weyn, waxaad heli doontaa barnaamij sheegaya inuu yahay wax faa'iido leh oo aan waxyeello lahayn. Run ahaantii, daaha gadaashiisa, waxay samaynaysaa waxyaalo xaasidnimo ah. Si ka duwan sida fayrasyada ama gooryaanka, trojans badanaa iskuma dayaan in ay qaadsiiyaan software kale ama ay naftooda dib u sameeyaan. Taa beddelkeeda, waxay u janjeeraan inay ku rakibaan malware-ka nidaamkaaga oo ay dib ugu yeeraan abuurahooda, iyagoo gacanta u geliya kombuyuutarkaaga qoraaga trojan.

Trojans sida caadiga ah waxay ku faafaan "injineernimada bulshada", farsamada hacker ee^{(hacker technique)} ku tiirsan daciifnimada guud ee cilmi-nafsiga aadanaha si ay u khiyaaneeyaan isticmaalayaasha inay wax sameeyaan. Xaaladdan oo kale, "wax" ayaa furaya barnaamij sababtoo ah waxaad u maleyneysaa inay tahay wax fiican. 

Waa maxay Rootkit?

Rootkits malaha waa nooca ugu khatarta badan ee malware-ka jira. Ma aha hal gabal oo malware ah, laakiin waa ururin (sidaa darteed “qalabka”) ee codsiyada lagu rakibay nidaamka. Codsiyadan ayaa si wada jir ah ula wareegaya kontoroolka kombayutarka si hoose. “Heerka hoose” waxa loola jeedaa heerka nidaamka qalliinka laftiisa, isaga oo u oggolaanaya abuuraha rootkit-ka inuu sameeyo wax kasta oo ay jecel yihiin nidaamka kombiyuutarka iyo xogtiisa.

Mid ka mid ah sababaha ay rootkits-ku khatar u yihiin waa sida ay u adag tahay in la ogaado. Maadaama rootkit-ku uu ugu yaraan u awood badan yahay sida nidaamka qalliinka laftiisa, software-ka antimalware waxaa lagu joojin karaa dadaal yar. Ka dib oo dhan, rootkit-ku wuxuu leeyahay awood ka badan codsiyada kale ee nidaamka. Ogaanshaha Rootkit iyo ka saarista^{(Rootkit detection and removal)} inta badan waxay ku lug leedahay adeegsiga USB drive gaar ah oo bootable ah kaas oo ka hortagaya nidaamka qalliinka ee lagu rakibay inuu ku shubo meesha ugu horeysa ka hor inta uusan nadiifin rootkit-ka.

Waa maxay Adware?

Adware waxaa ku jira software kasta oo soo bandhiga xayeysiiska isticmaalaha, laakiin marka la eego macnaha guud ee malware, xayeysiisyadaas waa kuwo aan la rabin. In kasta oo Adware lafteedu aanay guud ahaan waxyeello lahayn, xayaysiisyada xaasidka ah ayaa is rakiba adiga oo aan oggolaansho lagaa helin oo waxay si xun u saamayn kartaa khibradaada wax baadhista iyo waxqabadka kombiyuutarka.

Adware siyaalo kala duwan ayuu kombayutarkaaga ugu soo gali karaa. Software-ka ay taageerto xayaysiisyada ee ka furan kana hor waa farsamo ahaan adware, laakiin maaha malware. Software-yada kale ee aan xaasidnimada ahayn waxay mararka qaarkood noqon karaan qarsoodi ku saabsan in lagu daro adware rakibayaashooda.

Waxay adeegsadaan hab "ka-baxsan" halkaasoo rakibaadda caadiga ah ay ku jiraan sanduuqyada saxda ah ee horay loo sii saxay si loo rakibo adware, Isticmaalayaasha intooda badan waxay ku shaqeeyaan saaxiriinta rakibaadda iyagoon wax akhrin. Sidaa darteed waxay si ula kac ah u siinayaan adware ogolaansho si loo rakibo.

Xaaladaha ugu xun, waxaad arki doontaa daadad soo booda ah oo ka yimid biraawsarkaaga waxaanad daalacashadaada shabakadu u wareejin doontaa mareegaha ugaadhsiga. Software ka go'ay sida AdAware ayaa inta badan ugu fiican wax ka qabashada adware gaar ahaan.

Waa maxay Spyware?

Si ka duwan noocyada kale ee malware-ka, Spyware guud ahaan wuu iska ilaaliyaa inuu ku sameeyo nidaamkaaga wax kasta oo aad ogaan lahayd. Taa baddalkeeda, spyware ayaa jira si uu ula socdo waxaad samaynayso kadibna macluumaadkaas dib ugu soo celiso qoraaga spyware.

Taas waxaa ku jiri kara dhammaan noocyada macluumaadka. Tusaale ahaan, spyware-ku waxa uu qaadi karaa sawir qaade dukumeenti aad ku shaqaynayso. Taasi waa shaqo kuwa ku hawlan basaasnimada ay u badan tahay inay rabaan. Spyware -ka ay dejiyaan dambiilayaasha waxay inta badan u qabtaan macluumaadka faa'iido dhaqaale. Tusaale ahaan, keyloggers waxay ku keydiyaan furayaasha furahaaga faylka qoraalka. Marka aad ku qorto ciwaanka shay sida website-ka bangiga ka dibna aad ku qorto username iyo password, keylogger-ka ayaa qabta macluumaadkaas oo dib ugu soo celinaya guriga.

Spyware sidoo kale waxay tixraaci kartaa software-ka sharciga ah ee ka kooban shaqeynta isticmaaluhu uusan ka warqabin halka habdhaqanka isticmaalaha ama macluumaadka dib loogu celiyo horumariyeyaasha. Wadamada intooda badan nooca xog ururinta waa in la shaaciyo, markaa si taxadar leh u akhri heshiisyada isticmaale!

Trojans waxay ku rakibi karaan spyware nidaamkaaga iyada oo qayb ka ah culeyskooda iyo Rootkits waa ugu yaraan qayb ahaan nooc spyware laftooda ah.

Waa maxay Ransomware?

Ransomware waa nooc aad u xun oo malware ah oo aan baabi'in xogtaada laakiin gadaal ka xirta sir adag. Taas ka dib, abuurayaasha malware-ka ayaa kaa doonaya lacag madax furasho ah si xogtaada dib loogu soo celiyo. 

Tani waxay shaqeysaa sababtoo ah sirta xooggan waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la jabiyo. Markaa ilaa aad bixiso lacagta madax furashada, xogtaadu si wax ku ool ah ayay meesha uga baxday. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa inaadan waligaa lacag ku bixin abuurayaasha ransomware. Marka hore^(First) , laguuma dammaanad qaadayo inaad dib u hesho xogtaada. Marka labaad, waxaad ku dhiirri-gelinaysaa inay dadka sii dhibaan. Habka ugu fiican ee lagula tacaali karo Ransomware waa in si firfircoon loo kaydiyo oo lagu ilaaliyo xogtaada meelaha aanu malware-ku gaadhi karin.

Ka ilaalinta Naftaada Malware

Waxay noqon kartaa cabsi inaad wax ka akhrido dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee naasooyinka kombuyuutarrada ee laga yaabo inay waxyeeleeyaan qalabkaaga gaarka ah, laakiin adiguna awood kuma lihid iyaga. Talaabadaada xigta waa inaad hubiso Sida aad uga ilaalin lahayd kombiyuutarkaaga tuugada, Spyware iyo Viruses^{(How to Protect Your Computer from Hackers, Spyware and Viruses)} . 

Maqaalkaas, waxaad ku baran doontaa sida si firfircoon uga hortagto caabuqa meesha ugu horeysa iyo sida loola tacaalo xaalada marka ay dhab ahaantii dhacdo waxa ugu xun.

What’s the Difference Between a Virus, a Trojan, a Worm, and a Rootkit?

Computers (in all shaрes and sіzes) have become crucial to our lives. All our wоrk, information, and critical services now run through computer systems. That makes them a target for all sorts of malicious software.

However, not every piece of nasty code is the same. There’s a huge variety of digital diseases out there, which makes it important to know the difference between a virus, trojan, worm, rootkit, and more.

What’s Malware?

Let’s start by identifying the umbrella term which covers all of the malicious software types listed below — malware.

As you’ve probably guessed, the word is just the fusion of “malicious” and “software”. It covers any type of program written to harm you, your computer, or a third-party entity via your computer.

What’s a Virus?

A virus is the most basic and well-known type of malicious software. Viruses operate in a particular way that sets them apart from other types of malware. 

First, viruses infect other programs. They insert their code into another program with the hope that it will be executed when someone runs the legitimate program. Secondly, viruses self-replicate by infecting other programs they find on a computer. 

Apart from trying to spread to other programs, viruses also have a payload. The payload can be anything the virus author wants it to be. Some viruses have benign payloads that don’t actually damage anything. The majority of viruses do harm your data or system on purpose by deleting data, stealing it, or otherwise doing something that’s not good for you or your PC.

What’s a Worm?

Computer worms and viruses are very similar in the sense that they self-replicate and execute a (usually) malicious payload on computer systems. Where they differ is in how they spread. A virus needs a host program to infect and relies on users to spread that infected program using removable storage, email, or another similar transmission method.

A worm exists as its own independent program, not as code attached to a third-party application. They also spread by themselves, without human intervention. For example, the Blaster Worm spread like wildfire in the mid-2000s thanks to a vulnerable open network port on Windows computers.

So if one computer at a company or school became infected, the program could quickly spread itself to other connected machines. Worms usually use vulnerabilities discovered in operating systems, hardware, or software to run their code without the user having to do anything at all.

These days, firewalls and other network security systems are highly effective at stopping worms from spreading, but new holes are always being discovered.

What’s a Trojan?

Trojans are named after the Trojan Horse of Greek mythology. In the original story, the people of Troy wheeled a giant wooden horse statue into the city, thinking it was a goodbye present from their enemies. Unfortunately, it turned out to be the worst piñata ever, filled with Greek soldiers who snuck out at night and opened the city gates for the rest of their army.

Computer trojans work in exactly the same way, except instead of a big horse you’ll get a program that says it’s something useful and harmless. In reality, behind the scenes, it’s doing malicious things. Unlike viruses or worms, trojans don’t usually try to infect other software or replicate themselves. Instead, they tend to install other malware on your system and call back to their creator, handing over control of your computer to the trojan’s author.

Trojans usually spread through “social engineering”, a hacker technique that relies on common weaknesses in human psychology to fool users into doing something. In this case, the “something” is opening a program because you think it’s something cool. 

What’s a Rootkit?

Rootkits are probably the most dangerous form of malware in existence. It’s not one piece of malware, but a collection (hence “kit”) of applications that are installed on a system. Together these applications take over control of the computer at a low level. A “low level” means at the level of the operating system itself, letting the creator of the rootkit do absolutely anything they’d like to the computer system and its data.

One of the reasons that rootkits are so dangerous is how hard they are to detect. Since the rootkit is at least as powerful as the operating system itself, antimalware software can be fended off with little effort. After all, the rootkit has more authority than any other application on the system. Rootkit detection and removal usually involves using a specialized bootable USB drive that prevents the installed operating system from loading in the first place before it scrubs the rootkit clean.

What’s Adware?

Adware includes any software that displays advertising to the user, but in the context of malware, those adverts are unwanted. While Adware by itself is generally not harmful, malicious adware installs itself without your consent and can negatively affect your browsing experience and computer performance.

Adware can make its way onto your computer in various ways. Ad-supported software that’s open and upfront about it is technically adware, but not malware. Other software that’s not malicious can sometimes be sneaky about including adware in their installers.

They use an “opt-out” approach where the default installation includes pre-ticked tick boxes to install adware, Most users just power through installation wizards without reading anything. Thus they unintentionally give the adware permission to install.

In worst-case scenarios, you’ll be seeing a deluge of popups from your browser and have your web browsing redirected to predatory websites. Dedicated software such as AdAware is usually best for tackling adware in particular.

What’s Spyware?

Unlike other types of malware, Spyware generally avoids doing anything to your system that you’d notice. Instead, spyware exists to monitor what you do and then send that information back to the spyware author.

That can include all sorts of information. For example, the spyware might take screenshots of documents you’re working on. That’s a function those engaged in espionage are likely to want. Spyware deployed by criminals usually captures information for financial gain. For example, keyloggers save your keystrokes to a text file. When you type in the address of something like a banking website and then type in your username and password, the keylogger captures that information and sends it back home.

Spyware can also refer to legitimate software that contains functionality the user is unaware of where user behavior or information is sent back to the developers. In most countries this type of data gathering has to be disclosed, so read your user agreements carefully!

Trojans can install spyware on your system as part of their payload and Rootkits are at least partially a type of spyware themselves.

What’s Ransomware?

Ransomware is a particularly nasty type of malware that doesn’t destroy your data but locks it behind strong encryption. Following this, the creators of the malware demand a ransom from you in order to get your data back. 

This works because strong encryption is virtually impossible to break. So unless you pay the ransom amount, your data is effectively gone. However, you should never actually pay money to ransomware creators. First, you aren’t guaranteed to regain access to your data. Secondly, you’re emboldening them to keep victimizing people. The best way to deal with Ransomware is to proactively backup and protect your data in places the malware can’t reach it.

Protecting Yourself From Malware

It can be scary to read about all the different types of computer nasties that might infect your personal devices, but you aren’t powerless against them either. Your next step is to check out How to Protect Your Computer from Hackers, Spyware and Viruses. 

In that article, you’ll learn how to proactively prevent infection in the first place and how to deal with the situation when the worst actually does happen.

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