Hard Drive-yada, SSD^(SSDs) -yada , iyo aaladaha kale ee kaydinta waxay u baahan yihiin nooc ka mid ah nidaamka si ay u habeeyaan kaydinta xogta jirkooda oo ah wax aaladda kombuyuutarada ay fahmi karto. 

Qaybaha, mugga, iyo darawallada macquulka ah ayaa dhammaantood ah tusaalayaal siyaabo kala duwan oo aad u sawiri karto qalabkaaga kaydinta hantida maguurtada ah. In kasta oo ay qabtaan shaqo isku mid ah, waxaa jira farqi lama huraan ah oo u dhexeeya.

Ka bilow xagga sare: Wadayaasha Jirka

Kombiyuutaradu waxay ku kaydiyaan dhammaan xogta nooc ka mid ah warbaahinta jirka - badiyaa disk adag ( HDD ) ama Solid State Drive ( SSD ). Kaydinta jireed waa shay aad taaban karto, xogta dhabta ahna waxay u taagan tahay qaab jireed. Godadka iyo dhulalka saxanka indhaha waxay u taagan yihiin kuwa iyo eber. Gudaha SSD , xogtaas waxaa lagu muujiyaa unugyo xusuusta oo haya heerar kala duwan oo lacag bixin ah.

Qaybaha iyo mugga labadaba waa qaab-dhismeed xogeed laga dhex helay saxanadaha jireed. Saxanka jireedku wuxuu si buuxda uga koobnaan doonaa mugga aad u isticmaasho inta badan isticmaaleyaasha guriga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka soo horjeeda ayaa sidoo kale dhici karta, taas oo aan hoos ku sharaxnay "Logical vs. Volume^(Volumes) Physical ."

Xaqiiqooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee la fahmi karo ayaa ah in gebi ahaan saxanka jirku uu noqon karo hal mug, in tirooyin badan ay ku jiri karaan hal saxan oo jireed, iyo in hal mug uu dhex mari karo saxanno badan oo jireed.

Waa maxay Qaybi?

Habka ugu fudud ee lagu qeexi karo qayb waa sida qayb-hoosaadka jirka ee qalabka kaydinta sida disk adag. Qaybtu waxay ku bilaabataa oo ku dhammaataa meel gaar ah oo ku taal dariiqa adag ama meelaynta disk-yada badan ee horumarsan waxay noqon kartaa qayb ka mid ah wadista farsamada. 

Ka fakar in ay tahay qayb qaybin beer u kala qaybisa dhulal. Dhul kasta oo deyr leh waxa uu la mid yahay qayb ka mid ah baabuurka.

Nidaamyada hawlgalka guud ahaan waxay ula dhaqmaan qaybaha sida inay yihiin qalab adag oo jidheed oo gooni ah. Isticmaale ahaan, ma arki doontid wax farqi ah oo la taaban karo oo u dhexeeya in kombuyuutarkaaga ay ku jiraan laba darawal oo adag iyo in hal wado loo kala qaybiyo laba qaybood.

Waa maxay mugga?

Erayga "mugga" waxaa badanaa loo adeegsadaa si isku mid ah "diski" iyo xitaa "partition", laakiin waxaa jira farqi asaasi ah oo u dhexeeya. Ma caawinayso in nidaamyada hawlgalka ee kala duwan iyo suugaanta kombuyuutarku ay u isticmaalaan qaar ka mid ah ereyadan si dabacsan oo isku beddelasho ah. Jahwareerka waa lama huraan, laakiin waxaan isku dayi doonaa inaan wax yar caddeyno.

Muggu waa unug xog is-ka kooban. Waxay leedahay summada mugga (magaca), hal hab oo fayl ah (tusaale, NTFS ama FAT32 ), waxayna inta badan qaadataa saxan dhan ama qayb.

Markaad aragto darawalladaada, sida C: ama D:, waxa aad arkayso waa mug. Sababtoo ah mugga inta badan waa cabbir saxan ama qayb qayb ah, way fududahay in la iloobo in aanay ahayn isku mid, laakiin laba fikradood oo kala duwan.

Cadaynta tan, tixgeli inaad kaydin karto mugga sida fayl ahaan, sida DVD ama sawirka diskka. Waxaad markaa "ku dhejin kartaa" faylashan sawirka si mug ahaan nidaamkaaga hawlgalka, waxayna u dhaqmi doonaan oo u ekaan doonaan sida wadista jirka ama qayb qaabaysan.

Tusaalaha kale ee caadiga ah ee farqiga u dhexeeya mugga iyo qaybaha ayaa ah inaadan kala qaybin karin diskka loo yaqaan 'floppy disk', laakiin weli waa mugga kaydinta. Si la mid ah darawalka aan lahayn qaybo, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in uu leeyahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah isticmaalka diskka oo dhan. Ma jiraan qaybo, laakiin weli waa mug.

Waxaan rajeyneynaa^(Hopefully) , in ay muujiso farqiga mugga ee fikradaha sida wadista ama qaybinta.

Caqli ahaan vs. Mugga Jirka

Hadda oo aan ogaanay in mugga uusan la mid ahayn HDD ama qaybinta, waa fikrad wanaagsan in laga doodo mugga "macquul ah" si kooban. Iyadoo aad ku yeelan karto tiro badan hal saxan oo jireed, waxa kale oo jira xaalado uu cabbirka mugga ka badan yahay waxa hal saxan qaadi karo.

Tani waa halka mugga macquulka ah ay soo galaan ciyaarta. Mugga macquulka ah wuxuu u eg yahay meel weyn oo kaydinta joogtada ah isticmaalaha. Weli, jir ahaan waxay ku taal goobo kala duwan oo ku yaal hal disk ama xitaa meelo badan oo saxanno badan ah.

Wadayaasha macquulka ah

Ha ku khaldin mugga macquulka ah iyo wadista macquulka ah. Haddii aad u qaybiso wadista jirka qaybo badan oo ka dibna aad u qaabayso qayb kasta sida mugga, mid kasta oo leh xarafkeeda, darawaladani waa "macquul ah" wadis. Marka si adag loo hadlo, dhammaan xajmiyada waa macquul maadaama aysan daruuri ku xirneyn hal ama dhammaan wadista jirka. Weli, waxa ay u muuqataa mid caan ka ah ereyga "mugga macquulka ah" in loo tixraaco mugga ku wareegaya wadiiqooyin badan.

Waxaas oo dhan waxay ka dhigan tahay in marka laga eego nidaamka hawlgalka, waxaa jira hal drive oo keliya oo leh hal ciwaan oo kayd ah. Hababka asalka ah ee wadista macquulka ah ayaa si fudud u hubiya in xogta lagu qoray goobta saxda ah ee saxda ah ee lagu sawiray ciwaannada kaydinta darawalada macquulka ah, iyada oo aan loo eegin wadista jireed ee laga yaabo inay noqoto.

Disksyada aasaasiga ah vs. Dynamic Disks

Daaqadaha dhexdiisa^(Windows) , waxa jira laba nooc oo habaynta wadida adag: Basic Disks iyo Dynamic Disks .

Waxay u badan tahay in kombuyuutarkaaga Windows uu leeyahay darawaladiisa loo habeeyey sida Basic Disk s. Waxa jira laba nooc oo Disk-ga aasaasiga ah^{(Basic Disk)} . Kuwa isticmaala Diiwaanka Boot Master^{(Master Boot Record)} -ka ( MBR ) waxay yeelan karaan afar qaybood oo hoose ama saddex qaybood oo hoose iyo hal qayb oo la fidiyay, kuwaas oo loo qaybin karo qaybo badan oo macquul ah. Kumbuyuutarrada cusub^(New) ee isticmaala Shaxda Qaybta GUID^{(GUID Partition Table)} ( GPT ) waxay yeelan karaan 128 qaybood, oo aad uga badan qaybta MBR .

Si aad wax badan uga barato kala duwanaanshaha, hubi MBR vs. GPT: Qaabkee ayaa u Wanaagsan SSD Drive? ^{(MBR vs. GPT: Which Format Is Better for an SSD Drive?)}.

Haddi ay noqoto MBR^{(Whether MBR)} ama GPT , dhammaan saxannada aasaasiga ah waxay isticmaalaan miiska qaybinta si ay u maamulaan qaybaha saxanka. Dhanka kale, saxanadaha firfircooni waxay adeegsadaan xogta maamulaha Disk-ga macquulka ah^{(Logical Disk Manager)} ( LDM ). Xog-ururintani waxa ay haysaa macluumaadka xajmiyada ku dhex jira saxanka firfircoon, sida xajmigooda, halka ay ka bilaabayaan iyo ku dhamaynayaan, iyo hababka faylalka. Disk-yada firfircoon^(Dynamic) sidoo kale waxay taageeraan qaybaha GPT iyo MBR laakiin way dhaafsiisan yihiin taas.

Disk-yada firfircooni^(Dynamic) waxay oggolaadaan dhawr farsamooyin oo saxannada aasaasiga ahi aanay samayn. Midda ugu muhiimsan waa awoodda lagu abuuro mugga fidsan iyo xariijimaha. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, mugga ayaa ku jira wax ka badan hal saxan oo jireed. 

Mugga^{(spanned )} la taabtay wuxuu isu soo bandhigayaa hal mug oo keliya nidaamka hawlgalka, laakiin xogta jidhku waxay ku jirtaa saxanno badan. Mugga ayaa laga dhisay qaybo badan oo meel bannaan oo aan la qoondayn oo laga soo qaaday saxanadaha badan waana la ballaarin karaa.

Mug xariijimo^{(striped )} ah ayaa sidoo kale isku daraa wadisyo badan oo jireed oo isku daraya hal mug macquul ah, laakiin xogta ayaa dhexda u ah dhammaan saxanadaha si akhrinta iyo qorista xawaaraha darawallada la isku daro. Striping waxa kale oo loo yaqaan RAID 0 waxayna bixisaa xawaaraha ugu dhakhsaha badan ee darawallada adag ee makaanikada ah. Farsamadan xawaaraha-kordhinta ah kuma habboona SSD-yada^{(less relevant for SSDs)} .

Meel aan la qoondayn

Markaad isticmaasho maamulaha qaybta ama utility disk kale oo la mid ah si aad u abuurto ama u tirtirto mugga saxanka, waxa laga yaabaa inaad aragto qayb ka mid ah wadista jireed ee la bixiyay oo lagu calaamadiyay "meel aan la qoondayn." 

Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in meesha bannaan ee wadista aanay hadda qayb ka ahayn qaab dhismeed kasta. Meel aan la qoondayn waxay ahaan kartaa dhammaadka saxanka, dhexda, ama meel kasta oo kale. Haddii aad tirtirto qayb ka mid ah saxanka dhexda u ah wadarta guud ee diskka, markaa goobta kaydinta waxay noqotaa meel aan la qoondayn.

Haddii aad aragto meel aan la qoondayn ama xor ah, waxaad samayn kartaa hal ama in ka badan oo qayb ama mugga goobtaas. Xaaladaha qaarkood, waxaad kordhin kartaa qayb ku xigta si aad ugu darto booskaas aan la qoondayn.

Dib-u-habaynta Qaybaha, Mugga ,^(Volumes) iyo Wadayaasha Macquulka ah^(Logical)

Iyada oo ku xidhan nooca qayb ee aad haysato iyo meesha uu saxanku ku yaal, waxa aad dib u cabbiri kartaa qaybaha. Tusaale ahaan, aan nidhaahno laba qaybood oo kala qaybsanaan ayaa ku jira baabuurka, laakiin meel bannaan ayaa kaa dhammaanaysa midna boos badan ayaad haysataa. Waxa laga yaabaa inaad yarayso hal qayb, adoo abuuraya meel aan la qoondayn, ka dibna balaadhi qaybta kale.

Sida loo hubiyo Qaab-dhismeedka Disk -gaaga ee ^(Disk)Windows , Ubuntu Linux & MacOS

Windows, Linux , iyo MacOS waa saddexda nidaam ee ugu horreeya ee ka hawlgala desktop-ka, dhammaantoodna waxay leeyihiin qalab u gaar ah oo lagu maamulo disk ama qayb. Distros kala duwan ee Linux ^(Different)ayaa^(Linux) laga yaabaa inay lahaadaan maareeyayaal u muuqda kuwo kala duwan, laakiin dhammaantood waxay leeyihiin hawlo ballaadhan oo isku mid ah.

Maamulka Disk-ga Daaqadaha

Utility Management Disk -ga Microsoft Windows^{(Microsoft Windows Disk Management)} waa mid aad u casrisan oo kuu ogolaanaya inaad sameyso ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hawlgallada la xiriira qaybaha, mugga, iyo in ka badan. Waxaad u furi kartaa siyaabo kala duwan, laakiin ugu fudud ayaa ah inaad midig-gujiso badhanka Start^{(Start Button)} oo dooro maamulka Disk^{(Disk management)} .

Markaad hesho app-ka furan, waxaad arki doontaa disk kasta iyo mug kasta oo ku jira kumbuyuutarkaaga. App-ka Maareynta Disk^{(Disk Management)} -gu waxa uu fududeeyaa in la arko mugga kombayutarkaga ku jira iyo saxannada jireed ee ay ku jiraan. Waxa kale oo aad ku meelayn kartaa xarfaha wadista halkan oo aad baadh haddii saxannada ama mugga aanay si sax ah u fuulin. Sawirada diskooga waxay sidoo kale si cad u muujinayaan nooca qaybinta mugga kasta uu isticmaalo.

Utility Linux Disk Utility

Ubuntu Linux^{(Ubuntu Linux)} , utility management disk ka ku jira waxaa si fudud loogu yeeraa Disks . Sida utility Windows , waxay ku siinaysaa muuqaal cad oo muuqaal ah oo ku saabsan darawalada jireed iyo mugga iyaga ku dul nool. 

Waxaad sidoo kale maareyn kartaa muggaaga iyo qaybahaaga halkan, laakiin xusuusnow in Linux uu leeyahay qaybo ka sii adag oo ka mid ah qaybaha caadiga ah marka loo eego Windows . Tusaale ahaan, qaybta isdhaafsiga ayaa ah waxa Linux u isticmaalo booska isku beddelashada RAM , halka Windows ay si fudud u isticmaasho fayl^(file) qayb jira. 

In kasta oo ay had iyo jeer run tahay inaadan ku wareegin tirtiridda qaybaha ilaa aad ogtahay inay badbaado tahay, taasi waa laba-laab run Linux .

MacOS Disk Utility

Utility-ga macOS Disk^{(Disk Utility)} - ga uguma mashquulsana macluumaadka sida nidaamyada kale ee hawlgalka. Weli, waxay ku siinaysaa hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee aad u baahan tahay marka aad dejinayso ama wax ka beddelayso qaab dhismeedka saxanka.

Habka ugu fudud ee lagu bilaabi karo Utility Disk^{(Disk Utility)} waa in la isticmaalo Raadinta Spotlight^{(Spotlight Search)} . Markaa taabo Command + Space ka dibna ku qor Utility Disk^{(Disk Utility)} . Markaas taabo Gelida^(Enter) si aad u daah-furto barnaamijka.

Tani waxay ku tusin doontaa dhammaan darawallada ku xiran Mac -gaaga , iyo sidoo kale qaab-dhismeedka darawalladaas. Kaliya^(Just) xasuusnoow in macOS uusan fahmi karin qaababka faylalka qaarkood, sida NTFS , iyada oo aan la helin software gaar ah oo dhinac saddexaad ah.

Isticmaal taxaddar!

Ka dib markii aad barato dhammaan macluumaadkan ku saabsan qaybaha wadista, mugga, iyo wadiyaasha macquulka ah, waxaa jira hal shay oo kale oo ay tahay inaad ka warqabto. Ku dhex milanka qaybaha iyo qaababka wadista waxay si fudud u burburin karaan xogtaada. Waqtiga ugu nabdoon ee lagu shaqayn karo qaybaha waa marka darawalkaagu maran yahay si kastaba, oo aad sameyso habaynta bilowga ah.

In kasta oo ay suurtagal tahay in la abuuro qaybo ama wax ka beddel, tirtiro, oo cabbirkooda lagu beddelo darawalka la isticmaalay, waa inaadan samayn adoon kaydin macluumaadka aanad doonayn inaad lumiso.

What Is the Difference Between a Partition, a Volume, and a Logical Drive?

Hard drives, SSDs, and other storage devices require some sort of system to organize their physical data storage into something a computing device can understand. 

Partitions, volumes, and logical drives are all examples of different ways you can map out your storage device real estate. Although they do a similar job, there are essential differences between them.

Start at the Top: Physical Drives

Computers store all data on some form of physical media—usually a hard disk drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD). Physical storage is something you can touch, and the actual data is represented in some physical way. Pits and lands on an optical disc represent ones and zeroes. In an SSD, those data bits are expressed by memory cells that hold varying charge levels.

Both volumes and partitions are data structures found within and across physical disks. Your physical disk will fully contain the volumes you use for most home users. However, the opposite can also happen, which we’ve explained below under “Logical vs. Physical Volumes.”

The most important facts to understand are that the entirety of a physical disk can be a single volume, that multiple volumes can be on one physical disk, and that one volume can span across multiple physical disks.

What Is a Partition?

The simplest way to describe a partition is as a physical subdivision of a storage device like a hard disk drive. A partition starts and ends at a specific point on the hard drive or in more advanced multi-disk setups it may be a segment of a virtual drive. 

Think of it as dividing a field into plots of land. Each fenced-off plot of land is like a partition on a drive.

Operating systems generally treat partitions as if they were separate physical hard drives. As a user, you won’t see any practical difference between having two hard drives in your computer and having one drive split into two partitions.

What Is a Volume?

The term “volume” is often used interchangeably with “disk” and even “partition,” but there’s a fundamental difference between them. It doesn’t help that different operating systems and computer literature use some of these terms loosely and interchangeably. Confusion is inevitable, but we’ll try to clarify things somewhat.

A volume is a self-contained data unit. It has a volume label (name), a single file system (e.g., NTFS or FAT32), and usually takes up an entire disk or partition.

When you see your drives, such as C: or D:, what you’re seeing is a volume. Because volumes are usually disk-sized or partition-sized, it’s easy to forget that they are not one and the same thing, but two distinct concepts.

For evidence of this, consider that you can store a volume as a file, such as a DVD or a disk image. You can then “mount” these image files as volumes in your operating system, and they’ll act and look just like a physical drive or a formatted partition.

Another typical example of the difference between volumes and partitions is that you cannot partition a floppy disk, but it is still a storage volume. The same goes for a drive with no partitions, which just means that it has a single partition that happens to use the entire disk. There are no partitions, but it’s still a volume.

Hopefully, that demonstrates a volume’s distinction from concepts like drive or partition.

Logical vs. Physical Volumes

Now that we’ve established that a volume isn’t necessarily the same as an HDD or partition, it’s a good idea to discuss “logical” volumes briefly. While you can have multiple volumes on one physical disk, there are also situations where the size of a volume exceeds what a single disk can accommodate.

This is where logical volumes come into play. A logical volume looks like a large continuous storage space to the user. Still, physically it is on different locations on a single disk or even on locations that span several disks.

Logical Drives

Don’t confuse a logical volume with a logical drive. If you partition a physical drive into multiple partitions and then format each partition as a volume, each with its drive letter, those drives are “logical” drives. Strictly speaking, all volumes are logical since they are not necessarily linked to a single or entire physical drive. Still, it seems more common for the term “logical volume” to refer to a volume that spans multiple drives.

All this means is that from the operating system’s perspective, there is just one single drive with a single collection of storage addresses. The background mechanisms of the logical drive simply make sure that data is written to the correct physical location mapped to the logical drives storage addresses, regardless of which physical drive that may be.

Basic Disks vs. Dynamic Disks

In Windows, there are two types of hard drive configuration: Basic Disks and Dynamic Disks.

It’s most likely that your Windows computer has its drives configured as Basic Disks. There are two types of Basic Disk. Those that use a Master Boot Record (MBR) can have four primary partitions or three primary partitions and one extended partition, which can be divided into many logical partitions. New computers that use the GUID Partition Table (GPT) can have 128 partitions, far more than an MBR partition.

To learn more about the differences, check out MBR vs. GPT: Which Format Is Better for an SSD Drive?.

Whether MBR or GPT, all basic disks use a partition table to manage the partitions on a disk. On the other hand, dynamic disks use the Logical Disk Manager (LDM) database. This database holds information on the volumes that reside on the dynamic disk, such as their size, where they begin and end, and their file systems. Dynamic disks also support GPT and MBR partitions but go beyond that.

Dynamic disks allow a few tricks that basic disks don’t. The most important one is the ability to create spanned and striped volumes. In other words, volumes exist on more than one physical disk. 

A spanned volume presents itself as a single volume to the operating system, but the physical data exists on multiple disks. The volume is built up from multiple segments of unallocated space from multiple disks and can be expanded.

A striped volume also combines multiple physical drives into a single logical volume, but data is interleaved across all disks so that the read and write speeds of the drives can be combined. Striping is also known as RAID 0 and offers the fastest speeds for mechanical hard drives. This speed-boosting technique is less relevant for SSDs.

Unallocated Space

When you use a partition manager or other similar disk utility to create or delete volumes on a disk, you may see a section of a given physical drive marked as “unallocated space.” 

This means that the physical space on the drive isn’t currently part of any structure. Unallocated space can be at the end of a disk, in the middle, or anywhere else. If you delete a disk partition in the middle of the disk’s total space, then that storage space region becomes unallocated space.

If you see unallocated or free space, you can create one or more partitions or volumes in that space. In some cases, you can expand an adjacent partition to include that unallocated space.

Resizing Partitions, Volumes, and Logical Drives

Depending on the type of partition you have and where on the disk it’s located, you can resize partitions. For example, let’s say you have two partitions on a drive, but you’re running out of space on one and have plenty of space on the other. You might shrink one partition, creating unallocated space, and then expand the other partition.

How to Check Your Disk Structure in Windows, Ubuntu Linux & macOS

Windows, Linux, and macOS are the three primary desktop operating systems, and all have their own disk or partition management utilities. Different distros of Linux may have managers that look different, but they all have the same broad functionality.

Windows Disk Management

The Microsoft Windows Disk Management utility is quite sophisticated and allows you to do almost all operations related to partitions, volumes, and more. You can open it in various ways, but the easiest is to right-click on the Start Button and select Disk management.

Once you’ve got the app open, you’ll see every disk and volume on your computer. The Disk Management app makes it easy to see which volumes are on your computer and what physical disks they are on. You can also assign drive letters here and diagnose if disks or volumes aren’t mounting correctly. The disk graphics also clearly show what type of partition each volume uses.

Ubuntu Linux Disk Utility

In Ubuntu Linux, the included disk management utility is simply called Disks. Like the Windows utility, it gives you a clear visual breakdown of the physical drives and the volumes that reside on them. 

You can also manage your volumes and partitions here, but remember that Linux has a more complicated set of default partitions than Windows. For example, the swap partition is what Linux uses as RAM swap space, whereas Windows simply uses a file on an existing partition. 

While it’s always true that you should not go around deleting partitions unless you know it’s safe, that’s doubly true on Linux.

macOS Disk Utility

The macOS Disk Utility isn’t as busy with information as other operating systems. Still, it offers the most critical functions you need when setting up or modifying a disk’s structure.

The easiest way to launch Disk Utility is to use Spotlight Search. So press Command + Space and then type Disk Utility. Then press Enter to launch the program.

This will show you all the drives connected to your Mac, as well as the structure of those drives. Just remember that macOS can’t understand certain file formats, such as NTFS, without special third-party software.

Use Caution!

After learning all this information about drive partitions, volumes, and logical drives, there’s one more thing you should be aware of. Messing around with partitions and drive structures can easily destroy your data. The safest time to work with partitions is when your drive is blank anyway, and you perform the initial setup.

While it is possible to create partitions or modify, delete, and resize them on a drive that’s being used, you shouldn’t do it without backing up information that you’re not willing to lose.

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