Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad maqashay codsiyada ku socda qaabka "kernel" ama "user". Dhammaan waxay ku xiran tahay sida nidaamyada hawlgalka u shaqeeyaan marka ay shaqadooda qabsadaan. Markaad taas fahamto, way fududahay in la fahmo farqiga u dhexeeya habka isticmaalaha iyo qaabka kernel-ka.

Fahamka Waxa uu Qabto^(Does) Nidaamka Hawlgelinta

Kumbuyuutarku wuxuu ka kooban yahay hardware, qaybaha elegtarooniga ah, iyo software, koodhka kumbiyuutarka ee lagu fuliyo qalabkaas. Laakiin waxa laga yaaba in ay caddahay sida ay u wada shaqeeyaan.

Cunsurka ugu muhiimsan ee kombuyuutarku waa xoogaa ama "lambarka binary. "Wax kasta^{(” Everything)} oo uu kumbiyuutarku sameeyo waxaa loo taagan yahay mid iyo eber. Qaybaha^(Different) kombiyuutarada ee kala duwan waxay u taagan yihiin xoogaa siyaabo kala duwan. CPU , transistors^(CPU) microscopic waxay u taagan yihiin kuwa iyo eber iyagoo shidan ama daminaya. transistor-kaas waxa loo habeeyey qaab-dhismeed macquul ah, oo loo yaqaan albaabada macquulka ah.

Xasuusta kombayutarka elegtarooniga ah, bits waxaa u taagan unugyo xusuusta oo leh kharash ka sarreeya ama ka hooseeya meel cayiman. Dareewalka adag ee makaanik, biraha waxaa lagu matalaa isbedbeddelka birlabeedka oo lagu cabbiro saxan wareeg ah. Saxanadaha indhaha, godadka iyo dhulalka sameeya ama aan ka tarjumayn iftiinka laysarka waxay qabtaan shaqo isku mid ah. 

Si kastaba ha ahaatee sida muuqaalka muuqaalka ah ee code binary loo gaaro, waxaad ugu dambeyntii hoos u dhigi kartaa dhammaan qaybaha kombuyuutarrada macaamiisha ee xeerka mashiinka cayriin.

Haddaba sidee ayaad uga socotaa is-dhexgalka bani-aadamka-saaxiibtinimo ee kombuyuutarka una gudubta hababka cayriin, heer-hooseeya ee kumbiyuutarka laftiisa? Halkaas ayuu ka soo galayaa nidaamka hawlgalka. Wuxuu si toos ah u maamulaa qalabka kombiyuutarka. 

Software-kani waxa uu tarjumaa wax kasta oo codsi ah (iyo sidaas darteed isticmaaluhu) waxay rabaan tilmaamaha code mashiinka ee CPU iyo qaybaha kale ay fahmaan. Qaybta software ugu muhiimsan ee habkan waa kernel.

Waa maxay Kernel-ku?

Kernelku waa, sida magacaba ka muuqata, xudunta nidaamka hawlgalka. Kernel-ku waa software ku dhex jira RAM oo haga wax kasta oo uu kumbiyuutarku sameeyo. Marka wax lagu qoro xusuusta, waa kernel-ka hagaya fulinta.

Kernelku wuu yaqaanaa sida loola xidhiidhiyo qalabka sida GPU-yada^(GPUs) iyo kaadhadhka shabkada, laakiin waxa laga yaabaa inaanay garanayn sidii loogu shaqayn lahaa si ay awooddooda buuxda u helaan, iyaga oo ku tiirsan heerarka guud ee warshadaha kombiyuutarka.

Darawalada qalabka ayaa halkan ku ciyaaraya. Darawaliintu waxay u sheegaan nidaamkaaga hawlgalka sida loogu shaqeeyo qaybo gaar ah, waana sababta aad ugu baahan tahay darawalo kala duwan Nvidia iyo AMD GPUs , tusaale ahaan.

Ku qalabaysan darawalada saxda ah, kernel-ku waa awooda kama dambaysta ah ee ku jirta kombayutarka, oo ay ku jirto samaynta waxyaabo si xun u burburin kara xogta.

Doorka Interfaces ^(Role)Programming-^{(Application Programming Interfaces)} ka Codsiga ( APIs )

Waagii MS-DOS , soosaarayaasha kombuyuutarku waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay u qoraan software-kooda gaar ahaan qalabka isticmaalaha. Tusaalaha ugu caansan ee tan nidaamyada MS-DOS waxay ahaayeen darawallada kaadhka dhawaaqa.

Ciyaarta fiidiyooga ah ee la bixiyay waa inay taageerto kaararka ugu caansan ( Sound Blaster , Ad-lib , Gravis Ultrasound , iwm.) waxayna rajeynayaan in ciyaartoyda badankood la daboolay. Maanta, arrimuhu si aad u kala duwan ayey u shaqeeyaan, waxaa mahad leh API-yada^(APIs) .

Microsoft DirectX waa tusaale weyn. Haddii aad rabto sharraxaad qoto dheer, hubi Waa maxay DirectX iyo Maxay Muhiim u tahay? ^{(What Is DirectX and Why Is It Important?)}Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ugu muhiimsan in la ogaado waa in API uu bixiyaa hab caadi ah oo loogu talagalay horumarinta software si ay u waydiiso agabka qalabka qaybaha sida GPU . Intaa waxaa dheer, qalab-sameeyayaasha waa in ay hubiyaan oo kaliya in alaabtoodu ay u hoggaansamaan DirectX si loo hubiyo in si buuxda ula jaanqaadi karo barnaamij kasta oo u hoggaansan.

API-yadu^(APIs) waxay bixiyaan lakabka turjumaadda u dhexeeya codsiyada software iyo kernel-ka hooseeya ee wata darawalladeeda qalabka. Haa, tani waxay la socotaa ganaax waxqabad yar. Weli, kombuyuutarrada casriga ah, tani waa mid aan fiicneyn, waxayna la socotaa faa'iidooyin kala duwan, taas oo ah meesha aan ugu dambeyntii u nimaadno habka isticmaalaha iyo qaabka kernel.

Habka Isticmaalaha vs. Habka Kernel

Nidaamyada hawlgalka casriga ah waxay wada boqolaal ama kumanaan " geeddisoco" isku mar ah, iyagoo si firfircoon u siinaya waqti CPU sida loogu baahdo iyadoo lagu saleynayo mudnaanta iyo shuruudaha awoodda xisaabinta.

Markaad furto arjiga, waxay abuurtaa habab, CPU -gu waxay ku fulin kartaa qaabka isticmaalaha ama qaabka kernel-ka.

Habka daaqadaha^(Windows) ee ku shaqeeya habka isticmaale ayaa kaliya heli kara booska ciwaanka xusuusta ee gaarka ah iyo miiska gacanta. Software-ku wuxuu isticmaalaa miisaskan si uu u kaydiyo xogta RAM oo uu u codsado ilaha. Ma jirto galaangal toos ah oo lagu galo xusuusta ama qalab kale, waxayna ku xiran tahay nidaamka hawlgalka si uu u khariidado meelaha bannaan ee qalabka dhabta ah ee kombiyuutarka.

Tani waxay ku fiican tahay sababo badan, laakiin faa'iidada ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah in codsigu aanu dib u qori karin ama bedeli karin xogta ka baxsan booska ciwaanka xusuusta. Intaa waxaa dheer, hawlaha qaarkood ayaa ka mamnuuc ah hababka isticmaalaha-habka, inta badan kuwa burburin kara nidaamka ama burburin kara xogta.

Marka hawshu bilaabato ama sare loo qaado habka kernel, waxa ay si buuxda u helaysaa ilaha nidaamka, xataa kuwa loo qoondeeyay nidaamka hawlgalka. Marka, aragti ahaan, waxay dib u qori kartaa xogta muhiimka ah ee nidaamka hawlgalka uu u baahan yahay inuu si sax ah u shaqeeyo.

Dabinnada iyo Ka-reebitaanka

Waxaa muhiim ah in la fahmo in labadan hab lagu dhaqan geliyo heerka qalabka CPU laftiisa. Haddi arji ku shaqeeya qaabka isticmaaluhu uu isku dayo inuu sameeyo wax u baahan gelitaanka hab-kernel-ka, waxay abuurtaa "dabin" ama "ka reeban." Nidaamka qalliinka ayaa markaas wax ka qaban doona arjiga, sida caadiga ah isaga oo xiraya oo soo saaraya log shil si ay horumariyayaashu u arkaan wixii ku dhacay xusuusta markii arrimuhu ka baxeen biraha.

Khatarta Habka Kernel^(Dangers) : Shaashadda ^{(Kernel Mode)}Buluugga^{(Blue Screen)} ah ee Dhimashada^(Death)

Haddii aad waligaa la kulantay Shaashadda Buluugga^{(Blue Screen)} ah ee Dhimashada^(Death) (yaa aan arkin?) Kaas oo ku qasbay kombuyuutarkaaga inuu damiyo ama dib u bilaabo, waxaa jirta fursad wanaagsan oo ay ahayd habka kernel-ka in la eedeeyo.

Marka habka loo yaqaan 'kernel mode' uu sameeyo shay aan loo malaynayn, nidaamka hawlgalka kama soo kaban karo, kombuyuutarkii oo dhanna wuu joogsanayaa. Marka habka isticmaalaha uu dhaco haywire, kaliya codsiga ayaa burbura, inta kale ee software-ka iyo nidaamka hawlgalka ayaa socon kara iyada oo aan wax dhibaato ah.

Tani waa hal aag oo API-yadu^(APIs) ay ka ciyaaraan door lama huraan ah maadaama ay tahay API -ga weydiinaya mudnaanta-qaabka kernel-ka. Codsiyada hab-isticmaalka asal ahaan waxa ay u wakiishaan codsiyada u baahnaan lahaa mudnaanta habka kernel-ka API -ga .

Tani waa sababta kernel-mode inta badan loo ogolaado oo kaliya hababka nidaamka hoose ee u baahan in si toos ah loo galo qalabka kombiyuutarka. Caadiyan, mudnaantan waxaa lagu kordhiyaa habka sababtoo ah waxay u baahan tahay waxqabad ka badan inta habka isticmaaluhu uu bixin karo. Qaar ka mid ah tilmaamaha CPU waxay ku shaqeeyaan kaliya qaabka kernel, markaa haddii nidaamku u baahan yahay in la isticmaalo hawlahaas, waa in sare loo qaadaa.

Haddii ay dhibaato kaa haysato Shaashadda Buluugga^{(Blue Screen)} ah ee Dhimashada^(Death) , hubi inaad akhrido Shaashadda Buluugga ah ee Hagaha Cilad-bixinta Geerida ee Windows 10^{(Blue Screen of Death Troubleshooting Guide for Windows 10)} !

What Is User Mode vs Kernel Mode in Windows

You may have heard about apрlications running in “kernel” or “user” mode. It’s all down to how operating systems work when they do their јobs. Once you understand thаt, it’ѕ easy to grasp the difference between user mode and kernel modе.

Understanding What an Operating System Does

A computer consists of hardware, the electronic components, and software, the computer code executed by that hardware. But what may be less clear is how they work together.

A computer’s most essential element is the bit or “binary digit.” Everything a computer does is represented as ones and zeroes. Different computer components represent bits in different ways. In a CPU, microscopic transistors represent ones and zeroes by either being on or off. Those transistors are arranged into logical structures, called logic gates.

In electronic computer memory, bits are represented by memory cells either having a charge above or below a certain threshold. On a mechanical hard drive, bits are represented as magnetic fluctuations measured on a spinning platter. On optical discs, pits and lands that do or do not reflect laser light do the same job. 

No matter how the physical representation of binary code is achieved, you can eventually reduce down all consumer computer components to this raw machine code.

So how do you go from the human-friendly interface of a computer to the raw, low-level processes in the computer itself? That’s where the operating system comes in. It directly controls the hardware of the computer. 

This software translates everything applications (and therefore the user) want into the machine code instructions that the CPU and other components understand. The most critical piece of software in this process is the kernel.

What Is the Kernel?

The kernel is, as the name suggests, the core of the operating system. The kernel is software that resides in RAM and directs everything the computer does. When something is written into memory, it’s the kernel that directs the execution.

The kernel knows how to interface with hardware such as GPUs and network cards, but it may not know how to operate them to their full potential, relying on generic standards in the computer industry.

The hardware drivers come into play here. Drivers tell your operating system how to work with specific components, which is why you need different drivers for Nvidia and AMD GPUs, for example.

Equipped with the right drivers, the kernel is the ultimate authority within the computer, including doing things that can catastrophically destroy data.

The Role of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)

In the days of MS-DOS, software developers had to write their software specifically for the user’s hardware. The most notorious example of this on MS-DOS systems were sound card drivers.

A given video game would have to support the most popular cards (Sound Blaster, Ad-lib, Gravis Ultrasound, etc.) and hope that most players were covered. Today, things work very differently, thanks to APIs.

Microsoft DirectX is a great example. If you want an in-depth explanation, check out What Is DirectX and Why Is It Important? However, the most important thing to know is that the API offers a standard way for software developers to ask for hardware resources from components like the GPU. Additionally, hardware makers must only ensure that their products comply with DirectX to ensure full compatibility with any likewise compliant software.

APIs offer a layer of translation between software applications and the low-level kernel with its hardware drivers. Yes, this comes with a slight performance penalty. Still, on modern computers, this is negligible, and it comes with a variety of advantages, which is where we finally come to user mode and kernel mode.

User Mode vs. Kernel Mode

Modern operating systems run hundreds or thousands of “processes” simultaneously, dynamically giving them CPU time as needed based on their priorities and computation power requirements.

When you launch an application, it generates processes, and the CPU can execute them in either user mode or kernel mode.

A Windows process running in user mode only has access to its own private virtual memory address space and handle table. The software uses these tables to store data in RAM and request resources. There’s no direct access to memory or other hardware, and it’s up to the operating system to map those virtual spaces to the actual hardware of the computer.

This is good for many reasons, but the most crucial benefit is that the application can’t overwrite or alter data outside its virtual memory address space. In addition, certain functions are off-limits to user-mode processes, mainly ones that could crash the system or destroy data.

When a process launches or is elevated to kernel mode, it has full access to system resources, even those reserved for the operating system. So, in theory, it could overwrite crucial data that the operating system needs to run properly.

Traps and Exceptions

It’s important to understand that these two modes are enforced at the hardware level by the CPU itself. If an application running in user mode tries to do something that requires kernel-mode access, it generates a “trap” or “exception.” The operating system will then deal with the application, usually by shutting it down and generating a crash log so that the developers can see what happened in memory when things went off the rails.

The Dangers of Kernel Mode: The Blue Screen of Death

If you’ve ever experienced a Blue Screen of Death (who hasn’t?) that forced your computer to switch off or restart, there’s a good chance it was a kernel-mode process to blame.

When a process in kernel mode does something it’s not supposed to, the operating system can’t recover from it, and the entire computer halts. When a user-mode process goes haywire, only the application crashes, and the rest of the software and the operating system can go on without any issues.

This is one area where APIs play an essential role since it’s the API asking for kernel-mode privileges. User-mode applications essentially delegate requests that would have required kernel-mode privileges to the API.

This is why kernel-mode is usually only granted to low-level system processes that need to access the computer’s hardware directly. Usually, this privilege is extended to a process because it needs more performance than user mode can provide. Some CPU instructions only work in kernel mode, so if a process needs to use those functions, it has to be elevated.

If you’re having trouble with the Blue Screen of Death, be sure to read our Blue Screen of Death Troubleshooting Guide for Windows 10!

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