Haddii aad waligaa ku dhex martay fariin kombayutarkaaga ama aalad kale oo kuu sheegaysa inaad u baahan tahay mudnaanta sare, waxaad la kulantay baahida loo qabo "helitaanka xididka."

Nidaamyada hawlgelintu waa in ay dheelli tiraan inta u dhaxaysa u oggolaanshaha isticmaalayaashu waxa ay u baahan yihiin laakiin iyada oo aan loo oggolaan in ay kharribaan nidaamka oo dhan. Wanaag iyo xumaanba, marka aad "xidid gelitaanka" kumbiyuutarka leedahay, waxaad haysataa furayaasha boqortooyada.

Nidaamyada Hawlgalku Waa Sida Basasha oo kale

Nidaamyada hawlgalka ( OSes ) waxay leeyihiin lakabyo, sida basasha oo kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si ka duwan basasha, nidaamyada hawlgalka waxay leeyihiin kernels.

Kernelku waa lakabka xudunta u ah OS. Qaybtan ka mid ah nidaamka hawlgalka waxay si toos ah ula hadashaa qalabka kombiyuutarka. Kernel-ku waa waxa ugu horreeya ee soo baxa marka kombuyuutarku ku shubo nidaamka hawlgalka. Kernelku had iyo jeer wuxuu ku sii jiraa RAM . Haddii kernelku xumaado, kumbiyuutarku wuu burburi doonaa. Waa qaybta ugu xasaasisan nidaamka qalliinka.

Hareeraha kernel-ka waxaa ku yaal qaybo kala duwan oo OS ah sida nidaamka faylka, wadayaasha aaladaha, Interfaces Programming Interfaces^{(Application Programming Interfaces)} ( APIs ), iyo Interface User^{(User Interface)} (UI). UI waa xoogaa isku xidha adiga, isticmaalaha, dhammaan qaybaha OS ee ka shaqeeya gadaasha.

Isticmaalayaasha intooda badani waxay u baahan yihiin oo kaliya inay galaan qaybo ka mid ah qaybaha OS, iyo kaliya ilaa xad kala duwan, taas oo ah sababta nidaamyada hawlgalka u leeyihiin heerarka "mudnaanta".

Aasaaska OS Mudnaanta

Sida nolosha dhabta ah, haysashada dhawrsanaanno gaar ah nidaamka hawlgalka macnaheedu waa helitaanka waxyaabaha aanay isticmaalayaasha mudnaanta hoose haysan. Gelitaanka waxa lagu xaddidi karaa siyaabo dhowr ah. Xayiraadda guud waa gelitaanka nidaamka faylka. Waxa laga yaabaa inaad leedahay mudnaan "akhris" oo keliya marka ay timaado xog gaar ah, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inaad furto faylashaas oo aad akhrido, laakiin sina uma beddeli kartid. Si taas loo sameeyo, waxaad u baahan doontaa mudnaanta "qor"

Noocyada xogta qaarkood ayaa laga yaabaa inayna ku siin mudnaan "akhris" haba yaraatee. Tusaale ahaan, ma rabi doontid kombuyuutar dadweyne inuu siiyo isticmaalayaasha marin u helka xogta shaqaalaha kaliya loogu talagalay inay arkaan.

Xayiraadaha kale ee caadiga ah waxay la xiriiraan dejinta kombuyuutarka iyo rakibida software. Isticmaalka heerarka mudnaanta kala duwan, isticmaalayaasha waa laga hortagi karaa inay rakibaan ama ka saaraan codsiyada iyo beddelaan waxyaabaha sida gidaarka nidaamka.

Helitaanka xididku^{(Root Access)} waa mudnaanta ugu sareysa^(Highest)

Lahaanshaha "xidid gelitaanka" macnaheedu waa haysashada mudnaanta ugu sareysa ee suurtogalka ah ee kombiyuutarka. Ma jiro fayl ama xog kaa qarsoon. Isticmaalayaasha xididku waxay bedeli karaan dhinac kasta oo nidaamka hawlgalka ah.

Codsi kasta oo isticmaala xididku uu ku shaqeeyo isla mudnaanta wuxuu sameyn karaa wax kasta oo isticmaala xididku awoodo. Helitaanka xididku waa lama huraan si loo xalliyo dhibaatooyin badan iyo dayactirka guud ee kombiyuutarka.

Erey kale oo loogu talagalay adeegsadaha xididku waa "maamulaha," inkastoo xaaladaha qaarkood, koontada maamuluhu ay yeelan karaan mudnaanta wax yar ka hooseeya xisaabta xididka, taas oo ku xidhan nidaamka hawlgalka iyo sida waxyaabaha si gaar ah loo habeeyey. Xaaladaha intooda badan, mudnaanta maamulka iyo mudnaanta xididku waa erayo la isweydaarsan karo.

Heerarka Mudnaanta Isticmaalaha Linux

Linux iyo nidaamyada kale ee " Unix-like " waxay leeyihiin hab gaar ah oo loogu talagalay xisaabaadka xididka. Had iyo jeer waxaa jira ugu yaraan hal akoon oo xidid Linux ah^(Linux) , oo la sameeyay markii ugu horeysay ee aad rakibto nidaamka hawlgalka. Sida caadiga ah, akoonkan maaha xisaab isticmaale oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka maalinlaha ah. Taa baddalkeeda, mar kasta oo isticmaalaha caadiga ah uu u baahan yahay inuu sameeyo wax u baahan helitaanka xididka, waa inay bixiyaan magaca isticmaalaha iyo erayga sirta ah, kaas oo si ku meel gaar ah kor u qaadaya mudnaanta si uu u guto hawsha ka dibna dib ugu soo noqda heerarka mudnaanta isticmaalaha caadiga ah.

Isticmaalka Linus Terminal , interface ku salaysan qoraalka, isticmaalayaashu waxay isticmaali karaan amarka "sudo," oo gaaban "superuser do. "^{(” Any)} Amar kasta oo raacda sudo waxay ku fulisaa mudnaanta xididka, oo waa inaad mar kale bixisaa furaha sirta ah.

Heerarka mudnaanta isticmaale^{(User Privilege Levels)} ee Windows iyo macOS

Muddo sanado ah Microsoft Windows waxay lahayd dabeecad dib-u-dhac badan oo ku aaddan mudnaanta xididka. Koontada isticmaale ee aasaasiga ah sidoo kale waxay ahayd koontada maamulka, taasoo la macno ah inaad gacanta ku beddeshay waxyaabaha haddii aad rabto isla heerka badbaadada dabiiciga ah ee habka Linux .

Noocyada casriga ah ee Microsoft Windows , falalka u baahan mudnaanta maamulka ayaa kicin doona Xakamaynta Koontada Isticmaalaha ee Windows^{(Windows User Account Control)} ( UAC ), oo waa inaad bixisaa furaha maamulaha. Waxa kale oo aad bilaabi kartaa codsiyo gaar ah oo leh mudnaanta maamulaha. Tusaale ahaan, waxaad bilaabi kartaa Command Prompt ama Windows Terminal oo leh mudnaanta maamulka mana aha inaad bixiso furaha sirta ah muddada fadhiga si isdaba joog ah.

MacOS-ka Apple waa, sida Linux , nidaamka qalliinka u eg Unix wuxuuna u baahan yahay sare u qaadida mudnaanta hawl-fulinta mar kasta oo aad isku daydo inaad sameyso wax ka baxsan isticmaalka caadiga ah. MacOS, waxaad arki doontaa calaamado quful yar, kuwaas oo kuu ogolaanaya inaad ku furto nidaamka nidaamka erayga sirta ah ee isticmaalaha ka dibna mar kale quful markaad dhammayso.

Sida caadiga ah, macOS waa ka gardarro badan yahay ogolaanshaha marka loo eego Windows . Tusaale ahaan, haddii app uu u baahan yahay inuu galo xogta wadista la saari karo, macOS ayaa ku weydiin doona inay taasi sax tahay marka ugu horeysa.

Helitaanka xididka ee telefoonada Android

Inta badan dadka aan ahayn maamulayaasha nidaamka waxay markii hore la kulmeen fikradda "root access" ama "rooting" ee macnaha guud ee casriga ah ee Android iyo tablets. In kasta oo Android uu yahay nidaamka hawlgalka il furan, ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan soosaarayaasha taleefannada Android sida ^(Android)Samsung iyo OnePlus ma siiyaan macaamiishooda xididka helitaanka taleefannadooda. Taa baddalkeeda, waxay leeyihiin akoonno isticmaale oo gaar ah oo aan heli karin heerka hoose ee qalabka taleefanka. Markaa si ka duwan PC-ga, ma beddeli kartid nidaamka hawlgalka ee taleefankaaga Android ama ma samayn kartid isbeddello nidaamka oo aanay si cad u oggolayn soo saaraha talefanka.

Taleefanno badan, helitaanka xididka waxaa lagu heli karaa adoo ku shaqeeya app rooting, laakiin qalabka qaar ayaa u baahan habka xididka ee xoogaa ku lug leh iyadoo la adeegsanayo kumbuyuutarka iyo Android Debug Bridge ( ADB ). Adigoo isticmaalaya mid ka mid ah hababka kala duwan ee hal-guji xididka ama casharrada si loo rujiyo aaladaha Android , waxaad heli kartaa xidid gelitaanka taleefankaaga.

Halkan, waxaad ka bedeli kartaa wax kasta oo qalabka ah, oo ay ku jiraan ka saarida bloatware bixiyaha iyo curyaaminta ama awood u yeelashada waxyaabaha soo saaraha taleefoonku uu rabay inuu ka ilaaliyo inaad gaarto. Xididdada telefoonka Android sidoo kale waa tallaabada ugu horreysa haddii aad rabto in aad si buuxda u bedesho nidaamka qalliinka. Tan waxaa ku jiri kara nooca ugu dambeeyay ee Android , ROM^(ROMs) -yada caadiga ah , iyo xitaa kaydka Android (sida talefoonka Google Nexus ) iyada oo aan lahayn is-dhexgalnada gaarka ah ee soo saaraha. Waxaad furaysaa adduun kale oo firmware ah adiga oo rujinaya qalabkaaga oo furaya bootloaderkiisa.

Barnaamijyada caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah SuperSu iyo Magisk , oo aad isticmaasho khatartaada. Haddii kale, waqti ku qaado golayaasha Android , adigoo akhrinaya sida milkiilayaasha kale ee moodelka taleefankaaga ay ugu guulaysteen rooting.

Qalabka "Jailbreaking" iOS

Iyadoo telefoonada Android aysan ku siinin helitaanka xididka sanduuqa, Android guud ahaan aad ayuu uga yar yahay kan iOS, xitaa iyada oo aan lahayn rukhsad xidid. Tusaale ahaan, talefanka Android , waxaad si fudud u awood u siin kartaa rakibaadda codsiyada dukaamada app-ka saddexaad oo aad ku rakibto wax kasta oo aad jeceshahay, xitaa haddii aysan ku jirin Google Play Store .

On iOS, app^(Android) kasta oo Apple ma ogola in ay si fudud u gaar ah, halkaas oo dhaqanka ah " jailbreaking "^{(jailbreaking)} yimaado. Tallaabooyinka waa in la jebiyaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo faa'iidooyin.

Khatarta Xididka Helitaanka

Marka ay timaado aaladaha sida iPhones iyo taleefannada casriga ah ee Android , hal arin oo muhiim ah in la tixgeliyo marka la rujinayo waa in ay burin karto dammaanaddaada. Tani waxay si gaar ah walaac u qabtaa maadaama xididada ama jeebka qaladku uu si joogto ah u leben karo qalabkaaga, wax soo saaruhu ma doonayo inuu hagaajiyo, xitaa haddii aad bixiso.

Kumbiyuutarrada gaarka ah, arrimuhu way kala duwan yihiin. Ma rabtid inaad si shil ah u siiso isticmaalayaasha khaldan ama codsiyada xididka. Haddi^(Whether) ay tahay talefan ama kombuyuutar, waxa kale oo jirta fursad aad ku siin karto xididka malware-ka, taasina waxay noqon kartaa masiibo oo waxay gelisaa faylalka nidaamkaaga khatar. Tani waa sababta isticmaalka xirmada antivirus ay muhiim u tahay aaladda rukunsan.

Ka soo qaad^(Suppose) inaad hesho xididka oo aad bilowdo rakibidda ROM^(ROMs) -yada gaarka ah . Xaaladdaas, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad lumiso helitaanka sifooyinka gaarka ah ee qalabkaaga oo aad aragto maaraynta kulaylka xun ama nolosha batteriga, maadaama qaar badan oo ka mid ah hagaajinta aysan ku jirin aaladaha xididka leh ee ROM^(ROMs) -yada gaarka ah . Isticmaalayaasha qaarkood waxay ku sameeyaan saacadaha xad dhaafka ah ee qalabkooda xididka ah, halkaasoo CPU iyo GPU laga riixo wax ka baxsan sifooyinka soo saaraha, taas oo suurtagal ah inay dhaawacdo telefoonka.

Xidid ka bixidda Qalabkaaga

Maxaa dhacaya haddii aad rabto inaad uninstall geliso xididkaaga? Haddii aad u malaynayso in aaladdaadu wali shaqaynayso, waad "furi kartaa" ama "jailjebin kartaa" oo aad ku celin kartaa xaaladdiisii ​​asalka ahayd, taas oo ay ku jirto in OEM ROM- ka dib loogu soo celiyo aaladda. Waxaad rabi lahayd inaad tan samayso ka hor intaanad iibin ama bixin qalabkaaga, oo waxaad doonaysaa inaad samayso ka hor intaadan isku dayin inaad soo celiso dammaanadda, haddii ay suurtogal tahay.

Lahaanshaha talefanka xididku waxa uu noqon karaa awood iyo xorayn, laakiin waxa kale oo uu la socdaa liis dheer oo khataro iyo digniino ah, markaa si taxadar leh uga fakar in uu mudan yahay iyo in kale.

What Does “Root Access” Mean on PCs and Smartphones?

If you’ve ever run into a message on your computer or other device telling you that you need higher prіvileges, you’ve encountеred the need for “root access.”

Operating systems have to strike a balance between letting users do what they need to but without letting them mess up the entire system. For better or worse, when you have “root access” to a computer, you have the keys to the kingdom.

Operating Systems Are Like Onions

Operating systems (OSes) have layers, just like an onion. However, unlike an onion, operating systems have kernels.

The kernel is the lowest core layer of the OS. This part of the operating system talks directly to the computer’s hardware. The kernel is the first thing that loads when your computer loads the operating system. The kernel always remains in RAM. If the kernel goes wrong, the computer will crash. It’s the most critical part of the operating system.

Around the kernel are various OS components such as the file system, device drivers, Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), and User Interface (UI). The UI is the bit that connects you, the user, to all of those OS components working in the background.

Most users only need access to some of the OS components, and only to varying extents, which is why operating systems have “privilege” levels.

The Basics of OS Privileges

Just as in real life, having certain privileges in an operating system means getting access to things that users with lower privileges don’t. Access can be restricted in several ways. A common restriction is file system access. You may only have “read” privileges when it comes to specific data, which means that you can open those files and read them, but you can’t change them in any way. To do that, you’d need “write” privileges.

Some types of data may give you no “read” privileges at all. For example, you wouldn’t want a public computer to give users access to data that only staff is meant to see.

Other common restrictions relate to computer settings and software installation. Using different privilege levels, users can be prevented from installing or removing applications and changing things like the system wallpaper.

To Have Root Access is the Highest Privilege

Having “root access” means having the highest privilege possible on the computer. No files or data is hidden from you. Root users can change any aspect of the operating system.

Any application that the root user runs with the same privileges can do anything that a root user can. Root access is essential to fixing many problems and general computer maintenance.

Another term for a root user is “administrator,” although in some cases, an administrator account can have slightly lower privileges than the root account, depending on the operating system and how things are specifically configured. In most cases, admin privileges and root privileges are interchangeable terms.

Linux User Privilege Levels

Linux and other “Unix-like” operating systems have a specific approach to root accounts. There is always at least one root account in Linux, created when you first install the operating system. By default, this account is not a user account meant for daily use. Instead, whenever a regular user needs to do something that requires root access, they have to provide a username and password, which temporarily elevates privileges to accomplish the task and then drops back down to normal user privilege levels.

Using the Linus Terminal, a text-based interface, users can use the command “sudo,” which is short for “superuser do.” Any command that follows sudo executes with root privileges, and you’ll have to provide a password once again.

Windows and macOS User Privilege Levels

For years Microsoft Windows had a more laid-back attitude to root privileges. The primary user account was also the administrator account, meaning you had to manually change things if you wanted the same level of inherent safety from the Linux approach.

In modern versions of Microsoft Windows, actions that require admin privileges will trigger a Windows User Account Control (UAC) prompt, and you’ll have to provide the administrator password. You can also launch specific applications with administrator privileges. For example, you can launch the Command Prompt or Windows Terminal with admin privileges and won’t have to provide a password for the length of the session repeatedly.

Apple’s macOS is, like Linux, a Unix-like operating system and requires a per-operation privilege elevation whenever you try to do something outside of regular use. In macOS, you’ll notice little lock icons, which let you unlock system settings with the root user password and then lock them again once you’re done.

By default, macOS is a little more aggressive with permissions than Windows. For example, if an app needs to access data on a removable drive, macOS will ask you if that’s okay the first time.

Root Access on Android Phones

Most people who aren’t system administrators first encountered the idea of “root access” or “rooting” in the context of Android smartphones and tablets. While Android is an open-source operating system, almost all Android phone manufacturers like Samsung and OnePlus don’t give their customers root access to their phones. Instead, they have special user accounts that can’t get low-level access to the phone’s hardware. So unlike a PC, you can’t change the operating system on your Android phone or make system changes that aren’t explicitly allowed by the phone manufacturer.

On many phones, root access can be gained by running a rooting app, but some devices require a somewhat involved rooting process using a computer and the Android Debug Bridge (ADB). By using one of the various one-click root methods or tutorials to root Android devices, you can get root access to your phone.

From here, you can change virtually any aspect of the device, including removing provider bloatware and disabling or enabling things the phone manufacturer wanted to keep out of your reach. Rooting an Android phone is also the first step if you want to replace the operating system completely. This can include the latest version of Android, custom ROMs, and even stock Android (like a Google Nexus phone) without the manufacturer-specific interfaces. You open up a world of alternative firmware by rooting your device and unlocking its bootloader.

Popular apps include SuperSu and Magisk, which you use at your own risk. Alternatively, spend some time on Android forums, reading about how other owners of your phone model have fared with rooting.

“Jailbreaking” iOS Devices

While Android phones don’t give you root access out of the box, Android is generally much less restrictive than iOS, even without root permissions. For example, on an Android phone, you can easily enable the installation of applications from third-party app stores and install whatever you like, even if it’s not in the Google Play Store.

On iOS, any app that Apple doesn’t approve of is simply out of reach, where the practice of “jailbreaking” comes in. The result of jailbreaking is much the same as rooting on an Android phone, but the difference is that iOS security measures must be broken using exploits.

The Dangers of Root Access

When it comes to devices like iPhones and Android smartphones, one crucial issue to consider when rooting is that it may invalidate your warranty. This is particularly worrying since a rooting or jailbreak that goes wrong can permanently brick your device, something the manufacturer may be unwilling to fix, even if you pay them.

On personal computers, the issues are different. You don’t want to give the wrong users or applications root access accidentally. Whether on a phone or computer, there’s also a chance that you may give malware root access, and that can be a catastrophe and places your system files in danger. This is why using an antivirus package is crucial on a rooted device.

Suppose you gain root access and start installing custom ROMs. In that case, you may lose access to special features of your device and see worse thermal management or battery life, as many of the optimizations aren’t present on rooted devices with custom ROMs. Some users perform overclocking on their rooted device, where the CPU and GPU are pushed beyond the manufacturer’s specifications, potentially damaging the phone.

Unrooting Your Device

What if you want to uninstall your root access? Assuming that your device still works, you can “unroot” or “un-jailbreak” it and return it to its original state, which includes flashing the OEM ROM back onto the device. You’d want to do this before selling or giving away your device, and you want to do it before trying to do a warranty return, if at all possible.

Having a rooted phone can be empowering and liberating, but it also comes with a long list of risks and caveats, so think carefully about whether it’s worth it.

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