Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad maqashay wax la yiraahdo IP Address , - haddii aadan haysan, ku billow akhrinta maqaalkeena sharraxaya fikradda - laakiin maqaalkan ku saabsan NAT ( Network Address Translation ) waxaad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato in cinwaannada IP-yada ay xaddidan yihiin. Sidoo kale ma lahaan kartid laba qalab oo shabakad leh cinwaan IP isku mid ah^{(same IP address)} . 

Dhibaatadu waxay tahay in shabakadaha kala duwan, sida shabakada gurigaaga iyo kombiyuutarada ku jira internetka guud ahaan, ay hubaal tahay inay lahaan doonaan cinwaan IP isku mid ah ama waxay yeelan doonaan cillado sida ciwaanadooda shabakadeed loo dejiyay. NAT waxay xallisay labadaba dhibaatada ciwaanka IP-ga iyo shabakadaha aan ku habboonayn ee u baahan inay wada hadlaan. 

Inta badan ma ahan wax aad u baahan tahay inaad ka walwasho, laakiin mararka qaarkood dhibaatada internetka ayaa ah natiijada NAT oo khaldan. Markaa lahaanshaha fahamka aasaasiga ah ee waxa NAT ay tahay iyo sida ay u shaqeyso waxay kaa caawin kartaa xallinta arrinta.

Xagee NAT ka dhacdaa?^{(Where Does NAT Happen?)}

Marka laga hadlayo isticmaalayaasha caadiga ah ee annaga oo kale ah, NAT waa shaqo uu maamulo routerkaaga. Router-ku waxa uu leeyahay ciwaanka IP-ga oo uu u qoondeeyay adeeg bixiyahaaga^{(IP address assigned to it by your service provider)} . Kaasi waa ciwaanka ay inta kale ee internetku aragto. Qalab kasta^(Every) oo ku jira shabakada gurigaaga waxaa loo qoondeeyay ciwaanka IP-ga gaarka ah, kaas oo ah waxa ay u isticmaali doonaan inay midba midka kale ku hadlo. 

Marka aaladda shabakadaada ay rabto inay la xiriirto aduunka ka baxsan, router-ka ayaa u taagan. Router-ku wuxuu leeyahay ciwaanka IP-ga dadweynaha, kaas oo qof kasta oo kale arko. Waxay la socotaa ciwaannada IP-ga gaarka ah ee codsaday waxa taraafikada waxayna hubisaa in baakadaha xogta lagu wareejiyo aaladda saxda ah.

Ciwaanka IP-ga gaarka Vs Dadweynaha^{(Private Vs Public IP Addresses)}

Kahor inta aynaan u galin noocyada NAT ee aad la kulmi doonto, waa fikrad wanaagsan inaad si dhakhso leh ugala hadasho cinwaannada IP-ga gaarka ah iyo kuwa guud.

Sida caadiga ah, noocyo gaar ah oo cinwaannada IP-ga ah ayaa loo hayaa ujeedooyin gaar ah. Cinwaannada IP-ga ee dadwaynaha^{(Public IP)} waxaa loogu talagalay aaladaha soo jeeda intarneedka sida routerkaaga ama server-yadaada shabakadda. ISP- gaagu waxa uu u qoondeeyaa ciwaanka IP-ga guud ee router kaaga taasina waa ciwaanka ay dhammaan dadka ka baxsan shabakada ay arkaan. Caadi ahaan ciwaanka internet-ka ee gaarka ahi waa wax la mid ah 192.168.0.X ama 10.1.1.X, laakiin tani way kala duwan tahay hal router ilaa kan xiga. Halka ciwaanada gaarka ahi ay tahay in ay noqdaan kuwo gaar u ah shabakad gaar ah, waxa hubaal ah in ay isku mid yihiin shabakadaha gaarka ah.

Ciwaanka IP-ga guud, sidaan kor ku soo sheegnay, waa ka qof kasta oo kale ka arkay intarneedka. Marka aad booqato mareegaha, browserkaagu waxa uu ku xidhan yahay ciwaanka IP-ga ee dadweynaha. Caadi ahaan, jiheeyayaasha gurigu ma ogola in si toos ah loo galo ciwaankeeda IP-ga ee dadweynaha ee aanu isagu bilaabin. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay inaadan ku qori karin ciwaanka guud ee routerka saaxiibkaa oo aad marin u heli karto aaladaha shabakadooda.

Si kastaba ha noqotee, qaar ka mid ah adeegyada iyo aaladaha shabakada, sida consoles-yada ciyaarta fiidiyowga, waxay u baahan yihiin hab dabacsan. Tani waa halka ay ka ciyaaraan noocyada kala duwan ee NAT . Badanaa dhibaatooyin ayaa ka dhasha xidhiidhkaaga nooca NAT oo ku khaldan nooca adeega aad doonayso inaad isticmaasho. Waxaan si faahfaahsan uga hadli doonaa noocyada NAT ee soo socota.^(NAT)

Noocyada NAT^{(NAT Types)}

Iyadoo fikradda aasaasiga ah ee waxa NAT aanu ahayn mid aad u adag, ficil ahaan waxaa jira wax badan oo nuance ah sida ay dhab ahaantii u shaqeyso. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo NAT ah oo ku habboon baahiyaha tarjumaada ee kala duwan. 

NAT taagan^{(Static NAT)}

Habka joogtada ah ee NAT wuxuu mabeeyaa hal ciwaanka IP gaarka ah ee gaarka ah ciwaanka IP gaarka ah ee dadweynaha. Iyada oo NAT taagani^(NAT) tahay waxaa suurtagal ah in si toos ah loo galo aaladda loo qoondeeyay cinwaanka dadweynaha. 

Kani waa nooca NAT ee loo isticmaalo adeegayaasha webka^{(web servers)} ee waliba qayb ka ah shabakad gaar ah. Markaad ka galayso server-ka khariidaddan taagan, sidoo kale ma geli kartid aaladaha kale ee shabakadeeda gaarka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, server-ka laftiisa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu la hadli karaa aaladaha shabakadeeda gaarka ah iyada oo aan wax arrin ah.

NAT firfircoon^{(Dynamic NAT)}

Dhaqdhaqaaqa NAT^{(Dynamic NAT)} waxaa la isticmaalaa marka aad haysato barkad ciwaanno IP ah oo dadweyne oo aad rabto inaad si firfircoon ugu qoondayso aaladaha shabakadaada gaarka ah. 

Tan looma isticmaalo gelitaanka server-ka shabakadda ee ka baxsan shabakadda. Taa baddalkeeda, marka aaladda shabakadda gaarka ah ay rabto inay gasho internetka ama kheyraad kale oo aan ku jirin shabakadda gaarka ah, waxaa loo qoondeeyay mid ka mid ah cinwaannada IP-ga dadweynaha ee barkadda. 

Culayska NAT (PAT)^{(NAT Overload (PAT))}

Iyada oo leh walxo ka kooban NAT joogto ah iyo mid firfircoon labadaba ,^(NAT) qaabka culeyska NAT waa qaabka ugu badan waana waxa inta badan adeegsadaan router-ka guriga. Waxaa loo yaqaan NAT oo leh Turjumaadda Ciwaanka Port^{(Port Address Translation)} ( PAT ) iyo magacyo kale.

Inta badan, router-kaagu wuxuu leeyahay hal ciwaanka IP-ga ee dadweynaha oo loo qoondeeyay, haddana dhammaan aaladaha shabakadaada waxay u badan tahay inay rabaan marin u helka internetka. Isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee NAT router-ku wuxuu dejiyaa xiriirka ka dhexeeya ciwaanka IP-ga ee dadweynaha iyo kan server-ka. Waxay markaa u dirtaa baakidhka server-ka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay ku meelaysaa deked ku laabanaysa. 

Tani waxay kaa caawinaysaa inay ogaato xidhmooyinka loogu talagalay ciwaanka IP-ga ee shabakadaada gaarka ah. Taasi waa qaybta PAT ee habka, shil ahaan.

Noocyada NAT ee gaarka ah^{(Proprietary NAT Types)}

Si ay wax uga sii xumaadaan, shirkadaha qaarkood waxay go'aansadeen inay wax ku dharbaaxaan kala soocidooda NAT^(NAT) . Tani waxay inta badan khuseysaa consoles-yada ciyaarta oo waxaad ogaan doontaa marka aad sameyso tijaabada shabakad, waxay kuu sheegi doontaa inaad isticmaalayso wax sida NAT  Type 2^{(NAT Type 2)} ama NAT Type D.

Kala soocidaani waxay gaar u tahay console-ka ama aaladaha sameeya waana inaad hubisaa dukumeentiyadooda rasmiga ah si aad u ogaatid waxa kala soocid kastaa dhab ahaantii ka dhigan tahay.

Hagaajinta Guud ee Arrimaha NAT^{(Common Fixes for NAT Issues)}

Inta badan, dadka intooda badan, NAT waxay u shaqeysaa si qumman oo hufan. Mararka qaarkood si kastaba ha ahaatee, way xumaataa ama way soo hor istaagtaa. 

Mar labaad, consoles'ka ciyaarta waxay u badan tahay inay galaan arrimo, sababtoo ah qaar ka mid ah adeegyadooda waxay u baahan yihiin shabakadaada inay aqbasho codsiyada gelitaanka cinwaankaaga IP-ga ee ka baxsan, maadaama qaabaynta caadiga ah ee NAT aysan caadi ahaan oggolaan tan. Akhbaarta wanaagsan ayaa ah in ay jiraan dhowr hagaajin guud oo aad isku dayi karto in aad NAT ka dhigto mid xaddidan oo aad ogolaato xiriiryada soo socda.

Marka hore, gal router-kaaga (sida ku cad buug-gacmeedkiisa) oo hubi haddii UPnP (fure iyo ciyaar caalami ah) ay shidantahay. Habkani wuxuu u ogolaanayaa codsiyada shabakada deegaankaaga inay si toos ah u gudbiyaan dekadaha^{(forward ports)} adiga oo aan u baahnayn inaad ku qasto goobaha shabakada. Kaliya waa in lagula taliyaa in software kasta oo xaasidnimo leh ee shabakadaada, sida malware, uu sidoo kale isticmaali karo UPnP . Hubi^(Make) in dhammaan qalabkaaga la sawiray oo la nadiifiyey haddii aad isticmaasho shaqadan.

Waxa kale oo aad haysataa ikhtiyaarka ah gudbinta dekedda gacanta, si qalabka u baahan xidhiidh adag uu u helo kiis kasta.

Waa Dabiiciga Keliya ^{(It’s Only NATural )}

Taasi waa waxa kaliya ee aad u baahan tahay inaad ka ogaato waxa NAT tahay si aad u bilowdo. Nuska dhabta ah iyo boodhadhka sida NAT u shaqeyso si dhakhso ah ayey u adkaan kartaa, laakiin ilaa intaad fahamto waxa NAT ku qabato heer sare iyo sababta ay mararka qaarkood u khaldan tahay, waxaad sidoo kale fahmi doontaa sababta hagaajinta qaarkood u shaqeeyaan ama aysan u shaqeyn doonin markaad ordo. galay arrimaha shabakada.

What Is NAT, How Does It Work, and Why Is It Used?

You might have heard of something called an IP Address, – if you haven’t, start off by reading our article explaining the concept – but for this article on NAT (Network Address Translation) you need to know that IP addresses are limited. You also can’t have two devices on a network with the same IP address. 

The problem is that different networks, such as your home network and computers on the internet as a whole, will inevitably have the same IP addresses or have incompatibilities in how their network addresses are set up. NAT solved both the problem of IP address scarcity and incompatible networks that need to talk to each other. 

Most of the time it’s not something you need to worry about, but sometimes your internet woes are a result of NAT going wrong. So having a basic understanding of what NAT is and how it works can help solve the issue.

Where Does NAT Happen?

In the case of regular users like us, NAT is a job handled by your router. The router has an IP address assigned to it by your service provider. That’s the address that the rest of the internet sees. Every device on your home network is assigned a private IP address, which is what they’ll use to talk to each other. 

When a device on your network wants to communicate with the outside world, the router stands in for it. The router has a public IP address, which everyone else sees. It keeps track of which private IP addresses requested what traffic and makes sure the data packets are routed to the right device.

Private Vs Public IP Addresses

Before we get into the types of NAT you’ll encounter, it’s a good idea to quickly discuss private and public IP addresses.

By convention, certain ranges of IP addresses are reserved for specific purposes. Public IP addresses are reserved for the internet-facing devices such as your router or web servers. Your ISP allocates a public IP address to your router and that’s the address that all outsiders on the web see. Typically a private internet address is something like 192.168.0.X or 10.1.1.X, but this varies from one router to the next. While private addresses have to be unique within a private network, they are almost certainly the same between private networks.

A public IP address, as mentioned above, is the one seen by everyone else on the internet. When you visit a website, your browser is connected to its public IP address. Typically, home routers don’t allow direct access through its public IP address that wasn’t initiated by it. This means you can’t just type in the public address of your friend’s router and have access to devices on their network.

However, some web services and devices, such as video game consoles, need a more lenient approach. This is where various NAT types come into play. Often problems arise from your connection’s NAT type being wrong for the type of service you’re trying to use. We’ll cover NAT types in more detail next.

NAT Types

While the basic idea of what NAT is isn’t too complicated, in practice there’s a lot of nuance to how it actually works. There are various types of NAT that are appropriate for different translation needs. 

Static NAT

The static style of NAT maps one specific private IP address to a specific public IP address. With static NAT it’s possible to access the device mapped to the public address directly. 

This is the type of NAT used for web servers that are also part of a private network. When accessing the server through this static map, you can’t also access the other devices on its private network. The server itself, however, can talk to the devices on its private network with no issue.

Dynamic NAT

Dynamic NAT is used when you have a pool of public IP addresses that you want to dynamically assign to the devices on your private network. 

This is not used for web server access from outside the network. Instead, when a device on the private network wants to access the internet or another resource not on the private network, it is assigned one of the public IP addresses in the pool. 

NAT Overload (PAT)

With elements of both static and dynamic NAT, the NAT overload style is the most common form and is what most home routers use. It’s known as NAT with Port Address Translation (PAT) among other names.

In most cases, your router has one public IP address assigned to it, yet all the devices on your network probably want internet access. Using NAT overload the router sets up a connection between its public IP address and that of the server. It then sends the packets to the server, but also assigns a return destination port. 

This helps it know which packets are meant for which IP address on your private network. That’s the PAT part of the process, incidentally.

Proprietary NAT Types

To muddle things even more, some companies have decided to slap their own NAT classifications on things. This is mostly applicable to game consoles and you’ll find that when you do a network test, it will tell you that you’re using something like NAT Type 2 or NAT Type D. 

These classifications are specific to the console or device makers and you should check their official documentation to figure out what each classification actually means.

Common Fixes for NAT Issues

Most of the time, for most people, NAT works perfectly and with complete transparency. Sometimes however, it malfunctions or gets in the way. 

Once again, game consoles are most likely to run into issues, because some of their services need your network to accept access requests to your public IP address from outside, since standard NAT configurations usually don’t allow this. The good news is that there are a few common fixes you can try to make NAT less restrictive and allow incoming connections.

First, access your router (according to its manual) and check if UPnP (universal plug and play) is switched on. This feature allows applications on your local network to automatically forward ports without you needing to mess around with network settings. Just be advised that any malicious software on your network, such as malware, can also make use of UPnP. Make sure your devices are all scanned and cleared if you use this function.

You also have the option of doing manual port forwarding, so that devices that need a less strict connection can get it on a case-by-case basis.

It’s Only NATural 

That’s all you need to know about what NAT is to get you started. The real nuts and bolts of how NAT works can get complicated quickly, but as long as you understand what NAT does at a high level and why it sometimes goes wrong, you’ll also understand why certain fixes work or won’t when you run into network issues.

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