Weligaa ma maqashay ereyga "DNS" marka la isticmaalayo internetka^(Internet) ? DNS waxay u taagan tahay Nidaamka Magaca Domain^{(Domain Name System)} . Inta aynaan horay u sii socon oo aan ka hadal waxa uu yahay DNS iyo sida uu u shaqeeyo DNS search, aan fahanno waxa D ee ku jira DNS u taagan yahay.

Waa maxay Domain

Waxaad ogtahay in qaabka URL- ku yahay http:s//www.domainname.tld . Tusaalahan, TLD (tld) waxa ay tilmaamaysaa bogga-sare. Maalmihii hore ee shabakada, TLD waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah kuwan soo socda:

1. .com (waxaa loola jeedaa ururada ganacsiga)
2. .org (waxaa loola jeedaa ururada aan macaash doonka ahayn)
3. .net (mareegaha ganacsiga mar kale)
4. .gov (mareegaha dawladda)
5. .edu (waxbarasho)
6. .mil (ujeeddooyin ciidan) iyo
7. .int (caalami ah)

Kor u kaca dadka iibsanaya mareegaha, noocyada domainka ee la xidhiidha goobaha ayaa la soo bandhigay. Tusaale ahaan, .asia , .us, .in  iyo .ca waxay u jeedaan Aasiya^(Asia) , US, India  iyo Kanada^(Canada) siday u kala horreeyaan. Wax yar ka dib^(Soon) , dhowr nooc oo kale oo TLD ah ayaa soo galay kuwaas oo noo sheegaya nooca mareegaha. Tusaale ahaan, .me waxa loola jeedaa degel shakhsi ah halka .TV uu tixraacayo mareegta fiidyaha ah. Kordhinta qaybaha TLD waxay suurtagelisay in loo kala saaro mareegaha noocooda iyadoo la raacayo baahida sii kordheysa ee macaamiisha.

Tusaalaha kore ee URL- ka (https://www.domainname.tld), https://www.domainname.tld) ​​waxa^(https) ay tilmaamaysaa habka xogta loo gudbiyo, wwwna^(www) waxa uu sheegay in ay la xidhiidho Shabakadda Caalamiga ah ee Wide Web^{(World Wide Web)} . Wax kasta oo u dhexeeya www iyo TLD waa magaca barta internetka.

Hadda ka hor, dadku waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay wax ku qoraan www si ay u galaan mareegaha. Mar haddii bixiyeyaasha adeegga martigelinaya ay oggolaadaan in dib loo jiheeyo www.domainname.tld domainname.tld ^{(www.domainname.tld )},^{(domainname.tld)} waxaad ka boodi kartaa qorista www marka aad ^(www)URL gelayso browserka. Tusaale ahaan magaca domain waa "windowsclub". URL - ka gelitaanka bogga "windowsclub" waa https://www.thewindowsclub.com ama http://thewindowsclub.com. Halkan, " windowsclub^{(thewindowsclub)} " waa qayb ka mid ah .com TLD . Kadib, waxaa jiri kara domains-hoosaad. Dhanka www.news.thewindowsclub.com, " warku^(news) " waa qaybta hoose ee " windowsclub^{(thewindowsclub)} ".

Markaad iibsato domain, waxaad iibsan kartaa magac la socda TLDs kala duwan . Waxaad dooran kartaa .com , .net , anaga^(.us) ama TLD-yada kale -^{(TLDs –)} waase haddii uusan qof kale horay u qaadan. Kaliya^(Simply) iibsashada mareegaha waxba ma tari doonto maadaama aysan dadku gaari karin ilaa uu cinwaan yeesho. Goob kasta oo aad iibsato, waxaad samayn kartaa tiro kasta oo domain-hoosaadyo ah oo aad u isticmaali karto boggaga internetka iyo ujeedooyin kale. Domain kasta iyo domain-hoosaad kasta oo aad abuurto, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad qeexdo cinwaanka server-yada ay ku jiraan nuxurka boggaaga. Haddii domain-ka ama domain-hoosaadku uu tixraaco aaladaha qaar (tusaale, daabacaha shabakada), waxaad u baahan tahay inaad qeexdo ciwaanka qalabkaas.

Dhammaan xayndaabyada iyo domain-hoosaadka internetka^(Internet) waxay leeyihiin cinwaan ku lifaaqan. Waxaan ugu yeernaa ciwaanka IP-ga: Cinwaanka Protocol-ka Internetka^{(Internet Protocol)} ama si kale haddii loo dhigo, cinwaan la shaqeeya internetka^(Internet) . Waxaad geli kartaa domain/Domain-hoosaad kaliya haddii aad taqaano ciwaanka IP-ga ee serfarada ka kooban nuxurkiisa.

Waa maxay DNS

Waad ogtahay inay jiraan shabakado aan xadidnayn oo internetka^(Internet) ah . Mar labaad^(Again) , shabakad kastaa waxay yeelan kartaa qaybo-hoosaadyo badan oo u gaar ah. Xusuusnow ciwaannada IP-ga ee mareegahaan si fudud suurtagal maaha. Tani waa sababta aad u geliso magaca domainka luqadaada (adigoo isticmaalaya qaabka URL - oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan alias in technology). Waxaa jira nidaam lagu xalliyo magacyada domainka si aad ugu xirto shabakada aad ku sheegtay URL . Nidaamkani waxa uu kaa caawinayaa sidii aad u heli lahayd ciwaanka IP-ga ee magacyada domain ee aad gelisay browserkaga si uu browserku ugu xidhmo shabakada. Nidaamkan waxaa lagu magacaabaa Domain Name System ama DNS oo kooban.

Nidaamka Magaca Domain, ama DNS sida loo yaqaan, waa xog-ururin la qaybiyay oo ka kooban khariidaynta magacyada domain-ka cinwaanadooda IP-ga^{(Domain Name System, or DNS as it is popularly known, is a distributed database that contains the mapping of domain names to their IP addresses)} .

Ilaa dhawaan, urur aan faa'iido doon ahayn oo la yiraahdo InternNIC  ayaa mas'uul ka ahaa maaraynta magacyada domainka iyo cinwaanadooda IP-ga. Markii ay u baxday "macaash-doon", keligeed ayaa dhammaaday oo hadda waxaa jira shirkado badan oo maamula xogta macluumaadka ee la xidhiidha magacyada domain. In kasta oo xogta macluumaadka ay hayaan shirkado kala duwan, waxay isku xidhan yihiin qaab adeeg kasta oo DNS ah^{(DNS Service)} uu u heli karo ciwaanka IP-ga ee goob kasta.

Adeegga DNS wuxuu^{(DNS Service)} kaa caawinayaa inaad xalliso magacyada domain ee aad geliso browserkaaga. Waxay kaloo kaa caawinaysaa xallinta ciwaannada marka aad direyso iimaylka ama markaad gujiso xiriiriyeyaasha firfircoon. Guud ahaan, Bixiyaha Adeegga Internetka^{(Internet Service Provider)} ayaa ku siinaya Adeegga DNS^{(DNS Service)} . Marka laga reebo ISP- gaaga , waxaa jira shirkado bixiya Adeegyada ^(Services)Magaca Domain^{(Domain Name)} Public . Tusaalooyinka shirkadahan waxaa ka mid ah Google , Comodo , iyo OpenDNS . Markaad gujiso isku-xiraha ama aad geliso URL biraawsarkaaga shabakada, Adeegga DNS^{(DNS Service)} waxa lala xidhiidhinayaa xalinta DNS -ka la xidhiidha^(DNS). Waa mas'uuliyadda adeegga DNS inuu iskaan ku baadho xogta Nidaamka Magaca Domain^{(Domain Name System)} -ka oo ku siiyo ciwaanka IP-ga ee martigeliyaha aad rabto inaad ku xirto.

Magacyada domainka iyo domain-hoosaadyada waxaa loogu yeeri karaa magacyo^(aliases) . Server-yada haysta xog-ururin ay ku jiraan macluumaadka ciwaannada magacyo kala duwan ayaa loo yaqaan Magac Servers^{(Name Servers)} . Waxaa jira laba nooc oo server ah oo ku shaqeeya Nidaamka Magaca Domain^{(Domain Name System)} . Noocyada ugu horreeya waa Servers^{(Root Servers)} -ka - kuwani waxay hayaan xogta ku saabsan Domains Heerka Sare^{(Top Level Domains)} ( TLD : .com, .net iyo .org, iwm.). Noocyada kale waxay ka kooban yihiin cinwaannada server-yada martigeliya xayndaabkaaga iyo domain-hoosaadyada.

Tusaalaha 1:^{(Example 1:)} Xaaladda abc.xyz.com , Root Servers ayaa hayn doona macluumaadka ku saabsan xyz inuu yahay .com . Qaar ka mid ah Server^(Server) -ka Magaca kale ayaa ka koobnaan doona macluumaadka macluumaadka ee muujinaya ciwaanka xyz.com . Maadaama aad sidoo kale martigelinayso abc.xyz.com , cinwaankeedu wuxuu noqon karaa isla magaca^(Name) server-ka oo haya ciwaanka xyz.com ama ^(xyz.com)Server magac kale ah . Haddii aad ku darto domain-hoosaad kale abc.xyz.com, ciwaanka waxa laga yaabaa inuu mar kale isku mid ahaado ama ku jiro magac ka duwan oo ku xidhan hadba meesha aad ku martigelinayso. Xiriirka ka dhexeeya kuwan kor ku xusan waxaa lagu dhisi karaa sida soo socota:

Si loo sameeyo ciwaanka qwe , Adeegga Nidaamka Magaca Domain Name^{(Domain Name System Service)} waa inuu xalliyaa:

Tani waa kiis marka Adeegga Nidaamka Magaca Domain-^{(Domain Name System Service)} ka aanu isticmaaleynin wax kayd ah. Waxaan ka hadli doonaa kaydka wax yar ka dib maqaalkan. Kor ku xusan waxay muujinaysaa in si loo xalliyo DNS ee qwe.abc.xyz.com , nidaamka DNS waa inuu sawiraa kaydka ^(DNS)DNS afar jeer. Tani waxay noqonaysaa mid adag marka la eego in cinwaanada qaybaha kala duwan ee URL ay ku jiri karaan magacyo^(Servers) kala duwan . Laakiin xawaaraha internetka^(Internet) awgeed , waxaad arki kartaa bogga soo dejinta dhowr millise seconds iyo xaaladaha ugu xun, dhowr ilbiriqsi.

Sida Raadinta DNS u shaqeyso

Hadda, waxaad ogtahay inay jiraan server-yo kala duwan oo martigeliya xog-ururinta kuwaas oo ka kooban cinwaannada IP-ga ee meelo kala duwan iyo degaan-hoosaadyadooda. Waxa kale oo aad ogtahay in ay jiraan Servers-ka xididka^{(Root Servers)} ee haya cinwaanka IP-ga ee server-yada martigeliya Domains Heerka Sare^{(Top Level Domains)} . Servers-yadan xididka^{(Root Servers)} ah waxa ay gacan ka geystaan ​​sidii loo gaari lahaa server-yada ay ku jiraan xog-ururinta ee haya ciwaanka IP-ga ee magaca domainka ugu weyn. Haddii ay jiraan domain-hoosaadyo, cinwaankoodu wuxuu ku jiri karaa isla server-yada magaca domainka ugu weyn ama server kale. Dhammaan server-yadan ayaa loo heli karaa si loo ogaado cinwaanka IP-ga URL saxda ah ee aad u baahan tahay inaad isticmaasho. Habka lagu ogaanayo ciwaanka IP-ga ee URL kasta oo ku yaal internetka^(Internet) waxaa loo yaqaan DNSfiirin Si aad u ogaato sida uu u shaqeeyo DNS Lookup , qaado tusaalaha soo socda.

Tusaale 2:^{(Example 2:)} Tixgeli shabakad ka kooban toban kombiyuutar. Kumbuyuutar kastaa wuxuu leeyahay ciwaan u gaar ah si baakadaha xogta ee ku dhex safraya shabkada ay ogaadaan halka loo socdo. Waxa jira kombuyuutar 11-aad oo haya xog-ururin ay ku jiraan magacyada tobankan kombiyuutar ee mid kasta oo ka mid ah magacyadooda iyo ciwaankooda IP-ga. Iyadoo isticmaalayaasha kombuyuutarku ay tixraaci karaan kombuyuutarrada iyaga oo isticmaalaya magacyadooda, xirmooyinka xogta waxay u baahan yihiin cinwaannada IP-ga ee kombiyuutarada si ay u gaaraan cidda loogu talagalay. Haddii kombayutarka A u baahan yahay in uu isticmaalo daabacaha ku xidhan kombayutarka B, A waxa ay hubin doontaa kaydka kaydka kombuyuutarka 11 aad si uu u ogaado ciwaanka IP-ga ee B ka bacdina uu ogaado ciwaanka daabacaha ee ku xidhan B. waxay u marin doontaa amarka daabacaadda daabacaha ku dheggan B.

Xaaladdan oo kale, soo noqnoqda ayaa dhacaya:

Xiriiriyaha
Kombiyuutarka11
_

Hab la mid ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu baadho diiwaanka DNS . Tusaale ahaan, marka aad gujiso http://thewindowsclub.com, router-kaaga ayaa la xiriiri doona adeegga DNS^{(DNS Service)} -ka caadiga ah ee xallinta DNS . Adeegga DNS wuxuu la xiriiri doonaa xididka Servers^{(Root Servers)} wuxuuna weydiin doonaa ciwaanka IP-ga ee seerfarka ay ku jiraan diiwaannada .com . Ciwaanka waxa lagu soo celinayaa adeegaga DNS Adeegga DNS wuxuu mar kale gaaraa ^(DNS)Server -ka Magaca oo ka kooban ciwaannada .com domains wuxuuna weydiiyaa ciwaanka http://thewindowsclub.com. Markaad hesho ciwaanka IP-ga ee adeegayaasha martigeliya thewindowsclub.com, DNS kaaga^(DNS)Adeeggu wuxuu ku soo celin doonaa ciwaanka IP-ga kombuyuutarkaaga kaas oo markaa kicinaya biraawsarkaaga si uu u soo dejiyo bogga ugu weyn. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in adeegga DNS uu soo dirayo ugu yaraan laba codsi si uu u helo cinwaanka IP-ga ee magac domain fudud.

Soo socda waa sawir sharaxaya sida raadinta DNS u shaqeyso:^{(Following is an image that explains how DNS lookup works:)}

Xaaladda sare, haddii aad raadinayso https://news.thewindowsclub.com, adeegga DNS waa inuu sameeyaa codsi dheeraad ah si uu u ogaado ciwaanka IP-ga.

Maaddaama laga xallinayo DNS xoqitaanka mar kasta oo ay qaadato waqti, ISP^(ISPs) -yo badan iyo Bixiyeyaasha Adeegga DNS waxay^{(DNS Service Providers)} abuuraan khasnado maxalli ah oo ay ku jiraan cinwaanno horay loo xaliyay. Kuwaani waxay ugu horrayn yihiin cinwaannadii ay hore uga soo qaateen Servers-ka xididka iyo Server ^{(Root Servers)}-^(Servers) yada kale ee Magaca wakhti wakhti ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, marka aad soo dirto codsi URL , halkii aad si toos ah ula xiriiri lahayd rootiga rootiga, adeegga ^(Root)DNS wuxuu eegi doonaa cinwaanka la xaliyay ee URL ee ^(URL)khasnadda DNS^(DNS) ee maxalliga ah. Haddii la helo, waxay xallinta dib ugu soo celin doontaa kumbuyuutarkaaga isla markiiba haddii kale way sii socon doontaa oo waxay xallin doontaa DNS -ka^(DNS)iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka kor ku xusan ee lala xiriirinayo Servers-ka xididka iyo Server ^{(Root Servers)}-^(Servers) yada kale ee Magaca .

Qaar ka mid ah nidaamyada hawlgalka sidoo kale, waxay ka kooban yihiin koobiga cinwaannada gudaha oo kaydsan oo aad inta badan ku isticmaashid kumbuyuutarkaaga. Tani sidoo kale, waxay kaa caawineysaa inaad waqti badbaadiso marka la isticmaalayo internetka^(Internet) . Waxaan kaga hadli doonaa kaydinta DNS maqaal ka duwan waqti dambe.

Fadlan nala soo socodsii haddii aad wali wax shaki ah ka qabto sida uu u shaqeeyo DNS search.^{(Please let us know if you still have any doubts about how DNS lookup works.)}

What Is DNS Lookup And How DNS Lookup Works

Ever heard abоut the term “DNS” when using the Internet? DNS stands for Domain Name System. Before we go ahead and talk about what is DNS and how DNS lookup works, let us understand what the D in the DNS stands for.

What Is A Domain

You know that the format of a web URL is http:s//www.domainname.tld. In this example, TLD (tld) refers to the top-level domain. In the early days of the web, TLD was one of the following:

1. .com (refers to commercial organizations)
2. .org (refers to non-profit organizations)
3. .net (commercial websites again)
4. .gov (government websites)
5. .edu (educational)
6. .mil (military purposes) and
7. .int (international)

With the increase in people purchasing websites, domain types related to locations were introduced. For example, .asia, .us, .in and .ca refer to Asia, US, India and Canada respectively. Soon, several other types of TLD came in that tell us the type of website. For example, .me refers to a personal website whereas a .tv refers to a video streaming website. Increasing the TLD categories made it possible to categorize websites according to their type while catering to the increasing demands of consumers.

In the above example of the URL (https://www.domainname.tld), https refers to the mode of transfer of data, and www says it relates to the World Wide Web. Anything between www and TLD is the domain name of a website.

Earlier, people had to type in www to access a website. Since the hosting service providers allow redirection of www.domainname.tld to domainname.tld, you can skip typing www while entering the URL into the browser. An example of a domain name is “thewindowsclub”. The URL for accessing domain “thewindowsclub” is https://www.thewindowsclub.com or http://thewindowsclub.com. Here, “thewindowsclub” is part of the .com TLD. Then, there can be sub-domains. In the case of www.news.thewindowsclub.com, “news” is the sub-domain of “thewindowsclub”.

When you buy a domain, you get to purchase a name that goes with different TLDs. You can choose .com, .net, .us or other TLDs – provided it is not taken already by someone else. Simply buying a website will not help as people cannot reach it until it has an address. For any domain you purchase, you can create any number of sub-domains and use it for websites and other purposes. For each domain and sub-domain you create, you need to specify the address of servers that contain the content of your website. If the domain or sub-domain refers to some device (for example, a network printer), you need to specify the address of that device.

All the domains and sub-domains on the Internet have an address attached. We call them the IP address: Internet Protocol address or in other words, an address that works with the Internet. You can access a domain/sub-domain only if you know the IP address of servers containing its content.

What Is DNS

You know that there are unlimited websites on the Internet. Again, each website can have its own many sub-domains. Remembering the IP addresses of these websites is simply not possible. This is why you get to enter the domain name in your own language (using the URL format – also called alias in technical terms). There is a system at work that resolves the domain names so that you can connect to the website you mentioned in the URL. This system helps you in finding the IP address of the domain names you entered in your browser so that the browser can connect to the website. This system is called the Domain Name System or DNS for short.

Domain Name System, or DNS as it is popularly known, is a distributed database that contains the mapping of domain names to their IP addresses.

Until recently, a non-profit organization called InternNIC was responsible for managing the domain names and their IP addresses. When it went “for-profit”, its monopoly ended and now there are many companies that manage the databases related to domain names. Though the databases are maintained by different companies, they are interconnected in a manner that any DNS Service can get the IP address of any domain.

A DNS Service helps you in resolving the domain names that you enter in your web browser. It also helps in resolving the addresses when you are sending emails or when you click on active links. In general, your Internet Service Provider gives you a DNS Service. Other than your ISP, there are companies that offer Public Domain Name Services. Examples of such companies include Google, Comodo, and OpenDNS. When you click on a link or enter a URL into your web browser, the DNS Service is contacted for resolving the related DNS. It is the responsibility of the DNS service to scan the Domain Name System database and provide you with the IP address of the host to which you wish to connect.

The domain names and sub-domains can be called aliases. The servers holding a database containing information on the addresses of different aliases are called Name Servers. There are two types of servers operating in the Domain Name System. The first types are the Root Servers – these hold data about Top Level Domains (TLD: .com, .net and .org, etc.). The other types contain the addresses of servers that host your domains and sub-domains.

Example 1: In the case of abc.xyz.com, Root Servers will hold information about xyz being a .com. Some other Name Server will contain database entries showing the address of xyz.com. Since you also are hosting abc.xyz.com, its address can be either on the same Name server holding the address of xyz.com or on a different Name Server. If you add yet another sub-domain to abc.xyz.com, its address may again be on the same or on a different Name server depending upon where you are hosting it. The relation between the above can be established as below:

To establish the address of qwe, the Domain Name System Service will have to resolve:

This is a case when the Domain Name System Service is not using any cache. We will talk about caches a little later in this article. The above shows that to resolve the DNS of qwe.abc.xyz.com, the DNS system has to scan the DNS database four times. This becomes complex given that the addresses of different parts of the URL can be on different Name Servers. But due to the speed of the Internet, you can see the page downloading in a matter of few milliseconds and in worst cases, few seconds.

How DNS Lookup Works

By now, you know that there are different servers hosting databases that contain the IP addresses of different domains and their sub-domains. You also know that there are Root Servers that hold the IP address of servers hosting Top Level Domains. These Root Servers help in reaching the servers containing databases that hold the IP address of the main domain name. If there are sub-domains, their address can be on the same servers as of the main domain name or on a different server. All these servers are accessible for finding out the IP address of the exact URL that you need to use. The process of finding out the IP address of any URL on the Internet is known as DNS lookup. To find out how DNS Lookup works, take the following example.

Example 2: Consider a network of ten computers. Each computer has its own address so that data packets traveling in the network know where to go. There is an 11th computer that hosts a database containing the alias names of each of these ten computers and their IP addresses. While the computer users can refer to the computers using their names, the data packets need the IP addresses of the computers so that they can reach the intended recipient. If computer A needs to use the printer attached to computer B, A will check the database on 11th computer to know the IP address of B and then find out the address of printer attached to B. Only after obtaining the address of the printer, A will route the print command to the printer attached to B.

In this case, the following iterations happen:

A contacts Computer11
A contacts B
A contacts printer attached to B

A similar method is used to lookup DNS records. For example, when you click on http://thewindowsclub.com, your router will contact your default DNS Service for DNS resolution. The DNS service will contact Root Servers and ask for the IP address of the server containing .com records. This address is sent back to your DNS service. The DNS service again reaches the Name Server containing addresses of .com domains and asks it for the address of http://thewindowsclub.com. Upon obtaining the IP address of the servers that host thewindowsclub.com, your DNS service will return the IP address to your computer which then fires up your browser to download the main webpage. This means your DNS service is sending at least two requests to receive the IP address of a simple domain name.

Following is an image that explains how DNS lookup works:

In the above case, if you were to look for https://news.thewindowsclub.com, your DNS service had to run a request extra to know its IP address.

Since resolving DNS from scratch every time takes up time, many ISPs and DNS Service Providers create local caches that contain already resolved addresses. These are primarily the addresses they already fetched from Root Servers and other Name Servers at some point in time. In this case, when you send a request for a URL, instead of contacting the Root server directly, the DNS service would look up the resolved address of the URL in its local DNS cache. If found, it would send the resolution back to your computer instantly else would go ahead and resolve the DNS using the above method of contacting Root Servers and other Name Servers.

Some operating systems too, contain a locally cached copy of addresses that you commonly use on your computer. This too, helps in saving time while using the Internet. We will talk about DNS caches in a different article at some later point of time.

Please let us know if you still have any doubts about how DNS lookup works.

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