Miyaad dareentay in xawaaraha internetku uu kordhayo marka lagu xidho Wi-Fi ka soo horjeeda anaga oo isticmaalaya shabakada 4G^{(4G network)} ee caadiga ah ? Hagaag, waa inaad uga mahadcelisaa Wi-Fi routerka taas, waxay ka dhigaysaa waayo-aragnimadeena wax raadinta mid aan kala go 'lahayn. Iyadoo ku xiran dalka aad ku nooshahay, kala duwanaanshiyaha xawaaruhu wuxuu noqon karaa laba jeer haddii aanu ka badnayn. Waxaan ku jirnaa xilli uu xawliga internetku aad sare ugu kacay taaso hadda aynu ku cabbirno xawaaraha internet-ka ee Gigabits oo ka duwan kiiloobits dhawr sano ka hor. Waa wax dabiici ah in aan ka fileyno hagaajinta aaladaha wireless-ka iyo sidoo kale soo-saarka tignoolajiyada cusub ee xiisaha leh ee ka soo baxaya suuqa wireless-ka.

Waa maxay Wi-Fi Router?

Erayada fudud, Wi-Fi router waa wax aan ahayn sanduuq yar oo anteenooyin gaagaaban leh oo ka caawiya gudbinta internetka gurigaaga ama xafiiskaaga oo dhan.

Router-ku waa qalab hardware ah oo u shaqeeya sidii buundada u dhaxaysa modem-ka iyo kumbuyuutarka. Sida magacaba ka muuqata, waxa ay marinaysaa taraafikada u dhaxaysa aaladaha aad isticmaasho iyo intarneedka. Xulashada nooca saxda ah ee router ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaara go'aaminta khibrada internetka ee ugu dhaqsaha badan, ka ilaalinta hanjabaadaha internetka, dab-damiska, iwm.

Gebi ahaanba way fiican tahay haddii aanad aqoon farsamo u lahayn sida uu u shaqeeyo router. Aynu ka fahanno tusaale fudud oo ku saabsan sida uu u shaqeeyo router.

Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad haysato qalabyo kala duwan oo kala duwan sida casriga, laptops, tablets, printers, smart TVs , iyo qaar kaloo badan oo lagu xidho internetka. Aaladahan marka la isku daro waxay sameeyaan shabakad la yiraahdo  Local Area Network  (LAN). Joogitaanka aalado badan iyo ka badan oo LAN ah waxay keenaysaa isticmaalka xadhkaha xadhkaha goosadka ee kala duwan ee aaladaha kala duwan ee la isticmaalo, taas oo keeni karta dib u dhac ama khalkhal ku yimaadda internetka aaladaha qaar.

Tani waa halka uu router-ku ka soo galo isaga oo awood u siinaya gudbinta macluumaadka qalabkan si aan kala go 'lahayn isaga oo u hagaya taraafikada soo galaya iyo kuwa baxaya sida ugu waxtarka badan ee suurtogalka ah. 

Mid ka mid ah hawlaha aasaasiga ah ee router waa inuu u dhaqmo sidii  Hub ama Isku beddelka ^{(Hub or Switch )} u dhexeeya kombiyuutarada u oggolaanaya isku-dhafka xogta iyo isu-gudbinta dhexdooda inay u dhacdo si aan kala go 'lahayn.

Si loo habeeyo dhammaan xogtan tirada badan ee soo galaysa iyo kuwa baxaysaba, router-ku waa inuu noqdaa mid caqli badan, sidaa darteed router-ku waa kumbiyuutar sidiisa u gaarka ah maadaama uu leeyahay  CPU & Memory-da, ^{(CPU & Memory, )} kaasoo ka caawiya la tacaalidda xogta soo socota iyo tan baxaysa.

Router-ka caadiga ah wuxuu qabtaa shaqooyin kala duwan oo adag sida

1. Bixinta heerka ugu sarreeya ee amniga laga bilaabo firewall-ka
2. Kala wareejinta xogta^(Data) kombiyuutarada ama aaladaha shabakadaha ee isticmaala isku xidhka internetka
3. U oggolow isticmaalka intarneedka ee aalado badan isku mar

Waa maxay faa'iidooyinka router?^{(What are the benefits of a Router?)}

1. Wuxuu keenaa calaamadaha wifi-ga degdega ah^{(1. Delivers faster wifi signals)}

Da'da casriga ah ee Wi-Fi router-yada waxay adeegsadaan aaladaha lakabka 3 kuwaas oo sida caadiga ah leh kala duwanaansho u dhaxaysa 2.4 GHz ilaa 5 GHz taas oo ka caawinaysa bixinta calaamadaha Wi-Fi-ga degdega ah iyo baaxadda fidsan marka loo eego heerarkii hore.

2. Kalsoonida^{(2. Reliability)}

Router-ku wuxuu go'doomiyaa shabakad ay saamaysay wuxuuna u gudbiyaa xogta shabakadaha kale ee si fiican u shaqaynaya, taas oo ka dhigaysa ilo la isku halayn karo.

3. Qaadashada^{(3. Portability)}

Router-ka wireless-ku wuxuu meesha ka saarayaa baahida loo qabo isku xirka aaladaha isagoo soo diraya calaamadaha Wi-Fi, taasoo hubinaysa heerka ugu sarreeya ee la qaadi karo shabakada aaladaha ku xiran.

Waxaa jira laba nooc oo kala duwan oo router ah:

a) Wired router: Waxa uu si toos ah ugu xidhaa kombuyuutarada isaga oo isticmaalaya fiilooyinka iyada oo loo marayo deked gaar ah oo u ogolaanaysa router in uu qaybiyo macluumaadka.

b) Wireless Router: Waa router da'da casriga ah kaas oo u qaybiya macluumaadka anteenooyinka si aan fiilo lahayn isaga oo dhex maraya aalado badan oo ku xidhan shabakada deegaanka.

Si loo fahmo shaqada router, waxaan u baahanahay inaan marka hore eegno qaybaha. Qaybaha aasaasiga ah ee router waxaa ka mid ah:

• CPU:  Waa maamulaha aasaasiga ah ee router kaas oo fuliya awaamiirta nidaamka hawlgalka ee router-ka. Waxa kale oo ay ka caawisaa hab-bilawga nidaamka, xakamaynta is-dhexgalka shabakada, iwm.
• ROM:  Xusuusta akhris-kaliya waxa ku jira barnaamijka bootstrap & Power on barnaamijyada ogaanshaha ( POST )
• RAM:  Xusuusta gelitaanka random-ka waxay kaydisaa miisaska dariiqa iyo faylasha qaabeynta socda. Waxa ku jira RAM waa la tirtiraa marka la shido ama damiyo router-ka.
• NVRAM: RAM  -ka aan kacsanayn waxa uu hayaa faylka qaabaynta bilowga. Si ka duwan RAM - ka waxay kaydisaa waxa ku jira xitaa ka dib marka routerku shido ama damiyo
• Xusuusta Flash:^{(Flash Memory:)}  Waxay kaydisaa sawirada nidaamka hawlgalka waxayna u shaqeysaa sidii ROM dib loo habeyn karo.^(ROM.)
• Interfaces Network:^{(Network Interfaces:)}  Interfaces waa dekedaha isku xirka jireed ee awood u siinaya noocyada kala duwan ee fiilooyinka in lagu xiro router sida ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data interface ( FDDI ), isku dhafka shabakadaha dhijitaalka ah ( ISDN ), iwm.
• Basaska:^(Buses:)  Basku waxa uu u shaqeeyaa sidii buundada xidhiidhka u dhexeeya CPU iyo interface-ka, kaas oo ka caawiya wareejinta xidhmooyinka xogta.

Waa maxay shaqooyinka router?^{(What are the functions of a Router?)}

Wadista^{(Routing )}

Mid ka mid ah hawlaha aasaasiga ah ee router waa inuu u gudbiyo xirmooyinka xogta iyada oo loo marayo dariiqa lagu qeexay miiska dajinta.

Waxa ay isticmaashaa qaar ka mid ah dardaaran gudaha ah oo horay loo habeeyey kuwaas oo loogu yeero sida dariiqyada taagan si ay u gudbiyaan xogta u dhaxaysa xidhiidhada soo galaya iyo kuwa baxaya.

Router-ku waxa kale oo uu isticmaali karaa jiheynta firfircoon halka uu u gudbiyo baakidhka xogta isaga oo sii maraya wadooyin kala duwan oo ku salaysan xaaladaha nidaamka.

Jideynta taagani waxay siisaa ammaan dheeraad ah nidaamka marka la barbar dhigo firfircoonida tan iyo miiska dariiqa ma beddelo ilaa isticmaaluhu uu gacanta ku beddelo.

Lagu taliyay: ^{(Recommended:)} Hagaaji router-ka Wireless-ka wuxuu sii wadaa goynta ama hoos u dhaca^{(Fix Wireless Router Keeps Disconnecting Or Dropping)}

Go'aaminta waddada^{(Path determination)}

Router-yadu waxay xisaabta ku darsadaan beddelaadyo badan si ay u gaaraan hal meel. Tan waxaa lagu magacaabaa go'aaminta waddada. Labada arrimood ee ugu waaweyn ee loo tixgeliyo go'aaminta waddada waa:

• Isha macluumaadka ama miiska dajinta
• Qiimaha qaadashada waddo kasta - metric

Si loo go'aamiyo dariiqa ugu fiican, router-ku wuxuu raadiyaa miiska dajinta ciwaanka shabakada kaas oo si buuxda u dhigma ciwaanka IP-ga ee xirmada goobta.

Miisaska marinka^{(Routing tables )}

Jadwalku wuxuu leeyahay lakab sirdoon oo shabakad ah kaas oo ku hagaya router inuu u gudbiyo xirmooyinka xogta meesha loo socdo. Waxay ka kooban tahay ururada shabakadaha ka caawiya router si uu u gaaro cinwaanka IP-ga uu u socdo sida ugu macquulsan. Jadwalka hagidda waxa ku jira macluumaadka soo socda:

1. Aqoonsiga Shabakadda^{(Network Id)} - Cinwaanka IP-ga loo socdo
2. Metric - dariiqa loo marayo xirmada xogta waa in la soo diro.
3. Hop - waa albaabka laga soo galo xirmooyinka xogta waa in la diraa si loo gaaro meesha ugu dambeysa.

Amniga^{(Security )}

Router-ku wuxuu siiya lakab dheeraad ah oo amniga shabakada ah isagoo isticmaalaya firewall ka hortagaya nooc kasta oo dambi internetka ah ama jabsiga. Firewall-ku waa software khaas ah oo falanqeeya xogta soo socota ee xirmooyinka kana ilaaliya shabakada weerarrada internetka.

Router-yadu waxay kaloo bixiyaan Shabakadda Gaarka loo leeyahay ee Virtual (VPN)^{(Virtual Private Network (VPN))} taasoo siisa lakab ammaan oo dheeri ah shabakadda oo markaas abuurta xiriir sugan.

Miiska gudbinta^{(Forwarding table )}

Gudbinta waa habka dhabta ah ee gudbinta baakadaha xogta ee lakabyada. Jadwalka habayntu waxa uu caawiyaa in la doorto dariiqa ugu fiican ee suurtogalka ah halka miiska soo gudbintu uu samaynayo dariiqa ficil.

Sidee buu u shaqeeyaa Routing?^{(How does Routing work?)}

1. Router-ku wuxuu akhriyaa cinwaanka IP-ga loo socdo ee xirmada xogta soo socota
2. Iyada oo ku saleysan xirmadan xogta soo socota, waxay doorataa dariiqa ku habboon iyadoo la adeegsanayo miisaska dariiqa.
3. Xirmooyinka xogta ayaa markaa loo gudbiyaa meesha ugu dambeysa ee cinwaanka IP-ga iyada oo loo marayo hops iyadoo la isticmaalayo miiska gudbinta.

Erayada fudud, dariiqintu waa habka gudbinta baakadaha xogta laga bilaabo halka loo socdo ee B iyadoo la isticmaalayo macluumaadka loo baahan yahay si wanaagsan.

Bedel^(Switch)

Beddelku waxa uu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraa wadaaga macluumaadka dhammaan aaladaha ku xidhan midba midka kale. Furayaasha waxaa guud ahaan loo adeegsadaa shabakadaha waaweyn halkaasoo dhammaan aaladaha ku xiran ay ka sameystaan ​​Shabakad Aagga Maxalliga ah^{(Local Area Network)} ( LAN ). Si ka duwan sida router-ka, furaha ayaa u soo dira xirmooyinka xogta kaliya qalab gaar ah oo uu habeeyay isticmaaluhu.

Waxaan wax badan ku fahmi karnaa tusaale yar:^{(We can understand more with a small example : )}

Aynu sheegno inaad rabto inaad u soo dirto sawir saaxiibkaa WhatsApp . Isla marka aad dhejiso sawirka saaxiibkaa, meesha iyo cinwaanka IP-ga aad u socoto ayaa la go'aaminayaa, sawirkana waxaa loo kala qaybiyaa qaybo yaryar oo loo yaqaan baakidhada xogta oo loo diro meesha ugu dambeysa.

Router-ku wuxuu caawiyaa inuu ogaado habka ugu wanaagsan ee loogu wareejin karo xirmooyinkan xogta cinwaanka IP-ga halka loo socdo iyadoo la adeegsanayo marin-u-helidda iyo gudbinta algorithmyada iyo maamulida taraafikada shabakadda. Haddii hal waddo ay cidhiidhi gasho, router-ku waxa uu helayaa dhammaan dariiqyada beddelka ah ee suurtogalka ah si uu u gaadhsiiyo xidhmooyinka ciwaanka IP-ga loo socdo.

Wi-Fi Routers

Maanta, waxa nagu hareeraysan meelo badan oo Wi-Fi-ga laga geli karo in ka badan wakhti kasta oo taariikhda ah, kuwaas oo dhamaantood culays saaraya in ay u adeegaan aalado badan oo gaajaysan.

Waxaa jira calaamado badan oo Wi-Fi ah, xoog iyo daciif ah si isku mid ah oo haddii aan haysano hab gaar ah oo aan ku aragno, waxaa jiri lahaa wasakh badan oo hawada ku wareegsan.

Hadda, marka aan galno cufnaanta sare & meelaha baahida sare leh sida garoomada diyaaradaha, dukaamada qaxwaha, munaasabadaha, iwm. fiirsashada isticmaalayaasha badan ee leh aaladaha wireless ayaa kordha. Dad badan oo isku dayaya inay internetka galaan, tirada badan ee culeyska barta marin u helka ayaa soo marta si ay ugu adeegto baahida weyn ee baahida. Tani waxay yaraynaysaa xawliga uu heli karo isticmaale kasta waxayna si wayn u yaraynaysaa xawliga, taasoo keenaysa arimo daahsoon.

Qoyska 802.11 ee Wi-Fi^{(802.11 family of Wi-Fi)} wuxuu soo taxnaa ilaa 1997 iyo wax qabad kasta oo lagu hagaajiyo Wi-Fi ilaa iyo markaas waxaa lagu sameeyay seddex meelood, kaas oo loo adeegsaday mitirka si loola socdo horumarka sidoo kale waa

• habaynta
• durdurrada bannaan
• isku xidhka kanaalka

Habbaynta^{(The modulation)}  waa habka qaabaynta hirarka analooga ah si ay xogta u gudbiso, sida laxan kasta oo maqal ah oo kor iyo hoos u socda ilaa ay ka gaadho dhegahayaga (qaate). Hirarkan gaarka ah waxaa lagu qeexaa inta jeer ee baaxadda & wejiga wax laga beddelo si loo muujiyo qaybo gaar ah oo macluumaad ah bartilmaameedka. Sidaa darteed, inta jeer ee xoogga badan, ayaa si fiican isku xirka, laakiin sida codka, waxaa jira wax badan oo aan sameyn karno si aan u kordhino mugga haddii ay jirto faragelin ka timid dhawaaqyada kale waa calaamadaha raadiyaha ee kiiskeena, tayada ayaa dhibaysa.

Biyo- mareennada hawada sare ^{(Spatial Streams )} waxay la mid yihiin iyagoo leh durdurro badan oo biyo ah oo ka soo baxaya isla isha webiga. Isha webigu waxa laga yaabaa inay xoog badan tahay, laakiin hal durdur ma awoodo inuu qaado xaddi badan oo biyo ah, sidaa awgeed waxa loo qaybiyaa durdurro badan si loo gaadho yoolka ugu dambeeya ee kulanka kaydka guud.

Wi-Fi waxa ay ku shaqaysaa anteenooyin badan oo ay xogo badan oo xog ahi kula falgalaan aaladda la beegsanayo isku mar, tan waxa loo yaqaan MIMO (Multiple Input – Multiple Output)

Marka is dhexgalkaani ka dhex dhaco bartilmaameedyo badan, waxaa loo yaqaan Multi-User ( MU-MIMO ), laakiin halkan waa qabashada, "bartilmaameedka wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu si ku filan uga fogaado midba midka kale."

Waqti kasta oo la siiyay shabakadu waxay ku shaqeysaa hal kanaal,  Channel Bonding  maahan wax aan ahayn isku darka qaybo-hoosaadyo yaryar oo soo noqnoqonaya si loo kordhiyo xoogga u dhexeeya aaladaha la beegsanayo. Spectrum -ka bilaa -waayirka ah waxa uu aad ugu kooban yahay soo noqnoqoshada iyo kanaalada gaarka ah. Nasiib darro, inta badan aaladaha waxay ku shaqeeyaan isku mid, markaa xitaa haddii aan kordhinno isku-xirnaanta kanaalka, waxaa jiri doona faragelin kale oo dibadda ah oo hoos u dhigi doonta tayada calaamadda.

Sidoo kale Akhri: ^{(Also Read:)} Sida loo Helo Ciwaanka IP-ga ee Router-kayga?^{(How to Find My Router’s IP Address?)}

Maxaa kaga duwan Wi-Fi 6 kii ka horeeyay?^{(What is different about Wi-Fi 6 over its predecessor?)}

Marka la soo koobo waxa ay kor u kacday xawaaraha, isku halaynta, xasiloonida, tirada isku xidhka, iyo hufnaanta korantada.

Haddii aan si qoto dheer u sii dhex galno, waxaan bilaabeynaa inaan ogaano waxa Wi-Fi 6 ka dhigaya mid la taaban karo waa  kordhinta mitirka 4aad ee waxtarka hawada^{(addition of 4th metric Airtime Efficiency)} . Intan oo dhan, waxaan ku guuldareysanay inaan xisaabino kheyraadka xaddidan ee inta jeer ee wirelessku yahay. Markaa, aaladuhu waxay buuxinayaan kanaalo ama inta jeer ee loo baahan yahay waxayna ku xidhnaan doonaan in ka badan intii loo baahnaa, erayo fudud, qas aan tayo lahayn.

Baratakoolka Wi-Fi 6 (802.11 ax) wuxuu ka hadlayaa arrintan  OFDMA (Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access)  halkaasoo gudbinta xogta la hagaajiyay & in la isku daro oo kaliya isticmaalka qadarka loo baahan yahay ee kheyraadka la codsaday. Tan waxaa loo xilsaaray oo ay xakameysaa Access Point si ay u gaarsiiso bartilmaameedka la codsado culeyska xogta oo ay ka dhigto isticmaalka Downlink iyo Uplink  MU-MIMO ( isticmaale badan, waxyaabo badan, wax soo saar badan)^{(MU-MIMO (multi-user, multiple inputs, multiple outputs))} si loo kordhiyo waxtarka wareejinta xogta ee aaladaha. Isticmaalka OFDMA , Aaladaha Wi-Fi waxay soo diri karaan oo heli karaan xirmooyinka xogta ee shabakada maxalliga ah xawaare sare iyo waqti isku mid ah.

Wareejinta isku midka ah ee xogta waxay wanaajisaa isku gudbinta xogta shabakada si aad u hufan iyada oo aan hoos u dhicin xawaaraha hoos u dhaca ee jira.

Maxaa ku dhici doona qalabkii hore ee WI-FI?^{(What will happen to my old WI-FI devices?)}

Kani waa halbeeg cusub oo Wi-Fi ah oo uu dejiyay Isbahaysiga ^(Alliance)Wi-Fi Caalamiga^{(International)} ah ee Sebtembar 2019^{(September 2019)} . Wi-Fi 6 waa dib u socon kara, laakiin waxaa jira xoogaa isbeddelo ah oo la isku qurxiyo.

Shabakad kasta oo aan ku xidhno waxay ku socotaa xawaare ka duwan, daahitaan, iyo xawaarayn kala duwan oo lagu tilmaamo xaraf gaar ah ka dib 802.11, sida 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n iyo 802.11ac^{(802.11, such as 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n and 802.11ac)} taas oo ka yaabisay xitaa kuwa noogu fiican.

Dhammaan jaahwareerkan ayaa lagu soo afjaray Wi-Fi 6 , isbahaysiga Wi-Fi- kuna wuxuu bedelay heshiiska magacaabista kan. Nooc kasta oo Wi-Fi ka hor waxa lagu tirin doonaa inta u dhaxaysa Wi-Fi 1-5 si ay u fududaato hadalka.

Gabagabo^(Conclusion)

In aan si fiican u fahanno shaqooyinka router-ku waxa ay naga caawisaa in aan dhex maro oo aan xalinno arrimo kala duwan oo laga yaabo in aan la kulanno router-keena iyo sidoo kale Wi-Fi-ga^(Wi-Fi) . Waxaan xooga saarnay Wi-Fi 6 , maadaama ay tahay tignoolajiyada cusub ee bilaa-waayirka ah ee soo baxaysa oo ay tahay inaan la socono. Wi-Fi waxa uu qarka u saaran yahay in uu carqaladeeyo ma aha oo kaliya qalabyada isgaadhsiinta, laakiin sidoo kale waxa uu khalkhal gelinayaa alaabtayada maalinlaha ah sida talaajadaha, mishiinada dharka, baabuurta, iwm miisaska, gudbinta, furayaasha, xarumaha, iwm. ayaa weli ah fikradda asaasiga ah ee wadista muhiimka ah ee ka dambeeya horumarka xiisaha leh ee ku dhow inay gebi ahaanba nolosheena wanaag u beddelaan.

What is a Router and How does it work?

Hаve you noticed the speed of yoυr internet increase when connected to Wі-Fi оpposed to us јust using the regular 4G network? Well, you gotta thank the Wi-Fi router for that, it makes our browsing experience seamless. Depending on which country you live in, the speed variance could be twice if not more. We are living in a time where the speed of the internet has gone up so much that now we measure our internet speed in Gigabits as opposed to kilobits just a few years ago. It is natural for us to expect improvements in our wireless devices as well with the advent of new exciting technologies that are emerging in the wireless market.

What is a Wi-Fi Router?

In simple words, a Wi-Fi router is nothing but a small box with short antennas that helps transmit the internet throughout your house or office.

A router is a hardware device that acts as a bridge between the modem & the computer. As the name suggests, it routes the traffic between the devices that you use and the internet. Selecting the right type of router plays an important role in determining the fastest internet experience, protection from cyber threats, firewalls, etc.

It is completely fine if you don’t have technical knowledge of how a router works. Let’s understand from a simple example of how a router works.

You might have a wide variety of devices like smartphones, laptops, tablets, printers, smart TVs, and much more that get connected to the internet. These devices together form a network that is called the Local Area Network (LAN). The presence of more & more devices on the LAN results in the consumption of different bandwidths across various devices used, which might result in delays or disruption of the internet in some devices.

This is where the router comes in by enabling the transmission of information across these devices seamlessly by directing the incoming & outgoing traffic the most efficient way possible. 

One of the primary functions of a router is to act as a Hub or Switch between computers allowing data assimilation and transfer between them to happen seamlessly.

To process all of these huge amounts of incoming and outgoing data, the router has to be smart, and hence a router is a computer in its own way since it has a CPU & Memory, which helps to deal with incoming & outgoing data.

A typical router performs a variety of complex functions like

1. Providing the highest security level from the firewall
2. Data transfer between computers or network devices that use the same internet connection
3. Enable the use of the internet across multiple devices simultaneously

What are the benefits of a Router?

1. Delivers faster wifi signals

The modern age Wi-Fi routers use layer 3 devices that typically have a range of 2.4 GHz to 5 GHz range that helps in providing faster Wi-Fi signals and extended range than the previous standards.

2. Reliability

A router isolates an affected network and passes the data through other networks that are working perfectly, which makes it a reliable source.

3. Portability

A wireless router eliminates the need for wired connection with the devices by sending Wi-Fi signals, thereby assures the highest degree of portability of a network of connected devices.

There are two different types of routers :

a) Wired router: It connects directly to the computers using cables through a dedicated port that allows the router to distribute information

b) Wireless Router: It is a modern age router that distributes information through antennas wirelessly across multiple devices connected to its local area network.

To understand the working of a router, we need to first look into the components. The basic components of a router include:

• CPU: It is the primary controller of the router that executes the commands of the operating system of the router. It also helps in system initialization, network interface control, etc.
• ROM: The read-only memory contains that bootstrap program & Power on diagnostic programs (POST)
• RAM: The random access memory stores the routing tables and the running configuration files. The contents of the RAM get deleted upon powering the router on and off.
• NVRAM: The non-volatile RAM holds the startup configuration file. Unlike the RAM it stores the content even after the router is switched on and off
• Flash Memory: It stores the images of the operating system and works as a reprogrammable ROM.
• Network Interfaces: The interfaces are the physical connection ports that enable different types of cables to be connected to the router like ethernet, Fiber distributed Data interface (FDDI), integrated services digital network (ISDN), etc.
• Buses: The bus acts as a bridge of communication between the CPU and the interface, which helps in the transfer of the data packets.

What are the functions of a Router?

Routing

One of the primary functions of a router is to forward the data packets through the route specified in the routing table.

It uses certain internal pre-configured directives that are called as the static routes to forward data between incoming and outgoing interface connections.

The router can also use dynamic routing where it forwards the data packets via different routes based on the conditions within the system.

The static routing provides more security to the system compared to dynamic since the routing table does not change unless the user manually changes it.

Recommended: Fix Wireless Router Keeps Disconnecting Or Dropping

Path determination

The routers take into account multiple alternatives to reach the same destination. This is called path determination. The two main factors considered for path determination are:

• The source of information or the routing table
• The cost of taking each path – metric

To determine the optimal path, the router searches the routing table for a network address that completely matches the IP address of the destination packet.

Routing tables

The routing table has a network intelligence layer that directs the router to forward data packets to the destination. It contains the network associations that help the router to reach the destination IP address in the best possible way. The routing table contains the following information:

1. Network Id – The destination IP address
2. Metric – the path along which the data packet has to be sent.
3. Hop – is the gateway through which the data packets have to be sent for reaching the final destination.

Security

The router provides an additional layer of security to the network using a firewall that prevents any type of cybercrime or hacking. A firewall is a specialized software that analyses the incoming data from the packets and protects the network from cyber-attacks.

The routers also provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) that provides an additional security layer to the network and thereby generate a secure connection.

Forwarding table

Forwarding is the actual process of the transmission of the data packets across layers. The routing table helps to select the best possible route while the forwarding table puts the route into action.

How does Routing work?

1. The router reads the destination IP address of the incoming data packet
2. Based on this incoming data packet, it selects the appropriate path using routing tables.
3. The data packets are then forwarded to the final destination IP address through hops using the forwarding table.

In simple words, routing is the process of transmitting the data packets from destination A to destination B using the required information in an optimum way.

Switch

A switch plays a very important role in sharing information across devices that are connected to each other. Switches are generally used for larger networks where all the devices connected together form a Local Area Network (LAN). Unlike a router, the switch sends data packets only to a specific device configured by the user.

We can understand more with a small example :

Let’s say you want to send a photo to your friend on WhatsApp. As soon as you post the picture of your friend, the source & the destination IP address are determined, and the photograph is broken into small bits called the data packets that have to be sent to the final destination.

The router helps to find out the optimum way to transfer these data packets to the destination IP address using routing and forwarding algorithms and manage the traffic across the network. If one route is congested, the router finds all the possible alternative routes to deliver the packets to the destination IP address.

Wi-Fi Routers

Today, we are surrounded by more Wi-Fi access points than any time in history, all of them straining to serve more and more data-hungry devices.

There are so many Wi-Fi signals, strong and weak alike that if we had a special way to see it, there would be a lot of pollution of airspace around.

Now, when we enter a high density & high demand areas such as airports, coffee shops, events, etc. the concentration of multiple users with wireless devices increases. The more people try to get online, the more amount of strain the access point goes through to serve the massive surge in demand. This reduces the bandwidth available to each user and reduces the speed significantly, giving rise to latency issues.

The 802.11 family of Wi-Fi dates back to 1997 and every performance improvements update to Wi-Fi since then has been made in three areas, which has been used as the metric to keep track of the improvement as well and they are

• modulation
• spatial streams
• channel bonding

The modulation is the process of shaping an analog wave to transmit data, just like any audio tune that goes up and down till it reaches our ears (receiver). This particular wave is defined by a frequency where the amplitude & the phase are modified to indicate unique bits of information to the target. So, Stronger the frequency, the better the connectivity, but just like sound, there is only so much we can do to increase the volume if there is interference from other sounds are radio signals in our case, the quality suffers.

Spatial Streams are like having multiple streams of water coming out from the same river source. The river source might be quite strong, but one single stream is not capable of carrying such a high amount of water, so it gets divided into multiple streams to reach the end goal of meeting at the common reserve.

Wi-Fi does these using multiple antennas where multiple streams of data are interacting with the target device at the same time, this is known as MIMO (Multiple Input – Multiple Output)

When this interaction takes place amongst multiple targets, it is known as Multi-User(MU-MIMO), but here is the catch, “the target needs to be sufficiently far away from each other.”

At any given time the network runs on a single channel, Channel Bonding is nothing but combining smaller sub-divisions of a particular frequency to increase the strength between the target devices. The wireless Spectrum is very limited to specific frequencies and channels. Unfortunately, most of the devices run on the same frequency, so even if we increase the channel bonding, there would be other external interferences that would dampen the quality of the signal.

Also Read: How to Find My Router’s IP Address?

What is different about Wi-Fi 6 over its predecessor?

In short has as improved upon speed, reliability, stability, number of connections, and power efficiency.

If we delve deeper into it, we start to notice what makes Wi-Fi 6 so versatile is the addition of 4th metric Airtime Efficiency. All these while, we failed to account for the limited resource that the wireless frequency is. Thus, devices would fill in more channels or frequency than required and be connected far longer than needed, in simple words, a very inefficient mess.

Wi-Fi 6 (802.11 ax) protocol addresses this issue with OFDMA (Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access) where the transmission of data is optimized & combined to only use the required amount of resource requested. This is assigned and controlled by Access Point to deliver the target requested data payload and makes use of Downlink and Uplink MU-MIMO (multi-user, multiple inputs, multiple outputs) to increase the efficiency of data transfer between devices. Utilizing the OFDMA, Wi-Fi devices can send and receive data packets on the local network at higher speeds and at the same time in parallel.

The parallel transfer of data improves the data transferability across the network in an extremely efficient manner without causing a drop in the existing downlink speeds.

What will happen to my old WI-FI devices?

This is a new standard of Wi-Fi set by the International Wi-Fi Alliance in September 2019. Wi-Fi 6 is backward compatible, but there are some cosmetic changes.

Every network that we connect to runs on a different speed, latency, and bandwidth denoted by a certain letter after 802.11, such as 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n and 802.11ac which has baffled even the best of us.

All of this confusion got put to an end with Wi-Fi 6, and the Wi-Fi alliance changed the naming convention with this one. Every Wi-Fi version before this will be numbered between Wi-Fi 1-5 for the ease of expression.

Conclusion

Having a good understanding of a router’s works helps us to navigate and solve various issues we may face with our routers as well as Wi-Fi routers. We have put a lot of emphasis on Wi-Fi 6, as it is a new emerging wireless technology that we have to keep up with. Wi-Fi is about to disrupt not just our communication devices but also our day-to-day items like refrigerators, washing machines, cars, etc. But, no matter how much the technology changes, the fundamentals discussed, such as routing, routing tables, forwarding, switches, hubs, etc. still are the critical driving fundamental idea behind the exciting developments that are about to change our lives entirely for good.

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