Waxaan la shaqeeyaa galal badan oo log waaweyn ah. Caadi ahaan waxaan ku xiraa UNIX iyo Linux server-yada anigoo isticmaalaya Putty ama Telnet , ka dib waxaan akhriyaa faylasha anigoo isticmaalaya amarrada UNIX/LinuxDadka kale ee IT-ga waxay doorbidaan inay isticmaalaan GUI -daaqadda , laakiin haddii aad leedahay xiriir hoose oo bandwidth ah, waxaa fiican inaad isticmaasho terminalka khadka taliska si aad si dhakhso ah wax ugu qabato.

Haddii aad u baahan tahay inaad baadho diiwaannada adigoon wax ka beddelin, isticmaal amarka " ka yar^(less) ". "In ka yar" Linux iyo UNIX waxay kuu ogolaaneysaa inaad aragto faylka waxayna kuu ogolaaneysaa inaad sameyso hawlgallo aasaasi ah. Si ka duwan " wax badan^(more) ", waxay u ogolaataa labadaba hore iyo gadaalba si aad u raadiso xarriiq kasta oo raadinta meel kasta oo dukumeenti ah.

Wax Ka Yar Ayaa Ka Wanaagsan In Ka Badan

Si aad u furto faylka adigoo isticmaalaya wax yar^(less) , ku qor amarka yar^{(less )} oo uu ku xigo magaca faylka ee UNIX ama Linux .

less filename

Tusaalaha hoose waxaan furay fayl la yiraahdo verbose.log.mo

Wax yar^(Less) ayaa furi doona faylka oo muujin doona magaca faylka qaybta bidix ee hoose ee terminalka. Si aad u hesho xadhig ku jira faylka, ku qor slash hore oo ay ku xigto xadhigga aad rabto inaad raadiso ka dibna ku dhufo Gelida^(Enter) . Tusaalaha hoose, waxaan ku qoray /error si aan u raadiyo xadhigga "qallad".

Waxaad arki doontaa in aragtida feylku ay u boodi doonto xariiqda uu xadhiggu ku yaal. Tartamada xargaha ku yaal ayaa loo iftiimiyay si sahlan loo daawado.

Si aad u raadiso tusaalaha xiga ee xadhigga kaliya taabo furaha "n". Riixitaanka xarafka sare ee "N" wuxuu kuu keeni doonaa ciyaartii hore.

Waa kuwan furayaasha kiiboodhka kale ee aan ka helay gelitaanka Wiki ee "wax ka yar"^{(Wiki’s entry on “less”)} :

• [Falaadhaha]/[Bogga Sare]/[Bogga Hoos]/[Guriga]/[Dhammaadka]: Hagidda^(Navigation) .
• [Space bar]: Bogga xiga.
• b : boggii hore.
• n g : U bood nambarka laynka n . Default waa bilowga faylka.
• n G : U bood nambarka laynka n . Default waa dhamaadka faylka.
• /nashqada^(pattern) : Raadi qaabka^(pattern) . Tibaaxo joogto ah ayaa la isticmaali karaa.
• n : U gudub ciyaarta ku xigta (ka dib raadinta guusha).
• N : Tag ciyaar hore.
• m xaraf^(letter) : ku calaamadee meesha hadda taagan xaraf^(letter) .
• Warqadda : ^(letter)Ku soo noqo warqadda^(letter) booska . [ ' = hal xigasho]
• ‘^ ama g : Tag bilowga faylka.
• ‘$ ama G : Tag dhamaadka faylka.
• s : Keydso waxa hadda jira (oo laga helay barnaamij kale sida grep ) ee faylka ku jira.
• = : Macluumaadka faylka.
• F : si joogto ah u akhri macluumaadka faylka oo raac dhammaadkeeda. Faa'iido u leh daawashada geedaha Isticmaal Ctrl + C si aad uga baxdo qaabkan.
• - option : Beddel ikhtiyaarka khadka taliska - ikhtiyaarka^(option) .
• h : Caawin
• q : Jooji

Waxa aan aad uga helo "wax ka yar" waa in ay si toos ah ula qabsato ballaca iyo dhererka daaqadda terminalka. Qoraalka marka lagu arko "wax ka yar" si toos ah ayaa loo duuduubay haddii aad wax ka beddesho daaqadda terminalka. Tani waxay ka dhigaysaa horumar yar oo ka badan qalabkii hore ee loo yaqaan "wax badan", kaas oo u janjeera inuu gooyo qoraalka markaad adkaynayso ballaca terminalka.

Haddii aad haysatid faylal badan oo qoraal ah ama ASCII si aad u aragto Linux ama UNIX , iska hubi inaad si fiican u yaqaan "wax ka yar" maadaama ay tahay amar sare oo loogu talagalay daawashada faylasha adoo isticmaalaya khadka taliska. Ku raaxayso!

Why the “less” Command is Better Than “more” in UNIX and Linux

I work with a lot of huge log files. I usually connect to my UNIX and Linux servers using Putty or Telnet, then I read the filеs υsing standard UNIX/Linux commands.  Other ІT folks prefer to use an X-window GUI, but if you have a low-bandwidth connection, it is better to use a cоmmand line terminal to get things done faster.

If you need to browse logs without having to edit them, use the “less” command.  “Less” in Linux and UNIX lets you view the file and allows you to do basic find operations.  Unlike “more”, it allows for both forward and backward navigation so you can look for any search string at any point in the document.

Less Is Better Than More

To open a file using less,  type the less command followed by the file name in the UNIX or Linux prompt:

less filename

In the example below I opened a file called verbose.log.mo

Less will open the file and display the file name at the lower left portion of the terminal.  To find a string in the file, type forward slash followed by the string that you want to search and then hit Enter.  In the example below, I typed /error to search for the string “error”.

You will see that the view of the file will jump to the line where the string is located.  The located string matches are highlighted for easier viewing.

To search for the next instance of the string just press the “n” key.  Pressing the uppercase “N” will bring you to the previous match.

Here are other keyboard shortcuts I found from Wiki’s entry on “less”:

• [Arrows]/[Page Up]/[Page Down]/[Home]/[End]: Navigation.
• [Space bar]: Next page.
• b: Previous page.
• ng: Jump to line number n. Default is the start of the file.
• nG: Jump to line number n. Default is the end of the file.
• /pattern: Search for pattern. Regular expressions can be used.
• n: Go to next match (after a successful search).
• N: Go to previous match.
• mletter: Mark the current position with letter.
• ‘letter: Return to position letter. [‘ = single quote]
• ‘^ or g: Go to start of file.
• ‘$ or G: Go to end of file.
• s: Save current content (got from another program like grep) in a file.
• =: File information.
• F: continually read information from file and follow its end. Useful for logs watching. Use Ctrl+C to exit this mode.
• –option: Toggle command-line option –option.
• h: Help.
• q: Quit.

What I like most about “less” is that it automatically adjusts with the width and height of the terminal window.  The text when viewed with “less” is automatically wrapped if you resize the window of the terminal.  This makes less more advance than the older tool called “more”, which tends to cut the text as you tighten the width of the terminal.

If you have a lot of text or ASCII files to view in Linux or UNIX, make sure to master “less” as it is a superior command for viewing files using the command line terminal. Enjoy!

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