Haddii aad si joogto ah u isticmaalayso intarneedka, aad ayay u badan tahay inaadan la kulmin ereyga isku-fac ama P2P . Haddii lagu sheegay maqaalka wararka, TV-ga, ama wada sheekeysiga saaxiib, kaasoo kuu sheegay inuu kaliya soo dejiyey nooca ugu dambeeyay ee Linux iyada oo loo marayo P2P , waxaa laga yaabaa inaad ku turunturootay ereygan. Haddii aad rabto in aad ogaato waxa ay yihiin shabakadaha fac-ilaa-faca, waxa P2P loo isticmaalo, oo aad sidoo kale aragto qaar ka mid ah tusaalayaal shabakad isku mid ah, waa in aad akhrido maqaalkan:

Waa maxay isku xidhka fac-wadaaga?

Peer-to-peer , ama P2P qaabkeeda la soo gaabiyey, waxa loola jeedaa shabakadaha kombuyuutarrada oo isticmaalaya qaab-dhismeedka qaybsan. Shabakadda P2P , dhammaan kombuyuutarada iyo aaladaha qaybtooda ka mid ah waxaa loogu yeeraa facooda, waxayna wadaagaan oo beddelaan culeyska shaqada. Mid kasta oo isku faca ah oo ka tirsan isku-xidhka fac-faadka waxa uu la mid yahay facooda kale. Ma jiraan asxaab mudnaan leh, mana jiro aalad maamuleed aasaasiga ah oo ku yaal bartamaha shabakadda.

Marka la eego, shabakadaha fac-ilaa-faca ayaa ah shabakadaha ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka kumbuyuutarka. Faca kastaa waa la siman yahay kuwa kale, fac walbana wuxuu leeyahay xuquuq iyo waajibaad la mid ah kuwa kale. Asxaabtu waa macaamiil iyo adeegayaal isku mar.

Dhab ahaantii, kheyraad kasta iyo hanti kasta oo laga heli karo shabakad isku mid ah ayaa la wadaaga asxaabta dhexdooda, iyada oo aan wax server dhexe ah ku lug lahayn. Khayraadka la wadaago ee shabakada P2P waxay noqon kartaa waxyaabo ay ka mid yihiin isticmaalka processor-ka, awoodda kaydinta diskka, ama xadhkaha xadhkaha shabakadda.

Maxaa P2P (Peer-to-peer) loo isticmaalaa?

Hadafka aasaasiga ah ee shabakadaha faca-ilaa-ku waa in la wadaago agabka oo laga caawiyo kombuyuutarrada iyo aaladaha inay si wada jir ah u shaqeeyaan, bixiyaan adeegyo gaar ah, ama fulinta hawlo gaar ah. Sidaan hore u soo sheegnay, P2P waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu wadaago dhammaan noocyada agabka xisaabinta sida awoodda farsamaynta, xadhkaha xadhkaha shabakadda, ama meel kaydinta diskka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kiiska ugu badan ee isticmaalka shabakadaha isku fac waa wadaaga faylasha internetka. Shabakado isku-fac ah ayaa ku habboon wadaagga faylalka sababtoo ah waxay u oggolaanayaan kombuyuutarrada ku xiran inay helaan faylal oo ay isku mar soo diraan faylal.

Bal qiyaas xaaladdan: waxaad furaysaa biraawsarkaaga shabakada oo aad booqataa website-ka aad ka soo dejisanayso fayl. Xaaladdan oo kale, shabakadu waxay u shaqeysaa sidii server, kombuyuutarku wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii macmiilka helaya faylka. Waxaad la barbar dhigi kartaa waddo hal-gees ah: faylka aad soo dejisay waa baabuur ka socda barta A (website-ka) ilaa barta B (kombiyuutarkaaga).

Marka aad ka soo dejiso isla fayl isku mid ah shabakad isku mid ah, adoo isticmaalaya barta BitTorrent barta bilawga ah, soo dejinta ayaa loo sameeyaa si ka duwan. Faylka waxaa lagu soo dejiyaa kombuyuutarkaaga qaybo iyo qaybo ka yimid kombiyuutaro kale oo badan oo sidoo kale ku xiran isla shabakadda P2P oo horey u haystay faylkaas ama ugu yaraan qaybo ka mid ah. Isla mar ahaantaana, faylka sidoo kale waxaa laga soo diraa (la soo dhejiyaa) kumbuyuutarkaaga oo loo diro aaladaha kale ee codsanaya. Xaaladdani waxay la mid tahay waddo laba-gees ah: feylku waa sida baabuur yar yar oo badan oo ku soo socda kombuyuutarkaaga, halka uu sidoo kale u tago kuwa kale marka la codsado.

Maxay faa'iido u leeyihiin shabakadaha isku-filka ah?

Shabakadaha P2P^(P2P) waxay leeyihiin astaamo ka dhigaya kuwo faa'iido leh:

• Way adag tahay in la dejiyo. Xitaa haddii mid ka mid ah asxaabta la xiro, kuwa kale ayaa weli shaqeynaya oo wada hadlaya. Shabakadda P2P (Peer-to-peer) si ay u joojiso shaqada, waa inaad xidhaa dhammaan asaageeda.
• Shabakadaha fac-ilaa-faca ayaa ah kuwo si cajiib ah loo cabbiri karo. Ku darista asxaabta cusub waa sahlan tahay maadaama aadan u baahnayn inaad wax qaabayn ah ku sameyso server-ka dhexe.
• Marka ay timaaddo wadaagga faylalka, inta badan shabakadda isku-fac-fadeed waa weyn tahay, way dhakhso badan tahay. Haysashada fayl isku mid ah oo lagu kaydiyay qaar badan oo ka mid ah asxaabta ku jira shabakada P2P waxay la macno tahay marka qof u baahan yahay inuu soo dejiyo, faylka waxaa laga soo dejiyaa meelo badan isku mar.

Tusaalooyinka shabakadda P2P (Peer-to-peer).

Dhammaanteen waxaan isticmaalnaa shabakadaha isku-filka ah si aan ugu xirno kombiyuutarada iyo qalabka iyada oo aan loo baahnayn in la habeeyo server. Inaad wax kasta u samayso server waa qaali wayna adagtahay in la maareeyo, marka xaaladaha qaar, way fududahay oo way fududahay in la isticmaalo shabakadaha P2P . Waa kuwan tusaalayaal qaar ka mid ah kiisaska isticmaalka caadiga ah ee shabakadaha fac-wadaaga:

• Cusbooneysiinta Windows 10^{(Windows 10 updates)} waxaa laga keenaa server-yada Microsoft iyo iyada oo loo sii marayo ^(Microsoft)P2P . Waxaa jira macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan sifadan halkan: Hagaajinta Windows 10 cusboonaysiinta gaarsiinta^{(Optimize Windows 10 update delivery)} .
• Wadaagista faylalka waaweyn ee intarneedka waxaa badanaa lagu sameeyaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaab dhismeedka shabakadda P2P (Peer-to-peer). Tusaale ahaan, qaar ka mid ah aaladaha ciyaaraha khadka tooska ah ayaa u isticmaala P2P si ay u soo dejiyaan ciyaaraha u dhexeeya isticmaaleyaasha. Madadaalada Blizzard^{(Blizzard Entertainment)} waxay qaybisaa Diablo III , StarCraft II , iyo World of Warcraft iyadoo la adeegsanayo P2P . Daabacadaha kale ee weyn, Wargaming , waxay la mid yihiin World of Taangiyada^(Tanks) , World of Warships , iyo World of War diyaaradaha^(Warplanes) ciyaaraha. Kuwa kale, sida Steam amaGOG , dooro inaadan isticmaalin P2P oo door bidayso ilaalinta adeegayaasha soo dejinta u go'an ee adduunka oo dhan.
• Nidaamyo badan oo Linux ah oo ka hawlgala ayaa loo qaybiyaa soo dejinta BitTorrent iyadoo la adeegsanayo wareejinta P2P . Tusaalooyinka noocaan ah waa Ubuntu , Linux Mint , iyo Manjaro .
• Gudaha Windows 7 iyo Windows 8.1 , marka aad abuurto shabakad ad-hoc ah oo u dhaxaysa laba kombiyuutar^{(ad-hoc network between two computers)} , waxaad abuurtaa shabakad isku mid ah oo u dhexeeya iyaga.
• Haddii aad isticmaalayso Windows 7 , Windows 8.1, ama a Windows 10 nooca ka hor Version 1803 , waxaad ku xidhi kartaa kombayutarada gurigaaga iyo Homegroup , si ay u abuuraan shabakad isku fac ah dhexdooda. Homegroup waa koox^(Homegroup) yar oo kombiyuutaro ah oo isku xiran si ay u wadaagaan kaydinta iyo daabacayaasha. Tani waa mid ka mid ah isticmaalka ugu badan ee tignoolajiyada isku-fac-fadeed. Dadka qaar ayaa laga yaabaa inay yiraahdaan Homegroups ma noqon karaan isku-fac sababtoo ah kombiyuutarada shabakada waxay ku xiran yihiin router. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maskaxda ku hay in router uusan wax wadaag ah ku lahayn maaraynta waxa kumbiyuutarrada ka socda Homegroupin ay dhexdooda wadaagaan. Router-ku uma shaqeeyo server-ka ee wuxuu u shaqeeyaa oo kaliya is-dhexgal ama albaab u dhexeeya shabakada maxaliga ah iyo internetka. Haddii aad rabto, waxaad ka heli kartaa macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan habka Microsoft ay u dooratay inay hirgeliso tignoolajiyada P2P , maqaaladan: Features based Peer-To-Peer in Win 7^{(Peer-To-Peer based Features in Win 7)} , [MS-HGRP]: HomeGroup Protocol , iyo HomeGroup: Hage wax ku ool ah si ay u raaxaystaan ​​gudaha Windows 7^{(HomeGroup: A practical guide to domestic bliss with Windows 7)} .
• Nasiib darro, shabakadaha fac-wadaaga ah ayaa sidoo kale caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa hawlo sharci darro ah^{(peer-to-peer networks are also commonly used for illicit activities)} . P2P waa tignoolajiyada lagu muransan yahay sababta oo ah waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa burcad-badeednimada. Waxaa jira shabakado badan oo shabakada ku yaal kuwaas oo bixiya marin u helka macluumaadka xuquuqda daabacan sida filimada, muusiga, software, ama ciyaaraha, iyada oo loo marayo shabakadaha P2P , faa'iidooyinka farsamadan awgeed. Inkasta oo tignoolajiyada lafteedu aanay ahayn sharci-darro oo ay leedahay adeegsiyaal badan oo sharci ah oo aan ku lug lahayn budhcad-badeednimada, sida dadka qaarkiis u isticmaalaan P2P waa sharci-darro. Markaad isticmaalayso P2P , iska hubi inaadan naftada ku mashquulin budhcad badeed ama hawlo kale oo sharcigu ciqaabo.

Shabakadda P2P^(P2P) waa mid ka mid ah hababka ugu jaban ee loo qaybiyo macluumaadka sababtoo ah waxay isticmaalaan xadhkaha xadhkaha facooda, ma aha xadhkaha xadhkaha abuuraha nuxurka.

Taariikhda shabakadaha P2P^(P2P) (Peer-to-peer).

Horudhaca shabakadaha fac-wadaaga waxay u muuqataa inay tahay USENET , oo la sameeyay 1979. Waxay ahayd nidaam u oggolaanaya dadka isticmaala inay akhriyaan oo dhajiyaan fariimaha / wararka. Waxay ahayd nidaam shabakadeed oo la mid ah golayaasha internetka ee maanta, laakiin farqiga u dhexeeya USENET kuma tiirsanayn server dhexe ama maamulaha. USENET waxay koobiyaysay isla fariin/warar isku mid ah dhamaan adeegayaasha laga helay shabakada Sidoo kale, shabakadaha fac-wadaaga ah ayaa qaybiya oo isticmaala dhammaan agabyada ay heli karaan.

Waxa ku xiga ee weyn ee taariikhda P2P waxay ahayd sanadkii 1999 markii Napster soo noolaatay. Napster wuxuu ahaa software-wadaaga faylka oo ay dadku u isticmaali jireen qaybinta iyo soo dejinta muusikada. Muusigga lagu wadaago Napster badiyaa waxa uu ahaa mid xuquuqda daabacan oo sidaas darteed sharci darro ah in la qaybiyo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taasi kama joojin dadka inay helaan. In kasta oo Napster ay ahayd tii P2P soo gashay guud ahaan, Napster aakhirkii wuu guuldarraystay, waxaana xidhay mas'uuliyiintu sababta oo ah dhammaan waxa ku jira oo si sharci-darro ah loo wadaagay. Maanta^(Nowadays) , P2Payaa weli ah mid ka mid ah tignoolajiyada ugu caansan ee lagu wadaago faylasha intarneedka, si sharci ah iyo si sharci darro ah labadaba.

Isha sawirka: ^{(Image source:)} Wikipedia

Ma qabtaa su'aalo kale oo ku saabsan shabakadaha isku fac?

Sida aad ku aragtay hagahan, fac-fiilku waa tignoolajiyada casriga ah ee dhalatay kuna salaysan mabda’ fudud: maamul daadejinta. Hadda waxaad ogtahay in ujeeddadeedu ay daacad tahay, in kasta oo aan had iyo jeer loo isticmaalin sababaha saxda ah. Dadka qaar ayaa ku dooda in la mamnuuco iyo in kale sababtoo ah P2P ayaa weli ah habka ugu muhiimsan ee loo qaybiyo macluumaadka xuquuqda daabacaada si sharci darro ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma in qalinka laga mamnuucaa isticmaalka sababtoo ah qoraaga ayaa aad uga cabsada farsamadiisa?

What are P2P (peer-to-peer) networks and what are they used for?

If you are using the internet regularly, it iѕ highly unlikely that you have not encountered the term рeer-to-peer or Р2P. Whether it was mentiоned in a news article, on TV, or in a conνersation with a friend, who told you that he just downloaded the latest version of Linux through P2Р, you may have stumbled upon this term. If you want to know what peer-to-peer networks are, what P2P is used for, and also see some peer-to-peer network examples, you should read this article:

What is a peer-to-peer network?

Peer-to-peer, or P2P in its abbreviated form, refers to computer networks using a distributed architecture. In P2P networks, all the computers and devices that are part of them are referred to as peers, and they share and exchange workloads. Each peer in a peer-to-peer network is equal to the other peers. There are no privileged peers, and there is no primary administrator device in the center of the network.

In a way, peer-to-peer networks are the most egalitarian networks in the computer world. Each peer is equal to the others, and each peer has the same rights and duties as the others. Peers are both clients and servers at the same time.

In fact, every resource and each asset that's available in a peer-to-peer network is shared among peers, without any central server being involved. The shared resources in a P2P network can be things such as processor usage, disk storage capacity, or network bandwidth.

What is P2P (peer-to-peer) used for?

The primary goal of peer-to-peer networks is to share resources and help computers and devices work collaboratively, provide specific services, or execute specific tasks. As mentioned earlier, P2P is used to share all kinds of computing resources such as processing power, network bandwidth, or disk storage space. However, the most common use case for peer-to-peer networks is the sharing of files on the internet. Peer-to-peer networks are ideal for file sharing because they allow the computers connected to them to receive files and send files simultaneously.

Imagine this situation: you open your web browser and visit a website where you download a file. In this case, the website works as a server, and your computer acts as a client receiving the file. You can compare it to a one-way road: the file that you download is a car that goes from point A (the website) to point B (your computer).

When you download the same file from a peer-to-peer network, using a BitTorrent platform as a starting point, the download is performed differently. The file is downloaded to your computer in bits and parts that come from many other computers that also connected to the same P2P network and already have that file or at least parts of it. At the same time, the file is also sent (uploaded) from your computer to other devices that are asking for it. This situation is similar to a two-way road: the file is like multiple small cars coming to your PC, while also leaving to others when it is requested.

Why are peer-to-peer networks useful?

P2P networks have some characteristics that make them useful:

• It's hard to take them down. Even if one of the peers is shut down, the others are still operating and communicating. For a P2P (peer-to-peer) network to stop working, you have to close down all its peers.
• Peer-to-peer networks are incredibly scalable. Adding new peers is easy as you don't need to do any central configuration on a central server.
• When it comes to file-sharing, the larger a peer-to-peer network is, the faster it is. Having the same file stored on many of the peers in a P2P network means that when someone needs to download it, the file is downloaded from multiple locations simultaneously.

P2P (peer-to-peer) network examples

We all use peer-to-peer networks to connect computers and devices without the need to configure a server. Having to create a server for everything is expensive and difficult to manage, so in some situations, it's easier and more affordable to use P2P networks. Here are some examples of common use cases for peer-to-peer networks:

• Windows 10 updates are delivered both from Microsoft's servers and through P2P. There is more information about this feature here: Optimize Windows 10 update delivery.
• Sharing large files over the internet is often done using a P2P (peer-to-peer) network architecture. For example, some online gaming platforms use P2P for downloading games between users. Blizzard Entertainment distributes Diablo III, StarCraft II, and World of Warcraft using P2P. Another large publisher, Wargaming, does the same with their World of Tanks, World of Warships, and World of Warplanes games. Others, like Steam or GOG, choose not to use P2P and prefer maintaining dedicated download servers around the world.
• Many Linux operating systems are distributed via BitTorrent downloads using P2P transfers. Such examples are Ubuntu, Linux Mint, and Manjaro.
• In Windows 7 and Windows 8.1, when you create an ad-hoc network between two computers, you create a peer-to-peer network between them.
• If you're using Windows 7, Windows 8.1, or a Windows 10 version before Version 1803, you can connect the computers in your home to a Homegroup, thus creating a peer-to-peer network between them. The Homegroup is a small group of computers that are connected between themselves to share storage and printers. This is one of the most common uses for peer-to-peer technology. Some people might say that Homegroups can't be peer-to-peer because the computers in the network are connected to a router. However, keep in mind that the router has nothing in common with managing what the computers from the Homegroup share among themselves. The router does not work as a server but merely as an interface or gate between the local network and the internet. If you want, you can find more information about the way Microsoft chose to implement the P2P technology, in these articles: Peer-To-Peer based Features in Win 7, [MS-HGRP]: HomeGroup Protocol, and HomeGroup: A practical guide to domestic bliss with Windows 7.
• Unfortunately, peer-to-peer networks are also commonly used for illicit activities. P2P is a controversial technology because it is widely used for piracy. There are many websites on the web that offer access to copyrighted content like movies, music, software, or games, through P2P networks, due to the advantages of this technology. While the technology itself is not illegal and it has many legitimate uses that don't involve piracy, the way some people use P2P is illegal. When using P2P, make sure not to engage yourself in piracy or other activities that are punished by law.

P2P networks are one of the most affordable methods of distributing content because they use the bandwidth of peers, not the bandwidth of the content's creator.

The history of P2P (peer-to-peer) networks

The precursor of peer-to-peer networks appears to be USENET, which was developed in 1979. It was a system that allowed users to read and post messages/news. It was a network system similar to the online forums today, but with the difference that USENET did not rely on a central server or administrator. USENET copied the same message/news to all the servers found in the network. Similarly, peer-to-peer networks distribute and use all the resources available to them.

The next big thing in the history of P2P was the year 1999 when Napster came to life. Napster was file-sharing software that was used by people to distribute and download music. The music shared on Napster was usually copyrighted and thus illegal to distribute. However, that did not stop people from getting it. Although Napster was the one that got P2P into the mainstream, Napster ultimately failed and was shut down by authorities because of all the content that was shared illegally on it. Nowadays, P2P remains one of the most popular technologies for sharing files over the internet, both lawfully and unlawfully.

Image source: Wikipedia

Do you have any other questions regarding peer-to-peer networks?

As you have seen in this guide, peer-to-peer is a sophisticated technology that was born and based on a simple principle: decentralization. You know now that its purpose is honest, although it's not always used for the right reasons. Some people argue whether it should be prohibited or not because P2P remains the most important means of distributing copyrighted content unlawfully. However, should a pen be forbidden from use because the writer is terrible at his or her craft?

Related posts

• Sida loo sameeyo Windows 11 hotspot-

• Sida loo rakibo daabacaha wireless-ka ee shabakadaada Wi-Fi -

• 2 siyaabood oo loo cusbooneysiiyo firmware-ka TP-Link Wi-Fi 6 router -

• Waa maxay ASUS AiMesh network iyo sida loo abuuro mid? -

• Sideen dib ugu dejiyaa ASUS router-kayga goobtiisa warshadda? (4 siyaabo)

• Isticmaal NetSpot WiFi Analyzer si aad u aqoonsato kanaalka ugu fiican ee Wi-Fi kaaga

• U dejiso TP-Link Wi-Fi 6 routerkaaga sidii VPN server -

• Afar dariiqo oo lagu iloobo shabakada WiFi gudaha Windows 10

• Waa maxay WPS? Aaway badhanka WPS ee router?

• Sida loo dejiyo jadwal wakhti ah TP-Link Wi-Fi 6 router kaaga -

• 6 siyaabood oo aad dib ugu soo celin karto cinwaanka MAC ee asalka ah ee kaarka shabakadaada

• Ku labanlaab xawaaraha WiFi-ga laptop-yada Windows iyo tablet-yada leh kaararka shabakadda Intel

• Qaabka diyaaradeed ee Windows 10: 3 siyaabood oo loo damiyo ama loo shido!

• ASUS AiProtection: Daar ama Demi? Kor u qaad ammaanka routerkaaga!

• 8 tilaabo oo lagu hagaajinayo xawaaraha WiFi ee router ASUS ama nidaamka mesh Lyra

• Sida loo sameeyo kontaroolada waalidka ee ASUS router -

• 8 siyaabood oo aad ku heli karto cinwaankaaga IP-ga gudaha Windows (dhammaan noocyada)

• Sida loo helo shabakadaha wireless-ka qarsoon (SSIDs) ee aaggaaga, gudaha Windows

• 3 siyaabood oo loogu xidhi karo shabakadaha Wi-Fi ee qarsoon gudaha Windows 10

• Sida loo habeeyo routerkaaga ASUS ee wareejinta BitTorrent (P2P).