Ka fiirso majaajilada sare ee majaajilada XKCD ee heersare ah. Qofka caajiska ah ee kursiga ku fadhiyaa wuxuu rabaa saaxiibkii inuu ka dhigo sandwich, laakiin waxay la'yihiin awood ay ku sameeyaan. Taasi waa, ilaa uu u yeedho amarka sudo ee xoogga badan. Taas ka dib, sandwich ayaa la samayn doonaa hal dhinac ama mid kale. 

Markaad isku daydo sudo qofka nolosha dhabta ah waxay u badan tahay inaysan noqon doonin mid waxtar leh, waa amarka sixirka ee dhaafa jid gooyo kasta oo adduunka Linux ah . waa maxay sudo? Maxay xitaa u jirtaa? Jawaabtu waxay ku jirtaa sida Linux u maamulo oggolaanshaha.

Fahamka Ogolaanshaha Isticmaalaha Linux^{(Linux User Permissions)}

Linux waxa loo tixgaliyaa inuu yahay nidaam hawleed sugan oo ay ugu wacan tahay sida uu u maamulo ogolaanshaha. Iyadoo nidaamyada hawlgalka sida macOS (kaas oo awoow la wadaagay Linux ) iyo Windows hadda aad bay ugu eg yihiin Linux marka la eego arrintan, nidaamka hawlgalka Isha Furan ayaa weli ah mid gaar ah.^{(Open Source)}

Fahamka sida Linux u maareeyo rukhsadaha ayaa ka dhigaysa mid aad u fudud in madaxaagu ku wareegsan yahay amarka sudo. Dhammaan nidaamyada hawlgalka casriga ahi waxay leeyihiin heerka oggolaanshaha isticmaale "maamulaha" ama "root". Haddii aad leedahay xisaab admin ama root, waxaad bedeli kartaa goob kasta, tirtiri kartaa xog kasta oo guud ahaan waxaad ku samayn kartaa wax kasta oo aad jeceshahay kombiyuutarka. 

Taas waxaa ku jira waxyaabo laga yaabo inaadan sameynin oo keeni kara lumista xogta ama baahida tirtirid dhamaystiran iyo dib u rakibid.

Linux kama dhigayso rukhsad heerka isticmaale mid aan caadi ahayn. Taa beddelkeed, koontadaada ma heli karto qaybaha xasaasiga ah ee nidaamka iyada oo aan kor loo qaadin heerka oggolaanshahaaga. Taas macnaheedu waa nidaamku wuxuu ku weydiin doonaa inaad geliso erayga sirta ah ee maamulaha marka aad rabto inaad sameyso wax aan caadi ahayn adigoo isticmaalaya interface garaaf ah. 

Si kastaba ha noqotee, marka aad rabto inaad isticmaasho khadka taliska Terminal si aad wax u qabato, sudo waa habka ugu badbaadsan uguna hufan ee wax looga qabto.

Sudo iyo Terminalka

Waxaa jira laba siyaabood oo aad ku siin karto naftaada rukhsad sare Linux gudaheeda . Mid waa inaad si joogto ah u gasho isticmaale xidid. Dhibka uu leeyahay tani waa in qof kasta oo kale oo laga yaabo inuu galo kombuyuutarku uu burburin karo, oo xitaa adigu waxaad samayn kartaa shil. Sudo waxay sare u qaadaysaa oggolaanshahaaga waqti gaaban si ay u fuliso amarada gaarka ah ee raacaya.

Sudo syntax

Sudo's syntax (qaabka amarka) waa mid fudud. Kaliya^(Simply) ku qor "sudo" oo ay ku xigto amarka aad rabto inaad sameyso.

Tusaale ahaan, "sudo apt-get update" waxay cusboonaysiin doontaa dhammaan kaydadka abka ee ku taxan faylka khuseeya. Haddii aad isku daydo inaad ku socodsiiso sudo la'aan, waxaad heli lahayd fariin qalad ah oo kuu sheegaysa inaadan fasax u haysan. Dhacdo ahaan, tani guud ahaan waa amarkii ugu horreeyay ee sudo ee aad rabto inaad socodsiiso ka dib rakibaadda cusub ee distro  Linux ee aad jeceshahay.^(Linux)

"Su" ee Sudo

"su" ee sudo waa mid gaaban "superuser" waana amar taagan. Amarka "su" wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa inaad bedesho mudnaanta isticmaalaha sudo ayaa kugu kor u qaadaya. 

In kasta oo sudo ay kor kuugu qaadayso si ku meel gaar ah, su waxay kuu beddeleysaa isticmaale kale oo leh mudnaanta ku habboon. Taasi waxay u ekaan kartaa farqi aan muhiim ahayn, laakiin waxaa jira sababo wanaagsan oo lagu beddelo koontada sudo kor ugu qaaddo isticmaale. 

Ugu horreyntii^(First) , beddelka koontada waxay ka dhigan tahay in isticmaalayaasha caadiga ah aysan garaneynin erayga sirta ah ee xididka. Marka labaad, waxaa jira liis ah dhammaan amarrada sudo, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in maamulaha nidaamka (root) uu eegi karo cidda soo saartay amarrada sudo.

Syntax for su asal ahaan waa la mid sudo:

Su USERNAME -c COMMAND

Ku beddel USERNAME^{(Replace USERNAME)} isticmaaleha la doonayo si uu u socodsiiyo amarka oo ku AMRAN^(COMMAND) amarka Linux ee aad rabto inaad fuliso.

Haddii aad rabto inaad isticmaasho amaro badan u socodsiiso isticmaale kale, si fudud u isticmaal:

Su USER

Ku beddel USER^{(Replace USER)} aqoonsiga koontada isticmaale ee aad rabto.

Haddii aad isticmaasho su kaligiis, Linux waxay u wareegaysaa koontada kale ilaa aad isticmaasho amarka "ka bax." Waa muhiim in la xasuusto kan ama isticmaalaha ku xiga si uu u galo terminaalka fadhigaas waxa uu wali yeelan doonaa ogolaansho sare. Tani waa sababta ay guud ahaan u fiican tahay in la isticmaalo sudo halkii aad ka isticmaali lahayd su.

Xadka Waqtiga Sudo

Marka ugu horeysa ee aad isticmaasho amarka sudo, waa inaad gelisaa furaha sirta ah. Kadib, erayga sirta ah wuxuu ahaan doonaa mid shaqaynaya ilaa 15 daqiiqo. Waxaad ku bedeli kartaa asalkan adiga oo socodsiinaya amarka sudo visudo oo u beddelo "timestamp_timeout=" qiime dheer ama ka gaaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kuma talineyno inaad tan sameyso ilaa aad haysato sabab wanaagsan oo aad ku dheereyso ama u gaabineyso inta sudo password uu sii ahaanayo mid ansax ah.

Sudo Option Switches

In kasta oo sudo syntax-ku uu fudud yahay, dhawr shiddo ayaa mudan in wax laga ogaado. Amaradani waxay furayaan macluumaad dheeraad ah ama waxay kaa caawinayaan inaad xakamayso fadhiga sudo:

• -h waxay ku tusinaysaa syntax iyo macluumaadka amarka sudo.
• -V wuxuu ku soo bandhigayaa nooca hadda jira ee sudo mashiinkaaga.
• -v waxay dib u cusboonaysiisaa sudo wakhtiga xaddidan, dib u bilawda saacada.
• -l liis garee mudnaanta isticmaalaha.
• -k waxay dishaa fadhiga sudo ee hadda jira isla markaaba, isaga oo meesha ka saaraya mudnaanta sare.

Waxaa jira xulashooyin badan oo badan oo lagu dhisay sudo, waxaadna arki kartaa dhamaantood adoo isticmaalaya beddelka hore -h ee kor ku qoran.

Shaashada sare waa waxa natiijadooda marka aad isticmaasho ikhtiyaarka caawimada.

Amarrada Sudo ee waxtarka leh

Markaa amarkee ayaa awood u leh sudo waa in isticmaale kasta oo Linux ah uu yaqaan? Waxaan mar hore daboolnay sudo apt-get update, laakiin sidoo kale ka fiirso kuwan:

• Sudo apt-get cusboonaysiinta^{(Sudo apt-get upgrade)} ayaa cusboonaysiin doonta dhammaan xidhmooyinka rakiban.
• Sudo apt-get install <package-name> software aad dooratay; kaliya u beddel magaca xirmada mid aad rabto inaad ku rakibto.
• Haddii aadan aqoon magaca xirmada, isticmaal dpkg –list .
• Haddii aad rabto in aad ka saarto xirmo rakiban terminalka, isticmaal sudo apt-get remove <package-name (mar kale bedesha magaca xirmada gaarka ah ee su'aasha ah).

Kuwani waxay u badan tahay amarrada sudo ee ugu horreeya waa inaad isticmaashaa, laakiin sida aad kor ugu baratay amar kasta ayaa raaci kara sudo, laakiin waa inaad isticmaashaa kaliya kuwa u baahan mudnaanta sare.

What Is Sudo in Linux and How To Use It

Consider the aboνe сomic from the еxcellent XKCD webсоmic. The lazy fellоw in the chair wants their friend tо make them a sandwich, but thеy lасk the authority to make thеm do it. That is, until he invokes the mighty sudo cоmmand. After which, a sandwich will bе made one way or another. 

While trying sudo on a person in real life probably won’t be as effective, it’s the magic command that gets past every roadblock in the world of Linux. What is sudo? Why does it even exist? The answer lies in how Linux handles permissions.

Understanding Linux User Permissions

Linux is considered a secure operating system due to how it handles permissions. While operating systems such as macOS (which shared an ancestor with Linux) and Windows are now more like Linux in this regard, the Open Source operating system is still somewhat unique.

Understanding how Linux handles permissions makes it a lot easier to get your head around the sudo command. All modern operating systems have an “administrator” or “root” user permissions level. If you have an admin or root account, you can change any setting, delete any data and generally do whatever you like with the computer. 

That includes things that you probably shouldn’t do that can lead to data loss or the need for a complete wipe and reinstallation.

Linux doesn’t make root user level permissions the default. Instead, your account can’t get at the really sensitive parts of the system without elevating your permission level. That means the system will ask you to enter the administrator password when you want to do something out of the ordinary using a graphical interface. 

However, when you want to use the Terminal command line to get things done, sudo is the safest and most efficient way to go about it.

Sudo and the Terminal

There are two ways to give yourself elevated permissions in Linux. One is to log in as the root user permanently. The problem with this is that anyone else who may access the computer can wreak havoc, and even you can do it by accident. Sudo elevates your permissions only for a short time to execute the specific commands that follow it.

Sudo Syntax

Sudo’s syntax (the command’s format) is simple. Simply type “sudo” followed by the command you want to execute.

For example, “sudo apt-get update” will update all of the app repositories listed in the relevant file. If you tried to run it without sudo, you’d get an error message telling you that you don’t have permission. Incidentally, this is generally the first sudo command you’ll want to run after a fresh installation of your favorite Linux distro. 

The “Su” in Sudo

The “su” in sudo is short for “superuser” and it is a standalone command. The “su” command lets you change which user’s privileges sudo elevates you to. 

Although sudo elevates you to root temporarily, su changes you to another user with suitable privileges. That may seem like an unimportant distinction, but there are good reasons to change the account that sudo elevates a user to. 

First of all, changing the account means that regular users don’t know the root password. Second, there’s a log of all sudo commands, which means that the system administrator (root) can look up who issued su commands.

The syntax for su is essentially the same as sudo:

Su USERNAME -c COMMAND

Replace USERNAME with the desired user to run the command and COMMAND with the Linux command you want to execute.

If you want to run multiple commands as another user, simply use:

Su USER

Replace USER with the desired user account identity.

If you use su by itself, Linux will switch to the other user account until you use the command “exit.” It’s important to remember this or the next user to access the terminal in that session will still have elevated permissions. This is why it’s generally better to use sudo rather than su.

The Sudo Time Limit

The first time that you use a sudo command, you’ll have to enter a password. Then, that password will remain valid for 15 minutes. You can change this default by running the command sudo visudo and changing “timestamp_timeout=” to a longer or shorter value. However, we don’t recommend you do this unless you have a good reason to extend or shorten how long a sudo password remains valid.

Sudo Option Switches

Although the sudo syntax is simple, several switches are worth knowing about. These commands open up additional information or help you control the sudo session:

• -h shows you syntax and command information for sudo.
• -V displays the current version for sudo on your machine.
• -v refreshes the sudo time limit, restarting the clock.
• -l lists user privileges.
• -k kills the current sudo session immediately, removing elevated privileges.

There are many more options built into sudo, and you can see them all using the first -h switch listed above.

The above screenshot is what results when you use the help option.

Useful Sudo Commands

So which commands empowered by sudo should every Linux user know? We’ve already covered sudo apt-get update, but take a note of these as well:

• Sudo apt-get upgrade will upgrade all installed packages.
• Sudo apt-get install <package-name> installs software of your choice; just change the package name to the one you want to install.
• If you don’t know the package name, use dpkg –list.
• If you want to remove an installed package from the terminal, use sudo apt-get remove <package-name (again substituting the specific package name in question).

These are likely the first sudo commands you’ll have to use, but as you’ve learned above any command can follow sudo, but you should only use ones that need higher privileges with it.

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