Wax u muuqda dhaq-dhaqaaq degdeg ah, tignoolajiyada SSD ayaa noqotay mid guud. ^(SSD)Kuwan degdega ah, darawallada adag ee gobolka waa sifo caadi ah oo ku saabsan xitaa kombiyuutarada dhexdhexaadka ah. Xataa jiilka soo socda ee Playstation - ka ayaa ka muuqan doona SSD^{(feature an SSD)} halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen darawal adag oo dhaqameed.

Guud ahaan tani waa shay wanaagsan. SSD^(SSDs) -yadu waxay ka dhigan yihiin guul weyn xagga waxqabadka marka loo eego darawallada adag ee dhaqameed. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay sidoo kale la yimaadaan qaar ka mid ah isticmaalka gaarka ah iyo tixgelinta dayactirka iyaga. Inta badan isticmaalayaasha tan akhriya waxay u badan tahay inay haystaan SSD -da nidaamkooda mar hore ama waxay hubaal ahaan heli doonaan mid nidaamkooda xiga.

Markaa waa ku habboon tahay in la furo mid ka mid ah arrimaha ugu muhiimsan, haddana aan la fahmin, arrimaha u gaarka ah tignoolajiyada SSD . Waxaan ka hadleynaa xirashada iyo jeexjeexa SSD . Dilaaga khuraafaadka ah ee darawalada oo qaar badan oo hore u qaatay tignoolajiyadan soo jeedaan habeenkii.

Kahor intaanan wax ka qaban waxa SSD xidho iyo jeexjeexa dhab ahaantii, waxaan u baahanahay inaan si kooban uga hadalno sida SSD^(SSDs) -yadu uga duwan yihiin darawallada adag ee aan dhammaanteen naqaanno oo aan jecelnahay.

Sidee SSD^(SSDs) -yada iyo Hard Drive-yada Dhaqanka^{(Traditional Hard)} u kala duwan yihiin^(Differ)

Dariiqa adag ee makaanikada ee dhaqameed wuxuu ka kooban yahay saxanno lagu dahaadhay walxo birlab ah oo gaar ah. Saxanku wuxuu ku wareegaa kumanaan kacdoono daqiiqadiiba, halka akhrinta/qorista madaxyadu ay dusha sare ku dul mareen jeebka hawo ka khafiifsan timaha bini'aadamka.

Hard Drive-yadii ugu horreeyay aad bay u waaweynaayeen, waxay u baahdeen diyaarad si ay u geyso^{(needed an airplane for delivery)} – iyagoo haysta dhowr megabyte oo xog ah. Maalmahan baabuurka adag ee la qaadi karo ee 4TB ayaa si fudud ugu gelaya jeebkaaga. Wadayaashani waa kuwo raqiis ah, karti leh oo qurux badan oo la isku halayn karo marka loo eego sida ay wax u ahaayeen bilowgii.

Hase yeeshee, tignoolajiyada adag ee mishiinka ma laha rajo ah inay la socdaan horumarka qaybaha kombiyuutarada adag sida CPUs , RAM iyo xusuusta flash. Platters-ku si degdeg ah ayuu u miiqan karaa, madax wax-akhris/qorista waxay dhaqaaqi karaan oo keliya maadaama sharciyada fiisigiska ay u ogol yihiin shayga cufka intaa le’eg inay sameeyaan.

Wadayaasha gobolka adag ma laha qaybo dhaqaaqa. Dhammaan waa wareegyada semiconductor. Electrons-ku waxay ku dhex dhaqaaqi karaan chips silikoon si aad u badan, aad uga^(much) dhaqso badan qaybo kasta oo makaanik ah oo waligood awoodin. Taasi^(Which) waa sababta xitaa SSD-ga ugu jaban uu si buuxda u baabi'in doono wadista farsamada ee waxqabadka.

Maadaama ayan lahayn qaybo makaanik ah, sidoo kale aad bay u jilicsan yihiin jir ahaan oo aad bay ugu yar yihiin fashilka. Dhanka kale, si fudud u adeegsiga SSD waxay soo gaabin doontaa cimrigeeda, haddii aad si khaldan u isticmaasho, gaabintu waxay noqon kartaa mid aad u cajiib ah. Haddaba maxaa dhacaya?

Waa maxay sababta SSD-yadu u daataan?

Marka hore^(First) , akhrinta xogta SSD wax saamayn ah oo la mahadiyo kuma laha cimrigeeda. Taa beddelkeeda, waa fal-ku-qorista unugga xusuusta fiilada ah ee hoos u dhigaya. Unug kasta oo xusuusta ah oo ku dhex jira SSD wuxuu leeyahay qayb oksaydh ah. Laba lakab oo kiimiko ah ama mid kale oo lagu qaso ogsijiin. Electron-yadu waxay ku xayiran yihiin inta u dhaxaysa lakabyada oksaydhka.

Waa maxay xaaladda unugga la bixiyay, waxay ku xiran tahay heerka kharashka. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, inta elektarooniga ah ayaa ku xayiran inta u dhaxaysa lakabyada oksaydhka. Mar kasta oo xaaladdaas la beddelo, lakabyada oksaydhisku way dabartaan, ugu dambayntii waxay lumiyaan awoodda ay ku leeyihiin elektarooniga. Tani waxay ka dhigi kartaa gobolka in aan si sax ah loo akhriyin. Ku qor^(Write) unug marar badan, oo aakhirka wuu xumaadaa.

Noocyada Tignoolajiyada SSD iyo Adkeysiga

In kasta oo dhammaan SSD^(SSDs) -yada ay la ildaran yihiin xidhashada qorista, dhammaantood ma haystaan qaddar isku mid ah oo dulqaad ah. Waxa jira qaabab kala duwan oo unugyada xusuusta ah, kuwaas oo beddela inta macluumaadka lagu kaydin karo hal unug.

Naqshadaynta ugu adag waxaa loo yaqaan SLC ama xusuusta unugga heerka halbeegga ah . ^{(single level cell)}Tani waxay ku kaydinaysaa hal xog oo keliya unug, taasoo ka dhigaysa binary. Sidaa darteed aad bay u fududahay in la kala saaro heerka dallacaadda ee matala gobol ama mid kale, xitaa ka dib markii dharbaaxo badan ay dhaceen.

Naqshadaynta MLC^(MLC) iyo TLC , heer-kala duwan iyo saddex-laaban, ku kaydi laba iyo saddex xabbadood unug kasta siday u kala horreeyaan. Unugyadoodu waxay leeyihiin heerar kala duwan sidaas darteedna gobollo badan oo kala duwan ayaa loo baahan yahay in la akhriyo. Maadaama xadka u dhexeeya dawladaha kala duwan ee unuggu ay cidhiidhi yihiin, xitaa qadar yar oo xidhmo ah ayaa sababi kara arrimo awoodda elektarooniga ah taas oo ka dhigaysa mid aan suurtagal ahayn in dib loo soo celiyo xaaladda saxda ah.

Markaa waa inaan isticmaalnaa SLC kaliya , sax? Dhibaatadu waxay tahay in SLC ay si cajiib ah qaali ugu tahay gigabyte kasta. Way degdeg badan tahay oo adag tahay, laakiin aad uma cufan. Inta badan darawalada SSD -yada ee kombuyuutarrada ayaa maalmahan isticmaalaya MLC , TLC -na waxay noqonaysaa mid caan ah iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay awoodo waaweyn oo qiimo fiican leh.

Haddaba intee in le'eg ayaad ka qabtaa dulqaad la'aanta alaabooyinkan ka jaban ee ficil ahaan?

Adkeysiga SSD ee Dhaqanka

Jawaabta su'aashaas maanta waa "wax aad u badan haba yaraatee". Maalmaha hore ee kombuyuutarrada SSD^(SSDs) -yada waxaad ku burburin kartaa mid ka mid ah saacado yar gudahood adiga oo ku dhufanaya codsiyo qoraal ah. Maanta waxaad filan kartaa wadiiqooyin heer-badan ah inay lahaadaan hab qoraal badan oo adkeysi ka badan kan isticmaalaha caadiga ah waligiis u baahan doono.

Waxaa jira dhowr sababood oo tan ah, laakiin waxay ku soo degtaa darawalada laftooda iyagoo aad uga caqli badan iyo nidaamyada hawlgalka casriga ah iyagoo og sida saxda ah ee loo isticmaalo darawallada SSD .

Tusaale ahaan, SSD^(SSDs) -yadu hadda waxay isticmaalaan farsamo loo yaqaan heerka-xirashada^{(wear-leveling)} . Tani waxay si hufan u faafisaa unugyada ku wareegsan saxanka oo dhan si ay xirashadu u dhacdo si siman. Haddii kale unugyadu waxay u dhintaan si ka dhaqso badan kuwa kale.

Haddaba intee in le'eg ayaa dulqaadka aad filan kartaa? Jiilkii ugu dambeeyay ee darawalada, sida Samsung 950 Pro 512GB drive wuxuu leeyahay dulqaad qoraal ah oo ah 400TB. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dad badan ayaa wali isticmaalaya darawalada hore ee caanka ah sida 850 EVO . Wadaadkaas waxa lagu qiimeeyay 'kaliya' 150TB.

Tijaabooyin jidh dil ah ayaa^{(Torture tests)} muujinaya in qiimayntani ay tahay mid aad u dhawrsan. Nolosha dhabta ah isticmaal qaabka darawalku wuxuu qaatay 9100TB oo qoraal ah ka hor inta aan laga tegin rooxaanta. Markaa lambarka 150TB waa barta kaliya ee aanu soo-saareyaashu ku ixtiraami doonin dammaanadda mar dambe.

Weli, darawalada darajada macaamiisha waa in aan loo isticmaalin shaqo kasta halkaas oo qoraal badan oo saxan ah ay u dhacaan si joogto ah. Uma roona isticmaalka server-ka ama sida culus ee xoqida warbaahinta. Sida caadiga ah isticmaalka macaamiishu maalin kasta si kastaba ha ahaatee, qor dulqaadku waa wax aanad waligaa wakhti ku qaadan doonin inaad ka fikirto.

Soo iibso nooc wanaagsan oo wadista^{(Buy a good brand of drive)} oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, samee nuqullo joogto ah oo ku saabsan hadafkaaga muhiimka ah.

Everything You Need To Know About SSD Wear & Tear

In what seems like a very sudden move, SSD technolоgy has gone mainstream. These fast, sоlid-state drives are a common feature on even mid-range computers. Even the next generation of Playstatіon will feature an SSD instead of a more traditional hard drive.

In general this is a good thing. SSDs represent a major leap in performance over traditional hard drives. However, they also bring some special usage and maintenance considerations with them. Most users reading this probably have an SSD in their system already or will almost certainly get one in their next system.

So the time is right to unpack one of the most important, yet misunderstood, issues unique to SSD technology. We’re talking about SSD wear and tear. The mythical killer of drives that has kept many an early adopter of this technology awake at night.

Before we can tackle what SSD wear and tear actually is though, we need to briefly talk about how SSDs are different from the hard drives we all know and love.

How SSDs & Traditional Hard Drives Differ

The traditional mechanical hard drive consists of platters coated in a special magnetic material. The platter spins at thousands of revolutions per minute, while read/write heads skate across their surfaces on a pocket of air thinner than a human hair.

The first hard drives were so big, they needed an airplane for delivery – while only holding a few single megabytes of data. These days a 4TB portable hard drive easily fits in your pocket. These drives are cheap, capacious and pretty reliable compared to how things were at the outset.

Yet, mechanical hard drive technology has no hope of keeping up with the advancement of solid state computer components such as CPUs, RAM and flash memory. Platters can only spin so fast, read/write heads can only move as the laws of physics allow objects with that much mass to do.

Solid state drives have no moving parts. It’s all semiconductor circuitry. Electrons can move through silicon chips much, much faster than any mechanical components ever could. Which is why even the cheapest SSD will completely obliterate a mechanical drive in performance.

Since they have no mechanical parts, they are also much less physically fragile and far less prone to failure. On the other hand, simply using an SSD will shorten its lifespan and if you use them in the wrong way, that shortening can be quite dramatic. So what’s going on?

Why Do SSDs Wear Out?

First of all, reading data from an SSD doesn’t have any appreciable effect on its lifespan. Instead, it’s the act of writing to the flash memory cell that degrades it. Each memory cell within an SSD has an oxide component. Two layers of one or another chemical mixed with oxygen. Electrons are trapped between those oxide layers.

What a given cell’s state is, depends on the charge level. In other words, how many electrons are trapped between the oxide layers. Every time that state is changed, the oxide layers wear down, eventually losing their ability to contain electrons. This can make the state impossible to read correctly. Write to a cell too many times, and it eventually goes bad.

SSD Technology Types and Endurance

While all SSDs suffer from write wear, they don’t all have the same amount of tolerance for it. There are different memory cell designs, which change how much information can be stored in a single cell.

The most robust design is known as SLC or single level cell memory. This stores only a single bit of data in a cell, making it binary. It is therefore quite easy to distinguish between a charge level that represents one state or another, even after quite a lot of wear has happened.

MLC and TLC designs, multi- and triple- level, store two and three bits per cell respectively. Their cells have multiple levels and therefore many different states that have to be read. Since the margins between different cell states are narrower, even a small amount of wear can cause electron capacity issues that make it impossible to recall the correct state.

So we should only use SLC, right? The problem is that SLC is incredibly expensive on a per-gigabyte basis. It’s fast and robust, but not very dense. Most of the premium SSD drives in computers these days are using MLC, and TLC is becoming more popular thanks to bigger capacities at a good price.

So how much do you have to worry about the lack of endurance of these cheaper products in practice?

SSD Endurance In Practice

The answer to that question today is “not very much at all”. In the early days of computer SSDs you could destroy one in just a few hours by hammering it with write requests. Today you can expect multi-level drives to have way more write endurance than the typical user will ever need.

There are a few reasons for this, but it comes down to the drives themselves being much smarter and modern operating systems knowing how to use SSD drives properly.

For example, SSDs now use a technique known as wear-leveling. This transparently spreads cell writes around the entirety of the disk so that wear happens evenly. Otherwise some cells would die much more quickly than others.

So how much write endurance can you expect? The latest generation of drives, such as the Samsung 950 Pro 512GB drive has a write endurance of 400TB. However, many people are still using popular older drives such as the 850 EVO. That drive is rated for ‘only” 150TB.

Torture tests show that this rating is very conservative. In real life use that model of drive took a whopping 9100TB of writes before giving up the ghost. So the 150TB number is just the point at which the manufacturer won’t honor the warranty any more.

Still, consumer grade drives should not be used for any job where lots of disk writing happens on a constant basis. They’re no good for server use or as heavy media scratch drives. For normal every day consumer use however, write endurance is something you’ll never have to spend any time thinking about.

Buy a good brand of drive and, either way, make regular backups of your mission-critical data.

Martin Gomez

About the author

Waxaan ahay barnaamij kombuyuutar oo ku takhasusay horumarinta software-ka MacOS. Waxaan u adeegsadaa xirfadahayga si aan u qoro faallooyin xirfadeed oo aan ku siiyo talooyin ku saabsan sida loo horumariyo xirfadahaaga barnaamij ee Mac-ka. Waxa kale oo aan haystaa shabakad bixisa tifaftiran, tilmaamo tallaabo-tallaabo ah oo lagu abuurayo degel guul leh.

Wax kasta oo aad u baahan tahay inaad ka ogaato SSD Wear & Jeex