Markii ugu horeysay ee shabakadu noqotay mid dhexmarta bartamihii 90-meeyadii ama wax ka badan, mid ka mid ah sifooyinkiisa muhiimka ah ayaa ahaa qarsoodi. Qofna ma isticmaalin magacyadooda dhabta ah, waxaadna ku noolaan kartaa nolol labaad oo online ah, adigoo jooga 33 kbps.

Shabakadda maanta waa mid aad u kala duwan. Ma aha oo kaliya in ay jirto riixid xooggan oo lagu doonayo in dadka laga dhigo qarsoodi, mareegaha aad booqato maalin kasta waxay duubi karaan oo qabsan karaan dhammaan noocyada macluumaadka adiga kugu saabsan. Waa maxay noocyada macluumaadka? Akhri si aad u ogaato

Ciwaankaga IP-ga^{(Your IP Address)}

Tani waa nooca ugu badan ee macluumaadka uu mareegaha geli doono. Cinwaanka IP-ga ama Internetka Protocol^{(Internet Protocol)} -kaagu waa lambar tilmaamaysa meesha aad ku taal intarneedka.

Asal ahaan waxa ay la mid tahay ciwaanka adduunka dhabta ah. Haddii qof doonayo inuu warqad kuu soo diro, waxay ku qori doonaan cinwaankaaga. Markaad hesho, ciwaankoodu wuxuu ahaan doonaa xagga dambe. Markaa waad garanaysaa halka ay ka timid.

Haddii aad "xaraf" ku bedesho "xirmo internet" waxaad asal ahaan garanaysaa sida ciwaanka IP-gu u shaqeeyo. Dhibaatadu waxay tahay in shabakadu ay dhab ahaantii ka heli karto macluumaad badan oo gaar ah oo adiga kugu saabsan oo keliya cinwaankaaga IP-ga.

Waxay ogaan doonaan in ka badan ama ka yar meesha aad ka baadhayso iyo ISP-ga^(ISP) aad isticmaalayso. Iyadoo ay jirto shaqo baadhiseed oo yar (iyo laga yaabo in dammaanad sharci ah) ciwaanka IP-gu waxa uu si toos ah qof ugu hoggaamin karaa albaabkaaga.

Tani waa sababta ay dad badani u isticmaalayaan VPN^(VPNs) -yada (shabakadaha gaarka loo leeyahay) maalmahan. VPN - ku wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii dhexdhexaadiye, markaa ciwaanka IP-ga oo kaliya ayaa u muuqda goobta aad booqanayso.

Faahfaahinta Hardware & Software^{(Hardware & Software Details)}

Daalacashada^(Web) mareegaha ayaa ka warbixiya dhammaan noocyada macluumaadka website-ka weydiiya. Tan waxa ku jira macluumaad badan oo ku saabsan kombiyuutarka aad isticmaalayso.

Goobtu waxay ogaan doontaa nidaamkaaga hawlgalka, processor-ka, GPU iyo in ka badan. Tani waxay u muuqan kartaa mid aan waxba galabsan, laakiin waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu raad raaco ama lagu aqoonsado mishiin gaar ah.

Hal dariiqo oo aad tan ku heli karto waa inaad ka baadho mashiinka farsamada, kaas oo bixin doona macluumaadka nidaamka guud ee mareegaha.

Kukiyada 1aad ^{& 3aad(1st & 3rd Party Cookies)}

Kukigu waa fayl yar oo ay goobtu kaga tagto kombayutarkaga si ay u kaydiso waxyaabaha ay ka midka yihiin dookhyada goobtaada. Markaa marka xigta ee aad booqato, waxay horeba u ogaan doontaa waxyaabo adiga kugu saabsan.

Tignoolajiyada kukiyada^(Cookie) lafteeda maaha wax xun. Kukisyada fadhiga^(Session) , tusaale ahaan, is tirtira marka aad xidhid browserka. Waxa kale oo aad helaysaa buskusyada joogtada ah ee xisbiga kowaad, kuwaas oo ah kuwa lagu kaydiyay qalabkaaga goobta si ay u isticmaasho.

Buskudka daba-galka ahi waa buskud qolo saddexaad oo joogto ah oo ay akhriyaan goobo aan ahayn kuwii iyaga abuuray. Buskudkaasi waxa uu ururiyaa macluumaadka ku saabsan hawlahaaga shabkada macluumaadkaasi waxa uu dib ugu noqon karaa curiyaha buskudka.

Sharciga ku saabsan sida iyo goorta loo isticmaali karo buskudka ayaa sii adkeynayay sanadihii ugu dambeeyay. Taas oo^(Which) ah habka ku dhawaad ​​​​site kasta uu leeyahay siyaasaddiisa buskudka ayaa soo booda daqiiqadda aad booqato markii ugu horreysay. Haddii aadan ku raacsanayn siyaasaddaas markaa wax cookies ah laguma kaydin doono mashiinkaaga.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiraan wax ka joojinaya goobta qallafsan inay mashiinkaaga basbaaska ku dhejiso cookies-ka adigoon ogeyn. Nasiib wanaag waxaad isticmaali kartaa goobaha gaarka ah ee biraawsarkaaga si aad u xannibto oo aad u tirtirto cookies sida la rabo.

Dabagal aan la arki karin^{(Invisible Trackers)}

Kukiyada ayaa laga yaabaa inay yihiin hal tusaale oo ka mid ah raadraaca aan la arki karin, laakiin sida qayb weyn, raadraacayaasha aan la arki karin sidoo kale waxaa ku jira abka shabakadda iyo goobaha dibadda ee ku dhex jira goobta sharciga ah.

Mareegaha wararka ee waaweyn iyo boggaga internetka ee caanka ah inta badan waxay leeyihiin waxyaabo xayaysiis ah oo ku guntan gunta hoose ee maqaal kaas oo ay ku jiraan nooc ka mid ah raadraaca. Google ayaa sidoo kale tan sameeya. Tani waa sababta marka aad alaab gaar ah ka raadiso Google waxaad arki doontaa xayeysiisyada ay ku soo boodaan goob kasta oo kale oo leh Google Adsense .

Nasiib wanaag waxaa jira makiinadaha raadinta sirta ah sida DuckDuckGo kuwaas oo aan si cad kuula socon.

Daalacashada casriga ah hadda waxay sidoo kale taageeraan sifo loo yaqaan "ha la socon", taas oo u sheegaysa goobta inay tahay inay damiso tignoolajiyada dabagalka markaad booqato. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kani waa heshiis iskaa wax u qabso ah si ay mareegtu iska indhatirto haddii ay rabto.

Qalabka ugu waxtarka badan ee dagaalka lagula jiro raadraacayaasha aan la arki karin waa EFF's Privacy Badger .

Xogta si otomaatig ah u buuxi^{(Autofill Data)}

Waxay u badan tahay inaad dareentay in marka ay tahay inaad ku buuxiso faahfaahinta rarida goob cusub oo aadan waligaa horay u booqan, browserkaagu wuxuu si toos ah u buuxinayaa faahfaahinta sida magacaaga iyo cinwaankaaga. Waa muuqaal ku habboon, laakiin sidoo kale waa qarow sir ah.

Goobaha aan damiirka lahayn ayaa lagu calaamadin karaa si ay u qabtaan macluumaadkaas ilbiriqsigeeda si otomaatig ah ayaa loo buuxiyaa. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in goobta ay hadda qabatay faahfaahintaada oo dhan adiga oo aan ogeyn. Sida aad qiyaasi karto haysashada macluumaadka sida ciwaanka, magaca buuxa ama lambarka bulshada ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu burburiyo gacmo qaldan.

Way fiicantahay in aad damiso buuxinta otomaatiga ee browserkaaga.

Xisaabaadka Kale ee aad ku soo gashay^{(Other Accounts You’re Logged In To)}

Markaad booqato goobta, waxay ogaan kartaa xisaabaadka kale ee aad hadda ku jirto raadadka ay kaga tagaan mashiinkaaga. Tani dhab ahaantii waa macluumaad aad u qiimo badan, sababtoo ah marka lagu daro ciwaanka emailka ee la yaqaan waxay u sheegaysaa hackers-ka xisaabaadka kale ee aad leedahay.

Markaa haddii mid ka mid ah akoonnadaas uu qayb ka ahaa jebinta xogta oo eraygaaga sirta ah la qaawiyey, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad dhibaato gasho. Dad badan ayaa isticmaala furaha sirta ah ee isku midka ah ama kuwa la midka ah ee akoonnada dhexdooda ah sidaa darteed tani waxay aad u fududaynaysaa in ay jabsadaan ammaankaaga.

Waxa ugu fiican ee lagu sameeyo halkan waa isticmaalka furaha sirta ah ee adag, gaar ah akoon kasta. Maamulaha erayga sirta ah ee wanaagsan oo soo saara furayaasha sirta ah ayaa si weyn loogu talinayaa.

Diiwaanka Gelitaanka oo faahfaahsan^{(Detailed Input Logs)}

Waxaa suurtogal ah in mareegaha loo sameeyo hab si tafatiran loo diiwaan geliyo fure kasta iyo dhaqdhaqaaq kasta oo aad samayso. Awoodaha raadraaca ee boggaga internetka ee arrintan la xiriira waa mid aad u ballaaran.

Warqad cilmi-baaris ah oo si faahfaahsan u sharraxaysa " qoraallada dib-u-celinta fadhiga^{(session replay scripts)} " ayaa muujisay in badi mareegaha waaweyni ay sameeyaan duubitaan dhammaystiran oo ku saabsan furahaaga iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa jiirka markaad booqanayso ka dibna tan u isticmaal falanqayn dheeraad ah. Waxa aad qiyaasi kartaa noocyada arrimaha gaarka ah ee ay tani keeni karto.

Sawirada Faraha ee browserka^{(Browser Fingerprints)}

browserka "faraha" si fudud waa isku darka gaarka ah ee xogta browserka, sida kuukiiska ku jira nidaamkaaga iyo waxa plugins lagu rakibay. Mar alla markii la isticmaalo browser-ka iyo inta badan ee la habeynayo waa ay fududahay in lagu xiro isticmaale gaar ah.

Tusaale ahaan, xitaa haddii aad isticmaasho VPN si aad u gasho goobta, goobtu way taqaanaa farahaaga. Markaa haddii aad booqato goob kale adiga oo isticmaalaya browserkaas la mid ah iyada oo aan la ilaalinayn qarsoodiga, xidhiidh cad oo ka dhexeeya hawlahaas ayaa la samayn karaa.

Isticmaalka biraawsar ku jihaysan asturnaanta sida Tor Browser waa hab wanaagsan oo looga hortago nooca qarsoodiga ah.

Sida Loo Hubiyo Waxa Aad Leedahay^{(How To Check What You Are Leaking)}

Dhowr shabakadood ayaa jira kuwaas oo kaa caawin doona inaad ogaato halka iyo sida aad xogta u daadinayso. Panopticlick waa qalab aad u fiican oo ay leedahay Hay'adda Frontier Elektrooniga ah^{(Electronic Frontier Foundation)} taas oo sidaas qabta.

Kaliya dhagsii badhanka weyn ee “i tijaabi” waxaana laga yaabaa in la xaqiijiyo dhammaan cabsidaada naxdinta leh. Nasiib wanaag ma jirto wakhti xun oo aad ku xoojiso dhaqamadaada khaaska ah.

What Type of Data Do Websites Collect About You?

When the web first became mainstream in the mid 90s or so, one of its key characteristics was anonymity. No one used their real nаmes and yoυ could live a second life оnline, at a blazing 33 kbps.

The web of today is very different. Not only is there a strong push to deanonymize people, the websites you visit on a daily basis can record and capture all sorts of information about you. What kinds of information? Read on to find out.

Your IP Address

This is the most common type of information that a website will log. Your IP or Internet Protocol address is a number that denotes where on the internet you are located.

It’s basically the same thing as a real-world address. If someone wants to send you a letter, they’ll write your address on it. When you receive it, their return address will be on the back. So you know where it came from.

If you replace “letter” with “internet packet” you basically know how an IP address works. The problem is that a website can actually figure out quite a lot of private information about you from just your IP address.

They’ll know more or less where you are browsing from and which ISP you’re using. With a little more detective work (and perhaps a legal warrant) an IP address can lead someone directly to your door.

This is why so many people are using VPNs (virtual private networks) these days. The VPN acts as a middleman, so only their IP address is visible to the site you are visiting.

Hardware & Software Details

Web browsers report all sorts of information to a website that asks for it. This includes a wealth of information about the computer you are using.

The site will know your operating system, processor, GPU and more. This may seem innocent, but could be used to track or ID a specific machine.

One way to get around this is to browse from within a virtual machine, which will provide generic system information to the website.

1^{st &} 3rd Party Cookies

A cookie is a small file that a site leaves on your computer to keep a record of things such as your site preferences. So the next time you visit, it will already know things about you.

Cookie technology is not a bad thing in itself. Session cookies, for example, delete themselves when you close the browser. You also get first-party persistent cookies, which are the ones saved to your device by the site for its own use.

A tracking cookie is a persistent, third-party cookie which is read by sites other than the ones which created them. That cookie accumulates information about your web activities and that information can then go back to the cookie’s creator.

Legislation about how and when cookies can be used has been tightening in recent years. Which is way almost every site has its cookie policy pop up the minute you visit it for the first time. If you disagree with that policy then no cookies will be stored on your machine.

However, there is nothing stopping a rogue site from peppering your machine with tracking cookies without your knowledge. Luckily you can use your browser’s privacy settings to block and delete cookies as desired.

Invisible Trackers

Cookies are perhaps one example of an invisible tracker, but as a larger category, invisible trackers also include web apps and external sites embedded in a legitimate site.

Major news sites and other popular web pages often have advertising content embedded at the bottom of an article which includes some form of tracking. Google does this as well. This is why when you search for a specific product in Google you’ll see ads for it pop up on every other site that features Google Adsense.

Luckily there are privacy-focused search engines such as DuckDuckGo which explicitly don’t track you.

Modern browsers now also support a feature known as “do not track”, which tells a site that it should turn off its tracking technology when you visit. However, this is a voluntary agreement so the site can ignore it if it wants to.

The most effective tool in the fight against invisible trackers is the EFF’s Privacy Badger.

Autofill Data

You’ve probably noticed that when you have to fill in shipping details on a new site you’ve never visited before, your browser automatically fills in details like your name and address. It’s a convenient feature, but it is also a privacy nightmare.

Unscrupulous sites can be coded to capture that information the second it’s autofilled. This means that site has now captured your full details without your knowledge. As you can imagine having information such as an address, full name or social security number can be used to wreak havoc in the wrong hands.

It’s best to just disable autofill in your browser settings.

Other Accounts You’re Logged In To

When you visit a site, it can detect what other accounts you are currently logged into by the traces they leave on your machine. This is actually very valuable information, because combined with a known email address it tells hackers which other accounts you have.

So if one of those accounts have been part of a data breach and your password is uncovered, you may be in trouble. Many people use the same or similar passwords across accounts so this makes it much easier for hackers to breach your security.

The best thing to do here is use strong, unique passwords for every account. A good password manager that generates those random passwords is highly recommended.

Detailed Input Logs

It’s possible for websites to be coded in such a way that every keystroke and every mouse movement you make are recorded in detail. The tracking abilities of websites in this regard are pretty extensive.

A research paper detailing “session replay scripts” demonstrated that most major websites make complete recordings of your keystrokes and mouse movement while you are visiting and then use this for further analysis. You can probably imagine the sorts of privacy issues this could cause.

Browser Fingerprints

A browser “fingerprint” is simply the unique combination of browser data, such as which cookies are on your system and what plugins are installed. The longer a browser is used and the more it is customized the easier it is to link to a specific user.

For example, even if you use a VPN to access a site, the site knows your fingerprint. So if you visit another site using that same browser without the protection of anonymity, a clear link between those activities can be made.

Using a privacy-oriented browser such as the Tor Browser is a good way to prevent this sort of de-anonymization.

How To Check What You Are Leaking

Several websites exist that will help you figure out where and how you are leaking information. Panopticlick is a great tool by the Electronic Frontier Foundation which does just that.

Just click the big “test me” button and all your paranoid fears may be confirmed. Luckily there’s never a bad time to sharpen up your privacy practices.

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