Dadka intooda badan waxay u haystaan ​​internetka^(Internet) iyo mareegaha^(Web) inay yihiin wax aan qaab lahayn "halkaas", laakiin intarneedku waa nidaam jireed. Waa mishiinkii ugu waynaa uguna qalafsanaa ee bini’aadamku dhistaan ​​oo marka aad fahanto cabirkiisa iyo kakanaanta uu leeyahay waxa aad moodaa in mucjiso uu shaqaynayo. 

Ma jiro hay'ad keliya oo leh "internetka", laakiin qayb kasta oo internetka ah ayaa iska leh qof! Ma wareersan tahay? Dhamaadka maqaalkan ma ahaan doontid!

Farqiga u dhexeeya ^{(Difference Between)}Internetka^(Internet) iyo Mareegaha^(Web)

Marka hore, waxaan u baahanahay inaan cadeyno in internetka iyo mareegaha^(Web) ay yihiin laba shay oo kala duwan. Internetku waa qalabka iyo software-ka dhabta ah ee ka dhigaya shabakada caalamiga ah, si fiican, u shaqeyso. ^(work. )

Shabakadda , dhanka^(Web) kale, waa adeeg ka shaqeeya intarneedka. Inta badan intarneedku maaha webka^(web) . Shabakadda iyo mareegaha samaysa ayaa ah kuwa ugu caansan wejiga teknooloojiyadda intarneedka, laakiin adeegyada kale sida FTP ^(Web),^(FTP) iimaylka, fiidyaha fiidyaha iyo qaar kale oo badan ayaa sidoo kale ku socda isla nidaam isku mid ah.

Maqaalkan waxaan u isticmaaleynaa intarneed iyo naqshadeynta shabakada si yar oo dabacsan si aan sharaxaad uga dhigno mid fudud, markaa ha iloobin sawirka weyn.

A ( Aad^(Very) ) Taariikhda Gaaban^{(Short History)} ee Internetka^(Internet)

Waxaa jira maqaallo badan oo heersare ah oo loogu talagalay taariikhda intarneedka, waxaan kugula talineynaa inaad akhrido mid ka mid ah Bulshada Intarneetka^{(Internet Society)} si isku dhafan tafatiran iyo dherer. 

Ujeedadayada halkan, waxa aad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato waa in internetka uu ku bilaabmay mashruuc dawladeed oo u dhexeeya ciidamada Maraykanka iyo jaamacadaha dadweynaha. Waxay sameeyeen tignoolajiyada ugu horreeya ee u oggolaanaya kombuyuutarrada in la isku xidho masaafo dheer. 

Tan ugu muhiimsan, "internetka" waa la baahin doonaa. Markaa haddii qaybo badan oo ka mid ah la garaacay, xogtu waxay wali heli kartaa hab lagu tago meesha saxda ah. Waxaa loogu yeeraa shaqada internetka, sababtoo ah waa shabakad ka kooban shabakado kale. Mid ka mid ah shabakadahan dhab ahaantii adigaa iska leh oo maamusha adiga!

Internetku wuxuu ka bilaabmaa Guriga

Taasi waa sax, shabakada ugu horeysa ee aad la kulanto oo ka kooban qayb ka mid ah intarneedka waa shabakada gurigaaga. Ruuter-kaagu waxa uu isku xidhaa dhammaan aaladaha ku xidhan Ethernet ama WiFi wadar ahaan. 

Xitaa haddii xidhiidhkaaga interneedku uu hoos u dhaco, shabakada degaankaaga ayaa wali shaqayn doonta. Waxay la mid tahay intarneedkaaga gaarka ah ee guriga dhexdiisa ah oo runtii waxaad samayn kartaa adeegayaashaada qulqulka ah, mareegahaaga iyo kaydinta daruuraha iyada oo aan loo baahnayn shabakad ka baxsan. Markaa, tani waa qaybta internetka ee aad leedahay. Hambalyo!

Daboolaya Mile Dambe

Xidhiidhka shabakadaada deegaanka ee intarneedka guud ahaan waxa uu dhacaa waxa mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan xidhiidhka “mayl u dambeeya”. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo tignoolajiyada mile-dambe ee kala duwan. Kuwani waxay noqon karaan fiilo ama fiilo. Tusaalooyinka^(Common) fiilooyinka caadiga ah waa isku xirka fiber optic ama copper-based DSL (khadka ^(DSL)macaamiisha^(subscriber) dhijitaalka ah)

Isku xirka internetka ee bilaa-wireless-ka ah ayaa inta badan dhexmara shabakada gacanta, iyadoo la adeegsanayo 5G, LTE iyo heerarka gudbinta xogta gacanta ee kale. Marar dhif ah, waxaa laga yaabaa in boggaga lagu xidho isku xirka WiFi^(WiFi) -ga fog fog ee gaarka ah .

Xidhiidhka mayl-kaas ugu dambeeya si toos ah kuuguma xidhidhinayo intarneedka oo dhan, taas oo aan xataa macno samaynayn fikrad ahaan. Waxa aad dhab ahaantii ku xidhaysaa waa adeeg bixiyahaaga internetka. Hagaag, run ahaantii^{(actually )} waxaad inta badan ku xidhidhaysaa dhawr adeeg bixiye internet oo kala duwan, inkasta oo aanad si toos ah ganacsi ula samayn dhamaantood. Ha werwerin, mar dhow way kala caddaan doontaa.

Saddex Heerarka Adeeg Bixiyaha

Aynu nidhaahno waxaad leedahay internet-ka fiber-ka, waxa laga yaabaa inaad hal shirkad ka bixiso isku-xidhka internet-ka ee fiber-ka jirka ah ka dibna aad shirkad kale ka bixiso helitaanka internet-ka dhabta ah. Shirkadaha aad si toos ah uga ganacsataan waxay noqon karaan kuwa bixiya adeega internetka " ^{(internet service providers)}Tier 3 " . Waxay ku shaqeeyaan oo ay u adeegaan isku xirka mayl-ka ugu dambeeya ee gurigaaga waxayna u isticmaalaan lacagta macaamiishooda ay ku bixiyaan ISP^(ISPs) -yada kuwaas oo runtii leh kaabayaasha shabakado waaweyn si ay u qaadaan xogtooda.

Kuwan waxaa loo yaqaan adeeg bixiyayaasha " Tier 2 ". Bixiyeyaashani waxay sidoo kale si toos ah ula ganacsadaan macaamiisha, markaa ISP- gaagu wuxuu dhab ahaantii noqon karaa shirkad Tier 2 ah. Shabakaddoodu aad bay u weyn yihiin oo waxay kala xaajoon karaan heshiisyada "fiil" bixiyayaasha adeegga  Tier 2 .

Heshiisyada noocan oo kale ah shabakadahan waxay u oggolaanayaan xogta internetka inay si xor ah ugu socoto nidaamka. Mar haddii dhammaan shabakadaha heerka 2^{(Tier 2)} ee ku lug leh ay ka faa'iideysteen qabanqaabada isku dhafka ah, badanaa waxaa lagu sameeyaa buuq yar. Weli, ma jiro hal shabakad oo Tier 2 ah oo keligeed gaari karta internetka oo dhan, taas oo ah sababta ay ugu baahan yihiin inay ku iibsadaan internetka nooc ka sii weyn oo ah shabakad bixiyaha adeegga.

Bixiyeyaasha adeegga " Tier 1 " ayaa ku jira halka ugu sarreysa silsiladda cuntada. Shirkadahani waxay leeyihiin shabakado waaweyn oo waaweyn oo ku filan inay gaadhaan ku dhawaad ​​gees kasta oo internetka ah iyo halka aanay kari karin, waxay leeyihiin qabanqaabo is dhexgalka shabakadaha kale ee Tier 1 si ay u buuxiyaan meelaha bannaan.

Sida aad arki karto, intarneedku waxa uu ka kooban yahay kala sareynta shabakadaha. Waxay u yara eg tahay geed wayn ama habdhiska xididada. Xidhiidhada mayl-waynaha u dambeeya waxay ku quudiyaan isdhaafsiga maxalliga ah, kaas oo ku quudiya shabakadaha laf-dhabarka ee xawaaraha sare ee internetka, ka dibna ku xidha jirro caalami ah oo waaweyn. Xirmooyinka interneedku waa in ay maraan shaybaadhka murugsan ee waallida ah si aad uga qosliso bisad qosol badan oo internetka ah. Ka fakar taas hal ilbiriqsi.

Xarumaha Xogta ee Qof kasta

Hadaba shabakadan wayn ee shabakadaha aynu ugu yeedhno internet-ka waxa ay hubisaa in aynu dhamaanteen ku xidhnayno, laakiin dhab ahaantii ma laha wax ka mid ah waxyaabaha aanu doonayno intarneetka ama shabakada marka horeba. Waxa ku jira intarneedka (sida mareegaha, kaydinta daruuraha^{(cloud storage)} , iwm.) waxa ay ka jiraan noodhka shabakada. Kumbuyuutarka aad sawirada ku dhejiso Instagram^(Instagram) -ka waa node sidaas oo kale ah server-yada martigeliya mareegaha aad jeceshahay inaad booqato. 

Iyadoo aad si fudud ugu maamuli karto server-kaaga guriga, maalmahan inta badan server-yada (kumbuyuutarrada martigeliya macluumaadka iyo adeegyada) waxay ku jiraan xarumaha xogta ee ballaaran. Dhismayaashan ayaa waxaa ku jira kumaan kun iyo kumaankun kombiyuutaro gaar ah oo awood u leh intarneetka iyo dhammaan adeegyada ku shaqeeya. Waxay inta badan si toos ah ugu xidhan yihiin dhibcaha xidhiidhka ee shabakadaha Tier 2 ama Tier 1 , iyaga oo hubinaya inay xamili karaan xogta tirada badan ee ay tahay inay ku soo qulqulaan oo ka baxaan iyaga maalin kasta.

Xadhkaha badda hoosteeda mara^(Cables) , Satelite -ka iyo ^(Satellites)Tuubooyinka Internetka^{(Big Internet Tubes)} ee kale ee waaweyn

In kasta oo aan soo sheegnay istaroogga ballaaran, waxaa jira tafaasiil fiican oo ku saabsan kaabayaasha internetka oo mudan in la xuso. Iyadoo isku xirka shabakadaha ee dhulka joogtada ah aysan ahayn mid xiiso leh, internetka ayaa daboolaya adduunka. Meesha dhul-beereedka ay kala soocaan biyo badan!

Xadhkaha^(Ultra) badda hoosteeda-sare ee aadka u sarreeya ayaa ah xogta ugu muhiimsan ee daboolaya farqigaas, laakiin waxaan sidoo kale bilaabeynaa inaan aragno jiilka cusub ee hababka dayax-gacmeedka, sida StarLink , kaas oo samayn kara shabakad internet wireless ah oo cirka ah. Xitaa waxaa jira cilmi baaris socda oo ku saabsan habab cusub oo xogta lagu gudbiyo masaafo aad u fog iyadoo la adeegsanayo fiisigiska quantum. 

Intarneetku waa mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha yar yar ee ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan quruumaha oo dhan ay iska kaashadaan, sababtoo ah dhammaanteen faa'iido ayuu inoo leeyahay. Haddaba in kasta oo ay run tahay in qof ama cid gaar ahi aanay lahayn internet-ka, haddana khalad maaha in la yidhaahdo si wada jir ah ayaannu u wada leenahay, halka in ka badan kala badh bani-aadmiguna ay maanta galaangal u yeeshaan, mustaqbalka dhow waxa uu runtii isku xidhi doonaa qof kasta. kii ugu dambeeyay ee naga mid ah.

Who Owns the Internet? Web Architecture Explained

Most peoрle thіnk of the Internet аnd the Web as a sort of formless thing “out there”, but the internet is very much a physical system. It’s the largest and most complex machine humanity has ever built and once you understand its size and complexity it seems like a miracle it works at all. 

No single entity “owns” the internet, but every single part of the internet belongs to someone! Confused? By the end of this article you won’t be!

The Difference Between the Internet and the Web

First, we need to clarify that the internet and the Web are two different things. The internet is the actual hardware and software that makes the global network, well, work. 

The Web, on the other hand, is a service that runs over the internet. Most of the internet isn’t the web. The Web and the websites that form it are just the most familiar public face of internet technology, but other services like FTP, email, video streaming and many more also flow through the same system.

In this article we’re using internet and web architecture a little loosely to make the explanation simpler, so don’t forget about the bigger picture.

A (Very) Short History of the Internet

There are plenty of great articles dedicated to the history of the internet, we’d recommend reading the one by the Internet Society for a perfect blend of detail and length. 

For our purposes here, what you need to know is that the internet began as a government project between the US military and public universities. They developed the first technologies that allowed computers to be networked together over long distances. 

Most importantly, this “internetwork” would be decentralized. So if large parts of it were knocked out, data could still find a way to get to the right destination. It’s called an internetwork, because it’s a network made up of other networks. One of these networks is actually entirely owned and operated by you!

The Internet Starts at Home

That’s right, the first network you encounter that makes up part of the internet is your own local home network. Your router networks all of the devices connected to it via Ethernet or WiFi together. 

Even if your connection to the internet goes down, your local network will still work. It’s like your own personal in-home internet and you can actually set up your own streaming servers, websites and cloud storage without any outside networking required. So, this is the part of the internet that you own. Congratulations!

Covering the Last Mile

Your local network’s connection to the internet at large happens through what’s sometimes known as the “last mile” connection. There are a variety of different last mile technologies. These can be wired or wireless. Common wired examples are optical fiber or copper-based DSL (digital subscriber line) connections.

Wireless internet connections are mostly through the cellular network, using 5G, LTE and other cellular data transmission standards. Rarely, sites might be connected by special long-range WiFi connections.

That last mile connection doesn’t plug you directly into the entire internet though, which doesn’t even make sense as a concept. What you’re actually connecting to is your internet service provider. Well, actually you’re usually connecting to several different internet service providers, although you’re not doing business directly with all of them. Don’t worry, it’ll soon be clear.

Three Tiers of Service Provider

Let’s say you have fiber internet, you may pay one company for the physical fiber internet connection and then pay another company for the actual internet access. The companies you do direct business with can be “Tier 3” internet service providers. They operate and service the last mile connection into your home and use the money their clients pay them to pay ISPs who actually own larger network infrastructure to carry their data.

These are known as “Tier 2” service providers. These providers also do business directly with customers, so your ISP may actually be a Tier 2 company. Their networks are large enough that they can negotiate “peering” agreements with other Tier 2 service providers. 

With such agreements these networks let internet data flow freely across the system. Since all the Tier 2 networks involved benefit from these peering arrangements, they’re usually made with little fuss. Still, no single Tier 2 network can reach the entire internet on its own, which is why they need to buy internet access on an even larger type of service provider network.

“Tier 1” service providers are at the top of the food chain. These companies own massive networks that are large enough to reach nearly every corner of the internet and where they can’t, they have peering arrangements with other Tier 1 networks to fill in the gaps.

As you can see, the internet consists of this hierarchy of networks. It’s a bit like a massive tree or arterial system. Last mile connections feed into local exchanges, which feed into high speed internet backbone networks, which then connect to massive international trunks. Your internet packets have to navigate that insanely complicated labyrinth just so you can chuckle at a funny cat on the internet. Think about that for a second.

Data Centers for Everyone

So this massive network of networks we call the internet makes sure we’re all connected, but it doesn’t actually have any of the content that we want the internet or the web for in the first place. The content of the internet (such as websites, cloud storage, etc.) exist at network nodes. The computer from which you upload pictures to Instagram is such a node and so are the servers that host the websites you like to visit. 

While you can easily run your own web server from home, these days the vast majority of servers (computers that host content and services) are inside massive data centers. These buildings hold thousands and thousands of special computers that power the internet and all of the services that run on them. They are often connected directly to nexus points in Tier 2 or Tier 1 networks, ensuring they can handle the massive amounts of data that have to flow in and out of them every day.

Undersea Cables, Satellites and Other Big Internet Tubes

While we’ve covered the broad strokes, there are some finer details about internet infrastructure worth mentioning. While network connections over continuous land aren’t that interesting, the internet covers the world. Where land masses are separated by massive bodies of water!

Ultra high-bandwidth undersea cables are the main data trunks that cover these gaps, but we’re also starting to see a new generation of satellite systems, such as StarLink, that can form a wireless internet web in the sky. There’s even ongoing research on new ways of transmitting data across vast distances using quantum physics. 

The internet is one of the few things that almost all nations cooperate on, because it’s beneficial to all of us. So while it’s true that no one person or entity owns the internet, it’s not wrong to say that together we own it as a collective and, while just over half of humans have access to it today, in the near future it really will connect every last one of us.

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